On the Feasibility of Ultrasound Imaging Enrichment by Medium-Temperature Changes.

We describe the concept of a new imaging modality based on the tracking and dynamic modeling of local intensity changes (ICs) observed in conventional ultrasound images collected during a medium-temperature change. We computed the pixel-by-pixel IC from averaged B-mode images that exhibited different behaviors with varying temperature resulting from changes in the speed of sound, which consequently induce changes in the backscattered energy. Moreover, for each pixel, a first-order polynomial model was adjusted to the different temperature-dependent ICs. The representation of the polynomial angular parameter in 2D pixel space was used to obtain a parametric image. The results obtained by simulations and with real B-mode images indicated that this new ultrasound imaging modality was able to enhance the contrast and highlight structures that were poorly visible or even undetected in conventional images. A temperature change of 3°C was found to be sufficient to generate appropriate images with the proposed method. In addition, if a temperature change of 6°C was considered, the thermal dose, measured as the cumulative number of equivalent minutes at 43°C (CEM43°C), was 2.4 CEM43°C, which is a value that is considered safe according to the literature. We provide a proof-of-concept of a new imaging modality that opens new opportunities for the enhancement of ultrasound images and consequently contributes to improvements in ultrasound-based diagnoses. Our approach is based on images returned by commercial ultrasound scanners. Therefore, it can be implemented in any ultrasound system and is independent of specific ultrasound hardware and software data acquisition characteristics.

Monte Carlo uncertainty assessment of ultrasonic beam parameters from immersion transducers used to non-destructive testing.

The uncertainty of ultrasonic beam parameters from non-destructive testing immersion probes was evaluated using the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) uncertainty framework and Monte Carlo Method simulation. The calculated parameters such as focal distance, focal length, focal widths and beam divergence were determined according to EN 12668-2. The typical system configuration used during the mapping acquisition comprises a personal computer connected to an oscilloscope, a signal generator, axes movement controllers, and a water bath. The positioning system allows moving the transducer (or hydrophone) in the water bath. To integrate all system components, a program was developed to allow controlling all the axes, acquire waterborne signals, and calculate essential parameters to assess and calibrate US transducers. All parameters were calculated directly from the raster scans of axial and transversal beam profiles, except beam divergence. Hence, the positioning system resolution and the step size are principal source of uncertainty. Monte Carlo Method simulations were performed by another program that generates pseudo-random samples for the distributions of the involved quantities. In all cases, there were found statistical differences between Monte Carlo and GUM methods.

Feasibility of non-invasive temperature estimation by the assessment of the average gray-level content of B-mode images.

This paper assesses the potential of the average gray-level (AVGL) from ultrasonographic (B-mode) images to estimate temperature changes in time and space in a non-invasive way. Experiments were conducted involving a homogeneous bovine muscle sample, and temperature variations were induced by an automatic temperature regulated water bath, and by therapeutic ultrasound. B-mode images and temperatures were recorded simultaneously. After data collection, regions of interest (ROIs) were defined, and the average gray-level variation computed. For the selected ROIs, the AVGL-Temperature relation were determined and studied. Based on uniformly distributed image partitions, two-dimensional temperature maps were developed for homogeneous regions. The color-coded temperature estimates were first obtained from an AVGL-Temperature relation extracted from a specific partition (where temperature was independently measured by a thermocouple), and then extended to the other partitions. This procedure aimed to analyze the AVGL sensitivity to changes not only in time but also in space. Linear and quadratic relations were obtained depending on the heating modality. We found that the AVGL-Temperature relation is reproducible over successive heating and cooling cycles. One important result was that the AVGL-Temperature relations extracted from one region might be used to estimate temperature in other regions (errors inferior to 0.5 °C) when therapeutic ultrasound was applied as a heating source. Based on this result, two-dimensional temperature maps were developed when the samples were heated in the water bath and also by therapeutic ultrasound. The maps were obtained based on a linear relation for the water bath heating, and based on a quadratic model for the therapeutic ultrasound heating. The maps for the water bath experiment reproduce an acceptable heating/cooling pattern, and for the therapeutic ultrasound heating experiment, the maps seem to reproduce temperature profiles consistent with the pressure field of the transducer, and in agreement with temperature maps developed by COMSOL®MultiPhysics simulations.

Computerized lesion segmentation of breast ultrasound based on marker-controlled watershed transformation.

PURPOSE: This paper presents a computerized segmentation method for breast lesions on ultrasound (US) images. METHODS: It consists of first applying a contrast-enhanced approach, i.e., a contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization. Then, aiming at removing speckle and enhancing the lesion boundary, an anisotropic diffusion filter, guided by texture descriptors derived from a set of Gabor filters, is applied. To eliminate the distant pixels that do not belong to the tumor, the resulting filtered image is multiplied by a constraint Gaussian function. By doing so, both the segmentation and the marker functions are generated and could be used in the marker-controlled watershed transformation algorithm to create potential lesion boundaries. Finally, to determine the lesion contour, the average radial derivative function is evaluated. The proposed method was tested with 50 breast US images and 60 simulated "ultrasound-like" images. Accuracy and precision of the segmentation method were then assessed. For the accuracy, three parameters were used: Overlap ratio (OR), normalized residual value (nrv), and proportional distance (PD) between contours. RESULTS: The average results for US images were OR = 0.86 +/- 0.05, nrv = 0.16 +/- 0.06, and PD = 6.58 +/- 2.52%. For simulated ultrasound-like images, a better performance (OR = 0.92 +/- 0.01, nrv = 0.08 +/- 0.01, and PD = 3.20 +/- 0.53%) was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: The segmentation method proposed was capable of delineating the lesion contours with high accuracy in comparison to both the radiologists' delineations and the true delineations of simulated images. Moreover, this method was also found to be robust to human-dependent parameters variations.

Implementação do protocolo para a obtenção de parâmetros do feixe acústico de transdutores ultra-sônicos usados em medicina / Protocol implementation to obtain acoustic beam parameters of medical ultrasonic transducers

Este trabalho apresenta a implementação de um protocolo para a aquisição dos parâmetros do feixe acústico de transdutores ultra-sônicos usados em medicina, baseado em normas nacionais e internacionais. O software ATUS (Avaliação de Transdutores Ultrs-Sônicos) foi desenvolvido em MATLAB (Mathworks, Natick, MA) e se apresenta como uma ferramenta amigável para visualização dos perfis do feixe (paralelo e perpendicular à face do transdutor) e para a obtenção e cálculo dos parâmetros de interesse, como intensidade acústica e características geométricas do feixe (distância focal, comprimento focal e área focal). O protocolo é aplicável ao feixe de transdutores usados tanto em diagnóstico como em fisioterapia. A interpolação de mapeamentos 2D sub-amostrados é apresentada como uma metodologia alternativa ao mapeamento 1D em diversas direções paralelas à face do transdutor, proposto pela Norma ABNT - IEC 1689 (1998)