Environmental sympatry through time: spatio-temporal distribution and conservation status of two sympatric anuran species (Leptodactylidae) in South America / Simpatría ambiental a través del tiempo: distribución espacio-temporal y estado de conservación de dos especies de anuros simpátricos (Leptodactylidae) en América del Sur

Abstract Introduction: Leptodactylus latinasus and Physalaemus cuqui are sympatric anuran species with similar environmental requirements and contrasting reproductive modes. Climatic configuration determines distribution patterns and promotes sympatry of environmental niches, but specificity/selectivity determines the success of reproductive modes. Species distribution models (SDM) are a valuable tool to predict spatio-temporal distributions based on the extrapolation of environmental predictors. Objectives: To determine the spatio-temporal distribution of environmental niches and assess whether the protected areas of the World Database of Protected Areas (WDPA) allow the conservation of these species in the current scenario and future. Methods: We applied different algorithms to predict the distribution and spatio-temporal overlap of environmental niches of L. latinasus and P. cuqui within South America in the last glacial maximum (LGM), middle-Holocene, current and future scenarios. We assess the conservation status of both species with the WDPA conservation units. Results: All applied algorithms showed high performance for both species (TSS = 0.87, AUC = 0.95). The L. latinasus predictions showed wide environmental niches from LGM to the current scenario (49 % stable niches, 37 % gained niches, and 13 % lost niches), suggesting historical fidelity to stable climatic-environmental regions. In the current-future transition, L. latinasus would increase the number of stable (70 %) and lost (20 %) niches, suggesting fidelity to lowland regions and a possible trend toward microendemism. P. cuqui loses environmental niches from the LGM to the current scenario (25 %) and in the current-future transition (63 %), increasing the environmental sympathy between both species; 31 % spatial overlap in the current scenario and 70 % in the future. Conclusion: Extreme drought events and rainfall variations, derived from climate change, suggest the loss of environmental niches for these species that are not currently threatened but are not adequately protected by conservation units. The loss of environmental niches increases spatial sympatry which represents a new challenge for anurans and the conservation of their populations.

Resumen Introducción: Leptodactylus latinasus y Physalaemus cuqui son especies de anuros simpátricos con requerimientos ambientales similares y modos reproductivos contrastantes. La configuración climática determina los patrones de distribución y promueve la simpatría de los nichos ambientales, pero la especificidad/selectividad determina el éxito de los modos reproductivos. Los modelos de distribución de especies (MDE) son una herramienta valiosa para predecir distribuciones espacio-temporales basadas en la extrapolación de predictores ambientales. Objetivos: Determinar la distribución espacio-temporal de los nichos ambientales y evaluar si las áreas protegidas de la base de Datos Mundial de Áreas Protegidas (DMAP) permiten la conservación de estas especies en el escenario actual y futuro. Métodos: Aplicamos diferentes algoritmos para predecir la distribución y superposición espacio-temporal de nichos ambientales de L. latinasus y P. cuqui dentro de América del Sur en el último máximo glacial (UGM), Holoceno medio, actual y futuro. Evaluamos el estado de conservación de ambas especies con las unidades de conservación de la DMAP. Resultados: Todos los algoritmos aplicados mostraron un alto rendimiento para ambas especies (TSS = 0.87, AUC = 0.95). Las predicciones de L. latinasus mostraron amplios nichos ambientales desde LGM hasta el escenario actual (49 % de nichos estables, 37 % de nichos ganados y 13 % de nichos perdidos), sugiriendo fidelidad histórica por regiones climático-ambientales estables. En la transición actual-futura L. latinasus incrementaría la cantidad de nichos estables (70 %) y perdidos (20 %), sugiriendo fidelidad por regiones de tierras bajas y la posible tendencia hacia el microendemismo. P. cuqui pierde nichos ambientales desde el LGM al escenario actual (25 %) y en la transición actual-futura (63 %), incrementando la simpatría ambiental entre ambas especies; 31 % de superposición espacial en el escenario actual y 70 % en el futuro. Conclusión: Los eventos de sequía extrema y las variaciones de precipitaciones, derivados del cambio climático, sugieren la pérdida de nichos ambientales para estas especies, actualmente no se encuentran amenazadas, pero no están adecuadamente protegidas por las unidades de conservación. La pérdida de nichos ambientales aumenta la simpatría espacial que representa un nuevo desafío para estos anuros y la conservación de sus poblaciones.

Potential impact of land-use change on habitat quality in the distribution range of crocodile lizards in China.

The over-exploitation of land resources poses a serious threat to biodiversity on a global scale. Changes in land-use and human exploitation have had a major impact on wild populations and their habitat in China. We assessed how habitat quality has changed over time (1995-2020). Specifically, we analyzed how the habitat quality of crocodile lizard has changed over time based on multi-temporal land-use data (1995, 2000, 2010, 2015 and 2020) using a land-use transfer matrix and habitat quality model. The results showed that the main landscape types in the study area were arable land (21.21% of the area) and woodland (69.59% of the area) during the period. Construction land (land used for development) had decreased by 991 km2, a decrease rate of 59.84% from 1995 to 2000, and increased to 2349 km2, an increase rate of 71.69% from 2000 to 2020. The proportion of grasslands and areas with water were negligible and overall, did not vary significantly in size over the study period. The main feature of land use change in the study area was the loss of grasslands and woodlands through development. The habitat quality model indicated that habitat quality was highest and degradation was lowest in Dayao mountain, Guxiu town, Qichong village and Beituo town. Habitat quality improved in Daguishan and Luokeng areas. Habitat quality was good in Daping mountain and Linzhouding, but they were highly fragmented with patches of low-quality habitat of varying sizes. Habitats were severely degraded in the Dateng Gorge area. The rate of habitat degradation has slowed over time in the study area, but gradually increased in degradation intensity, and low-quality habitats were widely distributed and overlapped with the crocodile lizards distribution area. We recommend that protected areas for the crocodile lizard be more closely monitored and managed to halt further decline in habitat quality.

Climate Change and Dispersal Ability Jointly Affects the Future Distribution of Crocodile Lizards.

Crocodile lizards (Shinisaurus crocodilurus) are an endangered, 'living fossil' reptile from a monophyletic family and therefore, a high priority for conservation. We constructed climatic models to evaluate the potential impact of climate change on the distribution of crocodile lizards for the period 2000 to 2100 and determined the key environmental factors that affect the dispersal of this endangered species. For the construction of climatic models, we used 985 presence-only data points and 6 predictor variables which showed excellent performance (AUC = 0.974). The three top-ranked factors predicting crocodile lizard distribution were precipitation of the wettest month (bio13, 37.1%), precipitation of the coldest quarter (bio19, 17.9%), and temperature seasonality (bio4, 14.3%). Crocodile lizards were, just as they are now, widely distributed in the north of Guangdong Province in China and Quang Ninh Province in Vietnam at the last glacial maximum (LGM). Since the LGM, there has been an increase in suitable habitats, particularly in east-central Guangxi Province, China. Under future global warming scenarios, the potential habitat for crocodile lizards is expected to decrease significantly in the next 100 years. Under the most optimistic scenario, only 7.35% to 6.54% of suitable habitat will remain, and under the worst climatic scenario, only 8.34% to 0.86% of suitable habitat will remain. Models for no dispersal and limited dispersal showed that all crocodile lizards would lose habitat as temperatures increase. Our work contributes to an increased understanding of the current and future spatial distribution of the species, supporting practical management and conservation plans.

Dolor sacroilíaco: revisión actualizada del enfrentamiento diagnóstico / Sacroiliac joint pain: an updated review of the clinical approach for diagnosis

El dolor sacroilíaco es responsable de 15% a 30% de los cuadros de dolor lumbar bajo. El diagnóstico de esta patología es un desafío para el médico, debido a su compleja anatomía, el amplio diagnóstico diferencial, y las diversas etiologías que pueden provocar dolor en la articulación sacroilíaca. Una anamnesis ordenada y dirigida, asociada a un examen físico preciso, ayuda a orientar el diagnóstico. Las pruebas sacroiliacas específicas deben realizarse en aquellos pacientes con sospecha de dolor sacroilíaco, y deben interpretarse en conjunto y no de manera aislada. La resonancia magnética sirve para descartar otras causas de dolor lumbar bajo o diagnosticar casos de sacroileítis inflamatoria. La infiltración de la articulación es el gold standard para el diagnóstico, y debe realizarse en pacientes con alta sospecha de dolor sacroilíaco, por la anamnesis, examen físico, y tres o más pruebas sacroilíacas específicas positivas.

Sacroiliac pain accounts for 15% to 30% of low back pain conditions. Its diagnosis is a challenge for the physician due to its complex anatomy, the wide differential diagnoses list, and its several causes. Diagnosis requires a structured clinical history and an accurate physical examination. Specific sacroiliac physical examination tests should be performed in patients with suspected sacroiliac joint pain and interpreted together, not in isolation. Magnetic resonance imaging can rule out other causes of low back pain or diagnose inflammatory sacroiliitis. Joint infiltration is the gold standard for diagnosis, and it should be performed in patients with a high suspicion of sacroiliac joint pain based on anamnesis, physical examination, and three or more positive specific sacroiliac tests.

Fractura vertebral osteoporótica en el adulto mayor / Osteoporotic vertebral fracture in the elderly

La fractura osteoporótica es una entidad clínica que afecta seriamente la calidad y expectativa de vida del paciente, agregándose un impacto socioeconómico elevado, superando incluso a los gastos de patologías como el infarto agudo de miocardio, accidente cerebrovascular y cáncer de mama, y cuya incidencia y prevalencia va en aumento a medida que la población mundial envejece. La gran mayoría de los casos cursan inadvertidos y sub diagnosticados, dejando a tres de cuatro pacientes, sin tratamiento y expuestos a nuevos eventos. El foco mundial en los países desarrollados como estrategia de enfrentamiento de esta patología endémica ha sido el de la prevención, vale decir medicina primaria. Sin embargo, una vez diagnosticada la fractura osteoporótica, no existe consenso en el tipo de tratamiento óptimo, así como sus plazos en estos pacientes. La mayoría de las guías internacionales y los trabajos publicados, presentan diferencias en el manejo de esta lesión.

The osteoporotic fracture is a clinical entity that seriously affects the quality and life expectancy of the patient, adding a high socioeconomic impact, even exceeding the expenses of pathologies such as acute myocardial stroke, vascular cerebral stroke and breast cancer, and whose incidence and prevalence is increasing as the world population ages. The vast majority of cases are non-diagnosed, leaving three of four patients with non treatment at all. The target in developed countries as a strategy to confront this endemic pathology has been prevention, or, primary medicine. However, once the osteoporotic fracture is diagnosed, there is no consensus on the type of optimal treatment, as well as its deadlines in these patients. The majority of international guidelines and published articles show differences in the management and treatment of this fracture.

[Total thyroidectomy treatment of bening multinodular goiter]. / Tiroidectomía total en el bocio multinodular benigno.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of benign multinodular goiter (BMNB) is a matter of ongoing debate in recent decades despite evidence that total thyroidectomy (TT) is associated with a significant reduction in disease recurrence and minimal morbidity in trained hands. OBJECTIVE: Determine BMNB recurrence after 10 years in 100 patients treated with TT and evaluate the technique-related complications. DESIGN: Prospective non randomized. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From March 1999 to March 2001, one hundred patients, 95 female, with an average age of 42.4 years (range 23-67) underwent TT for having a BMNB, which was confirmed by cervical ultrasound, which also served as a guide to perform fine-needle aspiration (FNA). In all cases, laryngoscopy was performed before and after post-surgical bitstream. RESULTS: Mean operative time was 49 minutes (range 35-58). Recurrencial recorded paralysis (1%) and five hypoparathyroidism (5%), both transient and no definitive case. All patients were discharged within 24 hours of surgery. We did not record any recurrence BMNB a follow-up period of more than 10 years. CONCLUSION: The TT is the treatment choice of BMNB, being an effective, safe, with low rates of complications and to avoid or significantly reduce the recurrence of this disease.

Introducción. El tratamiento del bocio multinodular beningo (BMNB) es motivo de continuo debate en las últimas décadas pese a la evidencia de que la tiroidectomía total (TT) está relacionada a una reducción significativa en la recurrencia de la enfermedad y a una mínima morbilidad en manos entrenadas. Objetivo. Determinar la recurrencia del BMNB al cabo de 10 años en 100 pacientes tratados con TT y evaluar las complicaciones relacionadas a la técnica.Diseño. Prospectivo no randomizado.Material y métodos. Desde marzo del 1999 a marzo del 2001, cien pacientes, 95 del sexo femenino, con un promedio de edad de 42,4 años (rango: 23-67), fueron sometidos a una TT por padecer un BMNB, el cual fue confirmado por la ecografía cervical, la que además sirvió de guía para realizar la punción aspiración con aguja fina (PAAF). En todos los casos se realizó un laringoscopía inderecta pre y post postquirúrgica. Resultados. El tiempo operatorio promedio fue de 49 minutos (rango: 35-58). Registramos una parálisis recurrencial (1%) y cinco hipoparatiroidismos (5%), ambos transitorios y ningún caso definitivo. Todos los pacientes fueron dados de alta antes de las 24 horas de la cirugía. No objetivamos ninguna recurrencia del BMNB en un período de seguimiento de más de 10 años.Conclusión. La TT es el tratamiento elección del BMNB, por ser un procedimiento eficaz, seguro, con mínimas tasas de complicaciones y por evitar o reducir significativamente la recurrencia de esta enfermedad.

Tiroidectomía total en el bocio multinodular benigno / [Total thyroidectomy treatment of bening multinodular goiter].

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of benign multinodular goiter (BMNB) is a matter of ongoing debate in recent decades despite evidence that total thyroidectomy (TT) is associated with a significant reduction in disease recurrence and minimal morbidity in trained hands. OBJECTIVE: Determine BMNB recurrence after 10 years in 100 patients treated with TT and evaluate the technique-related complications. DESIGN: Prospective non randomized. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From March 1999 to March 2001, one hundred patients, 95 female, with an average age of 42.4 years (range 23-67) underwent TT for having a BMNB, which was confirmed by cervical ultrasound, which also served as a guide to perform fine-needle aspiration (FNA). In all cases, laryngoscopy was performed before and after post-surgical bitstream. RESULTS: Mean operative time was 49 minutes (range 35-58). Recurrencial recorded paralysis (1

) and five hypoparathyroidism (5

), both transient and no definitive case. All patients were discharged within 24 hours of surgery. We did not record any recurrence BMNB a follow-up period of more than 10 years. CONCLUSION: The TT is the treatment choice of BMNB, being an effective, safe, with low rates of complications and to avoid or significantly reduce the recurrence of this disease.

Tiroidectomía total en el bocio multinodular benigno. / [Total thyroidectomy treatment of bening multinodular goiter].

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of benign multinodular goiter (BMNB) is a matter of ongoing debate in recent decades despite evidence that total thyroidectomy (TT) is associated with a significant reduction in disease recurrence and minimal morbidity in trained hands. OBJECTIVE: Determine BMNB recurrence after 10 years in 100 patients treated with TT and evaluate the technique-related complications. DESIGN: Prospective non randomized. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From March 1999 to March 2001, one hundred patients, 95 female, with an average age of 42.4 years (range 23-67) underwent TT for having a BMNB, which was confirmed by cervical ultrasound, which also served as a guide to perform fine-needle aspiration (FNA). In all cases, laryngoscopy was performed before and after post-surgical bitstream. RESULTS: Mean operative time was 49 minutes (range 35-58). Recurrencial recorded paralysis (1

) and five hypoparathyroidism (5

), both transient and no definitive case. All patients were discharged within 24 hours of surgery. We did not record any recurrence BMNB a follow-up period of more than 10 years. CONCLUSION: The TT is the treatment choice of BMNB, being an effective, safe, with low rates of complications and to avoid or significantly reduce the recurrence of this disease.