RESUMO
This study assessed the disinfection using 70% ethanol; H2O2-quaternary ammonium salt mixture; 0.1% sodium hypochlorite and autoclaving of four 3D-printed face shields with different designs, visor materials; and visor thickness (0.5-0.75 mm). We also investigated their clinical suitability by applying a questionnaire to health workers (HW) who used them. Each type of disinfection was done 40 times on each type of mask without physical damage. In contrast, autoclaving led to appreciable damage.
Assuntos
COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Desinfetantes/farmacologia , Desinfecção/métodos , Equipamento de Proteção Individual/virologia , Impressão Tridimensional , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Coleta de Dados , Desenho de Equipamento , Etanol/farmacologia , Pessoal de Saúde , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Hipoclorito de Sódio/farmacologiaRESUMO
Objective Heart failure (HF) is associated with intermittent hypoxia, and the effects of this hypoxia on the cardiovascular system are not well understood. This study was performed to compare the effects of acute hypoxia (10% oxygen) between patients with and without HF. Methods Fourteen patients with chronic HF and 17 matched control subjects were enrolled. Carotid artery changes were examined during the first period of hypoxia, and brachial artery changes were examined during the second period of hypoxia. Data were collected at baseline and after 2 and 4 minutes of hypoxia. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and renin were measured at baseline and after 4 minutes hypoxia. Results The carotid blood flow, carotid systolic diameter, and carotid diastolic diameter increased and the carotid resistance decreased in patients with HF. Hypoxia did not change the carotid compliance, distensibility, brachial artery blood flow and diameter, or concentrations of sympathomimetic amines in patients with HF, but hypoxia increased the norepinephrine level in the control group. Hypoxia increased minute ventilation and decreased the oxygen saturation and end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration in both groups. Conclusion Hypoxia-induced changes in the carotid artery suggest an intensification of compensatory mechanisms for preservation of cerebral blood flow in patients with HF.
