The regulatory effects of pomiferin dietary on nickel-induced hepatic injury in Sprague-Dawley rats; action mechanisms and signaling pathways.

The new technological applications of nickel (Ni) raise concerns over its harmful effects on the environment and human health. Pomiferin isolated from Osage orange is evaluated in in vitro and in vivo laboratory bioassays. This study focused the effects of pomiferin on Ni-caused hepatic injury and its underlying mechanisms. With this aim, Sprague-Dawley rats received 10 mg/kg nickel chloride (NiCl2) for 7 d by intraperitoneal injections. Pomiferin was given orally once a day at different doses (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg) for 20 d after exposure to NiCl2. Animals were anesthetized and livers were carefully collected to evaluate oxidative stress, inflammation, vascular injury, and hepatic function. Also, immunofluorescence analysis of apoptosis and DNA damage was performed on rat hepatic tissues. NiCl2 increased MDA production while reducing SOD, CAT, and GPx activity. NiCl2 induced the production of inflammatory cytokines and also platelet activation in hepatic tissue. Moreover, there were significant increases in AST, ALT, and LDH levels. NiCl2 also caused significant pathological changes in hepatic. Additionally, it remarkably induced up-regulations of apoptotic marker and 8-OHdG expressions by immunofluorescence labeling in liver cells. Whereas, pomiferin significantly attenuated lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant defense system in liver. Also, the use of pomiferin prevented deregulated inflammatory process by signaling pathways nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB)/COX-2/TNF-α/IL-1ß/IL-6. In addition, pomiferin diminished histopathologic evidence of hepatic toxicity and significantly lower expressions of caspase 3 and 8-OHdG were observed in liver cells. Pomiferin seems to counteract the deleterious effects of NiCl2 on hepatic tissue through different cellular and signaling mechanisms.

NiCl₂ induced the production of inflammatory cytokines and also platelet activation in hepatic tissue.NiCl₂ increased MDA production while reducing SOD, CAT, and GPx activity.NiCl₂ induced the production of inflammatory cytokines and also platelet activation in hepatic tissue.NiCl₂ caused significant pathological changes in the liver and also up-regulation of apoptotic marker and 8-OHdG expressions by immunofluorescence staining.Pomiferin attenuated lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant defense system in liver.The use of pomiferin prevented deregulated inflammatory process by signaling pathways nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB)/COX-2/TNF-α/IL-1ß/IL-6.Pomiferin diminished histopathologic evidence of hepatic toxicity and significantly lower expressions of caspase 3 and 8-OHdG were observed in liver cells.Pomiferin seems to counteract the deleterious effects of NiCl₂ on hepatic tissue through different cellular and signaling mechanisms and thus can be used as a therapeutic practice against metal toxicity.

Investigation of leptospiral antigen with immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence methods in cattle kidney.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the presence of Leptospira interrogans antigens in the kidney samples of naturally infected cattle by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence methods. 70 bovine kidney samples showing macroscopic lesions were examined by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence methods. The positivity of Leptospira interrogans antigens was detected in 5 (7.14%) kidney samples examined by both methods. As a result; The presence of Leptospira interrogans antigens detected by IHC and IF staining methods in bovine kidneys where research samples were provided was found at the same rates (7.14%). Although it has low rates compared to previous studies, it has been determined that it is current and creates problems in terms of animal health.

Effects of high fructose diet on lipid metabolism and the hepatic NF-κB/ SIRT-1 pathway.

The liver is the primary site for fructose metabolism; therefore, the liver is susceptible to fructose related metabolic disturbances including metabolic insulin dysfunction, dyslipidemia and inflammation. We investigated whether astaxanthin (ASX) can modify hepatic nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1) expression to alter oxidative stress caused by ingestion of excess fructose in rats. The animals were divided randomly into two x two factorially arranged groups: two regimens were given either water (W) or 30% fructose in drinking water (F). These two groups were divided further into two subgroups each: two treatments, either orally with 0.2 ml olive oil (OO) or 1 mg ASX/kg/day in 0.2 ml olive oil (ASX). Fructose administration increased serum glucose, triglycerides and very low density lipoproteins, and decreased serum concentration of high density lipoproteins; fructose did not alter serum total cholesterol. Excess fructose decreased hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and increased hepatic NF-κB and MDA levels. ASX treatment increased hepatic SIRT-1 and decreased hepatic NF-κB and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. ASX treatment decreased hepatic NF-κB and increased SOD levels, but did not alter MDA level in rats fed high fructose. ASX administration ameliorated oxidative stress caused by excess fructose by increasing hepatic NF-κB and SIRT-1 expression.

A reliable method using the cytobrush for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis in dairy cattle during the late lactational period.

This experiment was performed to assess reliability of the cytobrush-cytology method (CCM) in diagnosis of subclinical endometritis (SCE) using the biopsy-histopathology method (BHM) as a reference in late lactating dairy cows. Reproductive organs were collected from 115 slaughtered multiparous crossbred cows culled due to infertility 398 ± 135 days subsequent to parturition. Samples were collected from the dorsal part of the corpus uteri for analyses. Inflammation status was graded histopathologically based on the cell percentages [(neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes (LYM), macrophages (MAC), and plasma cells)]. Data were subjected to Friedman's test for group comparisons (method and diagnosis), concordance correlation and chi-square tests for consistency of results among methods, and the receiver operating characteristics curve analysis for reliability of the CCM. Percentages of LYM (2.67x) and MAC (3.00x) were greater when evaluated using BHM than with CCM (P < 0.05 for both). The agreement (Cohen's κ value) of results among methods was 0.79 ± 0.06. The sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the CCM for defining endometrial inflammation were 79.3% and 100%, respectively. Among inflammatory cells, proportions of LYM and MAC in the CCM had merit for evaluation of uterine inflammation, with an Se of 74.1 and 84.5 and an Sp of 93.0 and 75.4 at the cut-off > 4 and > 0, respectively. The results indicate the CCM may be used in the diagnosis of SCE when the LYM and MAC percentages are considered in chronically infertile cows in the later stages of the lactational period.

The effect of ticagrelor on microarterial thrombosis in an experimental model.

Thromboses that form in the pedicle after free flap and/or replantation may result in the loss of the flap and/or limb. Ticagrelor is an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor antagonist antithrombotic that can inhibit ADP-dependent platelet activation and aggregation. It is clinically used in acute coronary syndrome and unstable angina. However, its effect on microarterial anastomoses has not been investigated in the literature. An experimental thrombosis model was developed in both femoral arteries of a total of 40 rats. Twenty rats were randomly selected as the drug-free control group, and 20 rats were randomly selected as the ticagrelor group. The rats in the ticagrelor group were administered a 20 mg/kg loading dose orally by gavage 24 h before the experiment, and a maintenance dose of 2x10 mg/kg ticagrelor for 14 days after surgery. After the experiment, the femoral artery was evaluated for macroscopic and microscopic thrombosis, inflammation, edema, and endothelialization. Macroscopically and microscopically, thrombosis was observed at rates of 73.3% and 33.3% in the control group and the ticagrelor group, respectively. Inflammation in the vessel wall was found as 56.7% in the control group and 16.7% in the ticagrelor group. Edema in the vessel wall was found in 63.3% of the control group and 20% of the ticagrelor group. A statistical difference was found between the two groups in terms of thrombosis, inflammation, and edema. Both groups had similar characteristics in terms of endothelialization. Ticagrelor has a reducing effect on thrombosis in the microarterial tuck model.

The effect of lycopene on hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in rats.

Oxidative damage caused by aflatoxin (AF) in rat liver tissue and the inhibition effect of lycopene against this injury was investigated. Groups were formed as; control group (not treated), lycopene group (5 mg/kg/day, gavage for 15 days), AFB1 group (0.5 mg/kg/day, gavage for 7 days) and AFB1 + lycopene group. Lycopene administered simultaneously with AFB1. It was observed significant increase in malondialdehyde level, decrease in glutathione level, antioxidant enzyme activities in liver tissue of AFB1 group when compared with control group. It was determined to significantly increase in plasma aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase activities in AFB1 group when compared with control group. It was determined significant decrease in malondialdehyde level, plasma aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase activities and increase in glutathione level, antioxidant enzyme activities in AFB1 + lycopene group when compared with AFB1 group. This study suggests that lycopene which has antioxidant properties can be prevented from AFB1 induced hepatotoxicity.

Effects of Carnosine, Ankaferd, and Silver Sulfadiazine on an Experimental Burn Model: Roles of Irisin and HSP70.

In this study, the effects of carnosine, ankaferd, and 1% silver sulfadiazine applied topically on second-degree burns were investigated and the roles of irisin and Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in this healing process were evaluated. Ninety male albino rats were used and divided into five groups. The groups were classified as control, burn, burn + carnosine (CAR), burn + ankaferd (ABS), and burn + silver sulfadiazine (SS). It was found that level of irisin increased in the first week and decreased in the second week in the burn and CAR groups. In the ABS and SS groups, the level of irisin was determined that started to increase in the first week and continued to increase in the second week. The level of HSP70 was found to increased in the first week in burn and CAR groups and decreased in the second week, but started to increase in the second week in ABS and SS groups. Both levels of irisin and HSP70 were observed to decreased in all treatment groups in the third week. In this study, it was shown that ankaferd and silver sülfadiazine treatments cause an increase in the irisin levels in the early period and a gradually increase in HSP70 levels in the later period in burns. The inflammatory response was observed to be limited in the early period in the ankaferd and sulfadiazin groups. It was concluded that these findings were effective in early wound healing in burns.

Evaluation of the Effect of Erector Spinae Plane Block in Patients Undergoing Belt Lipectomy Surgery.

BACKGROUND: The interest in and demand for post-bariatric surgery have increased along with the increase in obesity surgery. Belt lipectomy, during which a circular correction is made in the center of the trunk, is the most commonly performed among these surgical techniques. Postoperative pain is an important problem due to the size of the surgical site and stretched closure. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the intraoperative and postoperative narcotic analgesic consumption, postoperative analgesic requirement, postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) scores, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and the first mobilization time in patients with and without erector spinae plane block (ESPB). METHODS: The files of patients who had undergone belt lipectomy between 2016 and 2019 in our hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who received ESPB were called group 1, and those who did not undergo ESPB were called group 2. Their demographic characteristics, intraoperative and postoperative narcotic and non-narcotic analgesic consumption, VAS scores, PONV, and the first mobilization times were recorded. RESULTS: The files of a total of 51 patients, including 23 patients in group 1 and 28 patients in group 2, were reviewed. It was determined that intraoperative and postoperative narcotic analgesic consumption (p < 0.005), PONV (p < 0.005), and the first mobilization time (p < 0.005) were significantly lower in group 1 compared with group 2. CONCLUSION: The use of the ESP block in belt lipectomy surgeries significantly reduces intraoperative and postoperative narcotic analgesic consumption and pain scores. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Genome-wide analysis of mRNAs and lncRNAs in Mycoplasma bovis infected and non-infected bovine mammary gland tissues.

Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) causes diseases such as arthritis, pneumonia, abortion, and mastitis, leading to great losses in the bovine dairy industries. RNA types such as messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play significant roles in regulating the immune responses triggered by bacteria. The expression profiles of mRNA and lncRNA as they occur in bovine mammary gland tissues infected with M. bovis are still not well understood. To illuminate this issue, transcription analysis of mRNA and LncRNAs were conducted on the mammary gland tissues belonging to Holstein cattle infected and not infected with M. bovis. The analysis revealed 1310 differentially expressed mRNAs and 57 differentially expressed lncRNAs in the bovine mammary gland tissues infected and not infected with M. bovis. In addition, 392 novel lncRNAs were detected, 19 of which were differentially expressed. Gene ontology analysis reveals that differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs play significant roles in such vital biological pathways as metabolic pathways, T-cell receptor signaling, TGF-beta signaling, pathways in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling, NF-kappa B signaling, mTOR signaling, and apoptosis, including in the immune response to cancer. Based on our literature review, this study is the first genome-wide lncRNA research conducted on bovine mammary gland tissues infected with M. bovis. Our results provide bovine mammary gland lncRNA and mRNA resources to understand their roles in the regulation of the immune response against the agent M. bovis in bovine mammary gland tissues.

Antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of vitexilactone on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Cisplatin (CP) is an antineoplastic drug; however, owing to its nephrotoxicity, its clinical use is limited. We investigated whether vitexilactone (vitex) is a safe and effective treatment for CP induced kidney injury. We allocated Sprague-Dawley rats into six groups: control group, low dose-high dose vitex groups (40 and 80 mg/kg vitex for 6 days before administration of CP), CP group (single 6 mg/kg dose on day 6) and CP + low dose vitex-CP + high dose vitex group (40 and 80 mg/kg vitex for 6 days, and a single 6 mg/kg dose of CP on day 6. Rats were euthanized 5 days after CP treatment. After exposure to CP and/or vitex, total oxidative stress and total antioxidant status were assessed. The histology of the kidney was examined using hematoxylin and eosin, and periodic acid-Schiff. We used immunohistochemical and fluorescence staining to detect expression of caspase-3. We also measured blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and creatinine levels. Nephroprotective effects of vitex were associated with decreased serum toxicity markers and increased antioxidant activity. Vitex also reduced the expression of the apoptosis marker, caspase-3. Treatment with CP increased blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine levels and total antioxidant status, and decreased total antioxidant status compared to the control group. Use of vitex for protection from CP induced nephrotoxicity appears to be a safe and efficacious alternative for treatment of kidney injury.

Reconstruction of Small and Medium-Sized Nasal Defects Using an Omega Advancement Flap.

INTRODUCTION: The nose is the most common area where malignant skin tumors occur. Repair with a flap after tumor excision provides esthetically and functionally acceptable results. In this study, we aimed to present the use of an omega (Ω) advancement flap, which can be applied in all anatomic regions of the nose, in 2 cm or smaller defects. METHODS: Between 2015 and 2017, 18 patients underwent repair with omega (Ω) advancement flap in the nose after tumor removal. The pathology of 17 patients was basal cell carcinoma, and keratoacanthoma in 1 patient. The average defect diameter was 1.6 × 1.56 cm. The defects were in the nasal tip, nasal wing, lateral nasal wall, and supratip region. After tumors were excised from the safe margin, and were repaired using an omega advancement flap in the same session. RESULTS: No flap necrosis, dehiscence, or infection was observed in the early postoperative period. Three patients developed hematoma under the flap, which was drained. No tumor recurrence was observed during the postoperative follow-up period. The results were satisfactory in all patients. CONCLUSION: The omega advancement flap is a safe procedure that can be easily applied in the same session for the repair of small-to-medium-sized nasal defects.

The Protection Potential of Antioxidant Vitamins Against Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: a Rat Trial.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a fatal disease that includes inflammation formed by septic and non-septic causes. Reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) play a key role in ARDS pathophysiology and constitute the base of damage process. Antioxidant vitamins are used for inhibiting hazardous effects of radicals. Therefore, effects of antioxidant vitamins such as α-lipoic acid (ALA), vitamin E (VITE), and C (VITC) were investigated on oleic acid (OA)-induced ARDS rat model. Furthermore, high and low dose of methylprednisolone (HDMP, LDMP) was used for comparing effects of the vitamins. In this study, 42 male rats were divided to seven groups named control, OA, ALA, VITE, VITC, LDMP, and HDMP. OA was intravenously administered to all groups except control group and other compounds were orally administered (ALA, VITE, and VITC: 100 mg/kg, LDMP: 5 mg/kg, HDMP: 50 mg/kg) after OA injections. OA increased MDA level in lung tissue and TNF-α and IL-1ß cytokine levels in serum. ALA, VITE, VITC, and both dose of MP significantly decreased the cytokine levels. Although OA reduced SOD, CAT, and GSH levels in lung tissue, the vitamins and LDMP markedly enhanced the levels except for HDMP. Furthermore, OA showed thickening in bronchi and alveolar septum, hyperemia in vessels, and inflammatory cell infiltrations in lung tissue histopathological examinations. Antioxidant vitamins may be useful for premedication of ARDS and similar disorders. However, methylprednisolone was not found sufficient for being a therapeutic agent for ARDS.

The Relationship Between the Preoperative Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing Septorhinoplasty Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is one of the most common complications during the postoperative period. In the literature, there are many factors associated with PONV risk, but it is claimed that inflammation increases this risk. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a cheap parameter to use in the diagnosis and follow-up of systemic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the preoperative NLR was a marker for PONV and to determine its relation with antiemetic use. METHODS: Eighty patients who were planned to undergo elective septorhinoplasty and were in ASA I-II were prospectively included in the study. The NLR value was calculated by dividing the number of neutrophils by the number of lymphocytes obtained from the preoperative complete blood count. The patients were divided into two groups of 40 patients: patients with an NLR < 2 (group 1) and patients with an NLR > 2 (group 2). Nausea and vomiting during the first 24 h in the recovery room and in the related clinic and antiemetic requirement were recorded. RESULTS: The rate of nausea-vomiting in the recovery room and in the postoperative 24-h period in group 1 was significantly lower than in group 2 (p < 0.05). The rate of use of antiemetics in the recovery room and in the postoperative 24-h period in group 1 was significantly lower than in group 2 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: NLR values above 2 calculated in the preoperative period may be an indicator of PONV risk. Antiemetic prophylaxis may be given according to this value. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

A New Oval Advancement Flap Design for Reconstruction of Pilonidal Sinus Defect.

BACKGROUNDS: Pilonidal sinus is a common chronic disease of the sacrococcygeal region. Although many surgical methods have been described for treating pilonidal sinus disease, controversy still exists as to the best surgical technique. The aim of this study is to present a new modified advancement flap technique named "omega flap" for the treatment of pilonidal sinus disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 18 patients with pilonidal sinus who were treated between March 2012 and August 2014. All cases underwent oval excision and omega advancement flap reconstruction. Defect size, postoperative complications, postoperative pain, painless sitting time, patient satisfaction and recurrence were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: All patients were discharged on the first postoperative day. There was no flap necrosis. No recurrence and no major complication were observed during follow-up period. The outcomes were also satisfactory regarding functionally and aesthetically, and the patients were satisfied with the results. CONCLUSIONS: Presented method has a different geometry than classical advancement flap methods. Our technique provides two-layered repair with minimal tension and off-midline closure for the reconstruction of pilonidal sinus defect. It is easily performed, reliable, associated with no recurrens and good aesthetic results.

Cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, and imidacloprid exposure up-regulates the mRNA and protein levels of bdnf and c-fos in the brain of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio).

The aim of the present study is to investigate the toxicity effects of frequently used pesticides, involving cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid, on the expression of bdnf and c-fos genes in zebrafish brain tissues. Therefore, brain tissues exposed to intoxication was primarily analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Afterwards, the mRNA transcription levels of BNDF and c-fos genes and the protein levels were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The data of the immunofluorescence assay revealed intensive immunopositivity for bdnf and c-fos genes in the tissues exposed to pesticide intoxication in comparison to the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, the transcription levels of BNDF and c-fos genes, and protein levels were elevated following the intoxication (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001, respectively). These results showed that the exposure to the acute cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid intoxication disrupted the normal neuronal activity, resulting in neurotoxic effect, also DNA-binding Increasing c-fos activation, an oncoprotein from the family of the Nuclear Proteins, is also true of the knowledge that these chemicals are oncogenic in zebrafish brain tissues. Thus, the use of these pesticides poses a potential neuronal and oncogenic risk to the non-target organisms.

Imidacloprid exposure cause the histopathological changes, activation of TNF-α, iNOS, 8-OHdG biomarkers, and alteration of caspase 3, iNOS, CYP1A, MT1 gene expression levels in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).

Imidacloprid (IMI) is a neonicotinoid that is widely used for the protection of crops and carnivores from insects and parasites, respectively. It is well known that imidacloprid exposure has a harmful effect on several organisms. However, there is little information about imidacloprid toxicity in aquatic animals, particularly fish. Thus, in the current study, we assessed the histopathological changes; activation of iNOS, 8-OHdG and TNF-α; and expression levels of caspase 3, iNOS, CYP1A and MT1 genes in the common carp exposed to imidacloprid. For this purpose, fish were exposed to either a low dose (140 mg/L) or a high dose (280 mg/L) of imidacloprid for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h. After IMI exposure, we detected hyperplasia of secondary lamellar cells and mucous cell hyperplasia in the gills, as well as hydropic degeneration in hepatocytes and necrosis in the liver. Moreover, 8-OHdG, iNOS and TNF-α activation was found particularly in the gills and liver but also moderately in the brain. Transcriptional analysis showed that caspase 3 expression was altered low dose and high doses of IMI for 72 h and 96 h exposure (p < 0.05), iNOS expression was up-regulated with both low and high doses of IMI and in a time-dependent manner (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001), CYP1A expression was not significantly changed regardless of the dose of IMI and exposure time (p > 0.05) except with low and high doses of IMI for 96 h (p < 0.05), and lastly, MT1 gene expression was up-regulated only in the brain with low doses of IMI for 96 h and high doses of IMI for 48 h, 72 h and 96 h exposure (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Our results indicated that acute IMI exposure moderately induce apoptosis in the brain but caused severe histopathological lesions, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the gills, liver, and brain of the common carp.

Do rhomboid flaps provide more elongation than Z-plasty flaps? An experimental study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: A Z-plasty flap is one of the most widely used geometric relaxation methods to release contracture bands. A rhomboid flap is a lesser used geometric relaxation method than a Z-plasty flap. This study aimed to determine the length and rate of elongation provided by rhomboid and Z-plasty flaps. METHODS: Bilateral contracture bands were created in the inguinal skins of rats. A rhomboid flap was planned for the right side of the inguinal region, and a single Z-plasty flap was planned for the left side. The length and rate of elongation provided by the two flaps were calculated after completing the procedures and were compared using Student's t-test. RESULTS: Experimental contracture bands disappeared in both the inguinal regions after creating rhomboid and Z-plasty flaps. The mean postoperative elongation of the contracture band was 1.4 ± 0.119 and 2.47 ± 0.281 cm using the rhomboid and Z-plasty flaps, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (p < .001). CONCLUSION: Z-plasty flaps provide more elongation than rhomboid flaps and also appear to be better options for releasing linear contracture bands. However, rhomboid flaps may be used as alternatives when Z-plasty flaps cannot be used and in regions such as the axilla, genital region, nipple-areola, where their distortion effects should be avoided.

Histopathological effects, responses of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis biomarkers and alteration of gene expressions related to apoptosis, oxidative stress, and reproductive system in chlorpyrifos-exposed common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).

In this study, we aimed to identify the toxic effects of chlorpyrifos exposure on the tissues of common carp. For this purpose, we evaluated histopathological changes in the brain, gills, liver, kidney, testis, and ovaries after 21 days of chlorpyrifos exposure. Activation of 8-OHdG, cleaved caspase-3, and iNOS were assesed by immunofluorescence assay in chlorpyrifos-exposed brain and liver tissue. Additionally, we measured the expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-8, iNOS, MT1, CYP1A, and CYP3A genes in chlorpyrifos-exposed brain tissue, as well as the expression levels of FSH and LH genes in chlorpyrifos-exposed ovaries, using qRT-PCR. We observed severe histopathological lesions, including inflammation, degeneration, necrosis, and hemorrhage, in the evaluated tissues of common carp after both high and low levels of exposure to chlorpyrifos. We detected strong and diffuse signs of immunofluorescence reaction for 8-OHdG, iNOS, and cleaved caspase-3 in the chlorpyrifos-exposed brain and liver tissues. Furthermore, we found that chlorpyrifos exposure significantly upregulated the expressions of caspase-3, caspase-8, iNOS, and MT1, and also moderately upregulated CYP1A and CYP3A in the brain tissue of exposed carp. We also noted downregulation of FSH and LH gene expressions in chlorpyrifos-exposed ovary tissues. Based on our results, chlorpyrifos toxication caused crucial histopathological lesions in vital organs, induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in liver and brain tissues, and triggered reproductive sterility in common carp. Therefore, we can propose that chlorpyrifos toxication is highly dangerous to the health of common carp. Moreover, chlorpyrifos pollution in the water could threaten the common carp population. Use of chlorpyrifos should be restricted, and aquatic systems should be monitored for chlorpyrifos pollution.

Effect of Helichrysum plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum ethanol extract on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible therapeutic or protective effects of Helichrysum plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum ethanol extract (HPE) against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Thirty-six Sprague Dawley male rats weighing between 200 and 250 g were used as live material. They were formed into six groups containing 6 rats each and were allowed to adapt to laboratory conditions for 7 d. Group I: control, 5% DMSO intraperitoneal (i.p.); Group II: HPE 100 mg/(kg·d) i.p.; Group III: HPE 200 mg/(kg·d) i.p.; Group IV: gentamicin as 80 mg/(kg·d) i.p.; Group V: gentamicin as 80 mg/(kg·d) i.p.+HPE 100 mg/(kg·d) i.p.; and Group VI: gentamicin as 80 mg/(kg·d) i.p.+HPE 200 mg/(kg·d) i.p. for 8 d. Following treatment, serum, liver, and kidney tissues were used to assess blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and lipid peroxidation. Gentamicin significantly increased serum BUN, creatinin, and liver and kidney levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). It also decreased the activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Treatment with the HPE 100 mg/kg reversed gentamicin-induced alterations as evidenced by decreased serum BUN and creatinin, liver and kidney oxidant marker, and tubular necrosis as well as by an increase in antioxidant enzymes. It was found that HPE 200 mg/kg significantly increased liver and kidney tissue MDA levels in nephrotoxicity in rats. As a result, these findings support the proposition that HPE in 100 mg/kg dose demonstrates in the kidney and liver as free radicals and scavenger to prevent the toxic effects of gentamicin in both the biochemical and histopathology parameters.

Acute toxication of deltamethrin results in activation of iNOS, 8-OHdG and up-regulation of caspase 3, iNOS gene expression in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).

Deltamethrin is a widely used synthetic pyrethroid pesticide that protects agricultural yields, including crops, fruits, and vegetables from insect-pests. It is known that deltamethrin toxication leads to metabolic disorders and has detrimental effects on the brain and liver in different organisms. However, the harmful effects of deltamethrin toxication on aquatic animals remain unclear. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the adverse effects of deltamethrin toxication by performing a histopathological examination, an immunofluorescence assay, and a qRT-PCR on common carp. We observed that a low-dose (0.04µM) and a high-dose (0.08µM) of deltamethrin exposure caused lamellar cells hyperplasia and inflammatory cells infiltration in the gills, hyperemia, diffuse hydropic degenerations and focal necrosis in the hepatocytes, necrotic changes in the neurons, and also induced activation of inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the gills, liver, and brain depending on the exposure time (24h, 48h, 72h and 96h). In addition, deltamethrin toxication caused the up-regulation of caspase-3 and the inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) of the gene expression depending on the dose (0.04µM and 0.08µM) and the exposure time in the brain (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001). Our results indicated that long-term deltamethrin exposure could lead to inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis on the different organs in common carp. Thus, deltamethrin toxication is dangerous for common carp populations, and the usage of deltamethrin should be controlled and restricted in agricultural areas.