Genetic correlations between fertility traits and milk composition and fatty acids in Holstein-Friesian, Brown Swiss, and Simmental cattle using recursive models.

This study aimed to investigate the genetic and putative causal relationships between fertility traits [i.e., days open (DO) and calving rate (CR)] and milk quality, composition, and fatty acid contents (milk composition traits) in Holstein-Friesian, Brown Swiss, and Simmental cattle, using recursive models within a Bayesian framework. Trivariate animal models were run, each including one fertility trait, one milk composition trait, and, in all models, milk yield. The DO and CR data were merged with the test days closest to the insemination date for milk composition traits. After editing, 16,468 to 23,424 records for Holstein-Friesian, 23,424 to 46,660 for Brown Swiss, and 26,105 to 35,574 for Simmental were available for the analyses. Recursive animal models were applied to investigate the possible causal influences of milk composition traits on fertility and the genetic relationships among these traits. The results suggested a potential cause-and-effect relationship between milk composition traits and fertility traits, with the first trait influencing the latter. We also found greater recursive effects of milk composition traits on DO than on CR, the latter with some putative differences among breeds in terms of sensitivity. For instance, the putative causal effects of somatic cell score on CR (on the observed scale, %) varied from -0.96 to -1.39%, depending on the breed. Concerning fatty acids, we found relevant putative effects of C18:0 on CR, with estimates varying from -7.8 to -9.9%. Protein and casein percentages, and short-chain fatty acid showed larger recursive effects on CR, whereas fat, protein, and casein percentages, C16:0, C18:0, and long-chain fatty acid had larger effects on DO. The results obtained suggested that these milk traits could be considered as effective indicators of the effects of animal metabolic and physiological status on fertility.

Association between days open and milk spectral data in dairy cows.

Data on 19,489 Brown Swiss cows reared in northeastern Italy were used to associate absorbances of individual wavenumbers within the mid-infrared range with days open (DO). Different postcalving days in milk (DIM) intervals were studied to determine the most informative milk sampling periods for predicting DO. Milk samples were analyzed using a MilkoScan (Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark) Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer for 1,060 wavenumbers (wn) ranging from 5,011 to 925 cm-1. To determine DO, we considered an insemination to lead to conception when there was no return of heat (i.e., no successive insemination) and the cow had a subsequent calving date whereby gestation length was required to be within ±30 d of 290 d. Only milk records within the first 90 DIM were considered. Associations were inferred by (1) fitting linear regression models between the DO and each individual wavenumber or milk component, and (2) fitting a Bayesian regression model that included the complete FTIR spectral data. The effects of including systematic effects (parity number, year-season, herd) in the model on these associations were also studied. These analyses were performed for the complete data (5-90 DIM) and for data stratified by DIM period (5 to 30, 31 to 60, and 61 to 90 DIM). Overall, regions of wavenumbers of the milk FTIR spectra that were associated with DO included wn 2,973 to 2,830 cm-1 [related to fat-B (C-H stretch)], wn 2,217 to 1,769 cm-1 [related to fat-A (C = O stretch)], wn 1,546 cm-1 (related to protein), wn 1,465 cm-1 (related to urea and fat), wn 1,399 to 1,245 cm-1 (related to acetone), and wn 1,110 cm-1 (related to lactose). Estimated effects depended on the DIM period, with milk samples drawn during DIM intervals 31 to 60 d and 61 to 90 d being most strongly associated with DO. These DIM intervals are also typically most associated with negative energy balance and peak lactation.

Genetic parameters for fertility traits assessed in herds divergent in milk energy output in Holstein-Friesian, Brown Swiss, and Simmental cattle.

In this study, we aimed to investigate differences in the genetics of fertility traits (heritability of traits and correlations between traits in divergent environments) in dairy cows of different production levels defined on the basis of the herd-average daily milk energy output (herd-dMEO). Data were obtained from Holstein-Friesian (n = 37,359 for fertility traits, 381,334 for dMEO), Brown Swiss (n = 79,638 for fertility traits, 665,697 for dMEO), and Simmental cows (n = 63,048 for fertility traits, 448,445 for dMEO) reared in northeastern Italy. Fertility traits under study were interval from calving to first service, interval from first service to conception, days open, calving interval, calving rate, and nonreturn rate at d 56. We classified herds into low and high productivity based on the herd-average dMEO (inferred using mixed effects models). We estimated genetic parameters using Bayesian bivariate animal models, where expressions of a phenotype in the low and high dMEO herds were taken as being different-albeit correlated-traits. Fertility traits were more favorable in Simmental than in Holstein-Friesian cows, whereas for all traits, Holstein-Friesian had the highest estimates of intraherd heritability [ranging from 0.021 (0.006-0.038) to 0.126 (0.10-0.15)] and Simmental the lowest [ranging from 0.008 (0.001-0.017) to 0.101 (0.08-0.12)]. The genetic correlations between fertility traits and dMEO were moderate and unfavorable, ranging, in absolute values, from 0.527 (0.37-0.68) to 0.619 (0.50-0.73) in Holstein-Friesian; from 0.339 (0.20-0.47) to 0.556 (0.45-0.66) in Brown Swiss; and from 0.340 (0.10-0.60) to 0.475 (0.33-0.61) in Simmental cattle. The only exception was the nonreturn rate at d 56, which had weak genetic correlations with dMEO in all 3 breeds. The herd correlations between fertility and dMEO tended to be modest and favorable and the residual correlations modest and variable. The heritability of fertility traits tended to be greater in the low dMEO than in the high dMEO herds in the case of the Holstein-Friesians, but not in the case of the Brown Swiss or Simmentals. The additive genetic correlations between fertility traits in the low and high dMEO herds were always lower than 1 [0.329 (-0.17 to 0.85) to 0.934 (0.86 to 0.99)] for all traits considered in all breeds. The correlation was particularly low for the threshold characters and the interval from first service to conception in Holstein-Friesian, suggesting that the relative performances of genotypes vary significantly between herds of different dMEO levels. Although there was large variability in the estimates, results might support making separate genetic evaluations of fertility in the different herd production groups. Our results also indicate that Simmental, a dual-purpose breed, has higher fertility and lower environmental sensitivity than Holstein-Friesian, with Brown Swiss being intermediate.

A landscape of the heritability of Fourier-transform infrared spectral wavelengths of milk samples by parity and lactation stage in Holstein cows.

Fourier-transform near- and mid-infrared (FTIR) milk spectral data are routinely collected in many countries worldwide. Establishing an optimal strategy to use spectral data in genetic evaluations requires knowledge of the heritabilities of individual FTIR wavelength absorbances. Previous FTIR heritability estimates have been based on relatively small sample sizes and have not considered the possibility that heritability may vary across parities and stages of the lactation. We used data from ∼370,000 test-day records of Canadian Holstein cows to produce a landscape of the heritability of FTIR spectra, 1,060 wavelengths in the near- and mid-infrared spectrum (5,011-925 cm-1), by parity and month of the lactation (mo 1 to 3 and mo 1 to 6, respectively). The 2 regions of the spectrum associated with absorption of electromagnetic energy by water molecules were estimated to have very high phenotypic variances, very low heritabilities, and very low proportion of variance explained by herd-year-season (HYS) subclasses. The near- or short-wavelength infrared (SWIR: 5,066-3,672 cm-1) region was also characterized by low heritability estimates, whereas the estimated proportion of the variance explained by HYS was high. The mid-wavelength infrared region (MWIR: 3,000-2,500 cm-1) and the transition between mid and long-wavelength infrared region (MWIR-LWIR: 1,500-925 cm-1) harbor several waves characterized by moderately high (≥0.4) heritabilities. Most of the high-heritability regions contained wavelengths that are reported to be associated with important milk metabolites and components. Interestingly, these 2 same regions tended to show more variability in heritabilities between parity and lactation stage. Second parity showed heritability patterns that were distinctly different from those of the first and third parities, whereas the first 2 mo of the lactation had clearly distinct heritability patterns compared with mo 3 to 6.

Pranoprofen quantification in ex vivo corneal and scleral permeation samples: Analytical validation.

The investigation of the ocular permeability and/or distribution of pranoprofen (PF), a non-steroidal antiinflamatory drug, demands for the selective analysis of its transit through specific ocular membranes. Therefore, customised ex vivo permeation experiments through external ocular tissues (cornea and sclera) have been validated for this drug in addition to its HPLC-UV quantification following standard bioanalytical guidelines. Chromatographic conditions consist of an isocratic system to elute the drug with a C18 column with UV detection at 245 nm. Precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation (% RSD), ranged between 4.89 and 0.79% (intra-day) and between 9.02 and 2.14% (interday). Accuracy ranged between 5.15 and -1.92% in intra-day experiments and between 6.25 and -4.89% in inter-day experiments. Drug recovery from tissue samples was reproducible around 90% and considered satisfactory to adequately assess drug levels in target tissues. Results indicate that the procedure is valid for the quantitation of PF in those ophthalmic samples in the range of 6.5 µg/mL to 100 µg/ml. As a proof of concept, PF permeation profiles through porcine cornea and sclera with vertical diffusion cells have been generated and analyzed. Pilot experiments demonstrate its applicability to investigate permeation levels of PF from 22.31 µg/cm2 (about a 20% of the dose) until 500 µg/cm2 if required. Additionally, real tissue-retention samples were also generated to verify the goodness of this experimental setup.

Coexistence of GH-Producing Pituitary Macroadenoma and Meningioma in a Patient with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 with Hyperglycemia and Ketosis as First Clinical Sign.

We present the clinical case of a patient who was admitted with an onset of diabetes mellitus (DM) with associated ketosis and whose clinical, hormonal, and radiological evolution revealed the presence of primary hyperparathyroidism, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, and GH-producing pituitary macroadenoma in the context of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). DM is relatively common in cases of acromegaly, but it is not generally associated with ketosis. Simultaneously, the patient presented a meningioma, which is associated with pituitary macroadenoma only in extremely rare cases.

Nanoemulsions for dermal controlled release of oleanolic and ursolic acids: In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo characterization.

The aim of the present study was to design and optimize a nanoemulsion for dermal administration of mixtures of natural or synthetic pentacyclic triterpenes with recognized anti-inflammatory activity. The composition of the developed nanoemulsions was obtained from pseudo-ternary phase diagrams, composed of castor oil as the oil phase, labrasol as the surfactant, transcutol-P as co-surfactant and propylene glycol as the aqueous phase. Different ratios of surfactant/co-surfactant mixture (Smix) (4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4) were produced, and Smix 4:1 was chosen based on the greater area of optimal nanoemulsion conditions. Two different nanoemulsions of mean droplet size below 600 nm were produced, loading mixtures of natural or synthetic pentacyclic triterpenes, respectively. The viscosity of nanoemulsion containing natural pentacyclic triterpenes was 51.97±4.57 mPas and that loaded with synthetic mixtures was 55.33±0.28 mPas. The studies of release and skin permeation were performed using Franz diffusion cells, adjusting the release kinetics of both formulations to Korsmeyer-Peppas model. No significant differences in permeation parameters between the two nanoemulsions were observed. The amount of drug retained in the skin was higher than the amount of drug that has permeated, favoring a local action. The results of the in vivo tests demonstrated that the developed formulations were not toxic and not irritant to the skin. The formulation loading a mixture of natural triterpenes showed greater ability to inhibit inflammation than that loading the synthetic mixture. The findings clearly corroborate the added value of o/w nanoemulsions for dermal delivery of pentacyclic triterpenes.

Ultrasonido torácico extendido en trauma (EFAST) / Thoracic ultrasound. extended focus assessment with sonography in trauma (EFAST)

Dentro del abordaje diagnóstico del trauma torácico se cuenta con múltiples auxiliares diagnósticos, entre ellos el ultrasonido FAST extendido a tórax (EFAST). Para la detección de hemo o neumotórax, la radiografía de tórax ha demostrado una sensibilidad de 69% y especificidad de 76%, con la tomografía la sensibilidad y especificidad se acercan al 100%. El EFAST ha demostrado una sensibilidad del 92-100%, aun realizado por médicos no radiólogos Objetvo: evaluar la sensibilidad y especifcidad del ultrasonido torácico extendido (EFAST) dentro de la práctca en la atención de emergencia en elservicio de emergencia en el Hospital Roosevelt Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptvo, tansversal de pacientes que ingresaron con trauma cerrado y penetrante en tórax a quienes se les realizóEFAST, radiografa de tórax y tomografa torácica Resultados: De 16 pacientes, 13 (81.25%) fueron hombres y tres (18.75%) mujeres. 11 (68.75%) con trauma contuso y 5 (31.25%) con trauma penetrante.El grupo de edad más afectado fue el comprendido entre los 18 a 45 años. De los 16 estudios realizados, nueve (56.25%) fueron califcados comopositvos para neumotórax, observándose el signo de la estratosfera en los nueve casos (100%); el resultado fue corroborado con radiografa de tórax ytomografa. Un paciente presentó alteraciones tomográfcas compatbles con hemoneumotórax que no fueron detectadas por ecografa; procediendoa colocación de tubo de toracostomía cerrada de manera inmediata. Los 7 pacientes restantes no tuvieron evidencia de lesión torácica por EFAST ni enlos estudios complementarios (radiografa, tomografa o EFAST de control) ni durante el seguimiento clínico. Conclusión: Durante la experiencia inicial el EFAST demostró ser sufcientemente sensible y específco para detectar neumotórax.

Background: The diagnosis of hemothorax or pneumothorax is established with chest radiography (sensitvity 69%, specifcity 76%) or computed tomography(sensitvity and specifcity near 100%). Studies have shown that EFAST has 92-100 % sensitvity even for non-radiologists. The aim of this studywas to determine sensitvity and specifcity of EFAST in the emergency department of Roosevelt Hospital.Methods: All patents admited from January to July 2015, with blunt or penetratng chest trauma were included in this study. They underwent EFAST,chest radiography and thoracic computed tomography.Results: Sixteen patents were analyzed, 13 (81.25%) were men, 11 (68.75%) presented blunt trauma and 5 (31.25%) penetratng trauma. The age groupwas from 18 to 45 years old. Of the 16 studies performed, 9 (56.25%) were classifed as positve for pneumothorax by EFAST, stratosphere positve signwas present in all of them; results were corroborated with chest radiography and tomography. One patent presented tomographic signs of hemo-pneumothoraxthat was not detected by ultrasound. The remaining 7 patents did not have evidence of thoracic injury with EFAST, chest radiography, thoracictomography or during clinical follow-up.Conclusions: During inital experience, EFAST demonstrates to be sensitve and specifc enough to detect pneumothorax.

[Hyperplastic polyp with neoplastic transformation in a patient with atrophic gastritis and multiple gastric neuroendocrine tumors]. / Pólipo hiperplásico con transformación neoplásica en paciente con gastritis atrófica y múltiples tumores neuroendocrinos.

Hyperplastic gastric polyps are often found at GI endoscopy and are not considered premalignant lesions, although some cases of malignancy have been reported. Neuroendocrine tumors, conversely, are rare and account for approximately 1% to 2% of gastric polyps. Both hyperplastic gastric polyps and neuroendocrine tumors are related to gastric atrophy. The case of a hyperplastic polyp with multifocal areas of adenocarcinoma within the polyp associated to multiple gastric neuroendocrine tumors is reported.

Tentativa de suicidio en adolescentes / Attempted suicide in adolescente

El propósito de este estudio es realizar una revisión general sobre el suicidio en la adolescencia, junto a una valoración de los aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos de intentos de suicidio frustrado en una población de adolescentes de edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 17 años, en una muestra de 25 casos estudiados en nuestra unidad y obtenidos en el periodo comprendido entre abril de 1996 y marzo de 1997.Las variables estudiadas son: edad, sexo, CI, modalidad de la tentativa, personas con las que convive, relaciones matrimoniales entre los padres, número de hermanos, lugar en la fatria, nivel socio-económico, desencadenarte, número de tentativas, grado de afectación clínica y fecha de la tentativa (AU)

El desarrollo del lenguaje en los niños con syndrome de Down / The Language Development in Downs Syndrome Children

Este artículo tiene como contenido una revisión bibliográfica del desarrollo del lenguaje en los niños con Síndrome de Down desde el nacimiento hasta la etapa adulta.Se pretende plasmar el perfil del lenguaje y del habla de esta población, y cuales son las investigaciones realizadas hasta el momento respecto a las dificultades lingüísticas que presentan, ya que las expectativas sobre el desarrollo del lenguaje se han incrementado progresivamente desde los años 80 hasta la actualidad.A su vez, se podrán ver las correspondencias entre las características del desarrollo lingüístico de los niños con Síndrome de Down y los niños que no lo tienen, así como las áreas de diferenciación (AU)

The foreign-born population in the United States: March 1997 (update).

PIP: A one-page summary of information on the foreign-born population of the United States based on the March 1997 Current Population Survey is provided. A paper version of the tables is available for $31 as PPL-92 on request. The detailed tabulations are also available online at http://www.census.gov.^ieng

Amiloidosis vesical localizada / Localized Amyloidosis of the bladder

Se describe un caso de Amiloidosis Vesical localizada, cuyo aspecto endoscópico semejaba una lesión maligna, con 2 biopsias iniciales tomadas en períodos diferentes informadas como proceso inflamatorio crónico. Se revisa la literatura y se hace énfasis en fa presencia de esta entidad en el diagnóstico diferencial de las lesiones endovesicales. Es el primer caso de Amiloidosis Vesical diagnosticado en el Hospital San Juan de Dios de Bogotá

Effect of fasting and insulin on the glucagon-induced orthophosphate incorporation to the isolated perfused rat liver.

Isolated perfused fed rat livers spontaneously liberated glucose and orthophosphate to the medium; 24-hr fasted rat livers did not exhibit these phenomena. In perfused fed rat livers, glucagon (2 mug) increased glucose output and promoted orthophosphate incorporation. In perfused fed rat livers, insulin (250 or 500 mU) inhibited the spontaneous liberation of glucose and orthophosphate. Comparable doses of insulin significantly reduced the glucagon (2 mug)-induced increase in glucose output from perfused fed rat liver, but did not affect orthophosphate uptake by the organ.