Tablet identification using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for pharmaceutical quality control.

A need for more reliable and faster analytical methods for the identification of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in finished pharmaceutical products is launched by the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for New Drug Substances and New Drug Products: Chemical Substances, Q6A (1999). The use of infrared spectroscopy is suggested as a means to obtain specific identification. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a reliable method that offers important advantages for the large-scale production of tablets, such as high-throughput and accurate multiparametric data collection. Despite the grown number of reported NIRS identification methods, only a few methods have been approved by the regulatory authorities, which might be due to difficulties on clearly presenting the methods in official documents and audits. Motivated by the lack of clear protocols for the NIRS method's development, here we propose a process for building reliable identification NIRS methods. For illustration purposes, a method is described for the identification of API in coated tablets containing 2%, 4% and 8% of thiamazole. The method described was successfully validated according to the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) of Technical Requirement for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology, Q2 (2005). The described method was subsequently approved by European national authorities and thus is suitable for use in cGMP environment.

Rat dihydroorotate dehydrogenase: isolation of the recombinant enzyme from mitochondria of insect cells.

Mammalian dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.11), the fourth enzyme of pyrimidine de novo synthesis is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane with functional connection to the respiratory chain. From the cDNA of rat liver dihydroorotate dehydrogenase cloned in our laboratory the first complete sequence of a mammalian enzyme was deduced. Two hydrophobic stretches centered around residues 20 and 357, respectively, and a short N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence of 10 amino acids was proposed. A recombinant baculovirus containing the rat liver cDNA for dihydroorotate dehydrogenase was constructed and used for virus infection and protein expression in Trichoplusia ni cells. The targeting of the recombinant protein to mitochondria of the insect cells was monitored by activity determination of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase in subcellular compartments in comparison to succinate dehydrogenase activity (EC 1.3.5.1), which is a specific marker enzyme of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The results of subcellular distribution were verified by Western blotting with anti-dihydroorotate dehydrogenase immunoglobulins. The activity of the recombinant enzyme in the mitochondria of infected insect cells was found to be about 570-fold above the level of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase in rat liver mitochondria. By cation exchange chromatography of the Triton X-114 solubilisate of mitochondria, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase was purified to give a specific activity of 15 U/mg at pH 8.0. This was a marked progress over the six-step purification procedure of the enzyme from rat liver which resulted in a specific activity of 0.7 U/mg at pH 8.0. The characteristic flavin absorption spectrum obtained with the recombinant enzyme gave strong evidence that the rodent enzyme is a flavoprotein. By enzyme kinetic studies K(m) values for dihydroorotate and ubiquinone were 6.4 and 9.9 microM with the recombinant enzyme, and were 5.0 and 19.7 microM, respectively, with the rat liver enzyme. After expression of only truncated forms of human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the present successful generation of the complete rodent enzyme using insect cells and the efficient procedure will promote structure and function studies of the eukaryotic dihydroorotate dehydrogenases in comparison to the microbial enzyme.