Effect of fortification with CaCO3 nanoparticles obtained from eggshell on the physical and sensory characteristics of three food matrices.

Food fortification has attracted interest in recent years, due to the understanding that micronutrient deficiency is one of the causes of the global burden of disease, and that food fortification aims to prevent or correct a demonstrated deficiency of one or more nutrients in a specific population or population groups. Nutritional value is an important concern regarding fortification and new product development. However, people are not willing to sacrifice the organoleptic characteristics of food products. Therefore, the effect of CaCO3 nanoparticles (NPs-CaCO3) and commercial CaCO3 on the physical and sensory properties of three food matrices (cookies, fruit rolls and dairy desserts) was evaluated. A texture analysis was performed on cookies and fruit rolls; a viscosity analysis on dairy desserts; and a color analysis and sensory profile on the three matrices. The results showed that both types of calcium increase hardness in fortified biscuits and fruit rolls but, in the latter case, commercial calcium caused a higher increase in hardness (p < 0.05). Viscosity was higher in the desserts with NPs. Color presented significant changes in all the fortified matrices. These findings demonstrated that Ca-NPs are a good strategy for food fortification compared to commercial calcium carbonate, as fortification with high levels of calcium is a challenge for the food industry due to its effects on the product. The results showed that, in the matrices with commercial calcium, the changes were more evident, while the matrices fortified with Ca-NP have a better sensory response than commercial Ca, with a higher level of acceptance by the judges. Therefore Ca-NPs can be considered to be a good source of calcium for food product fortification that causes a slight effect on physical and sensory properties.

Genome-wide association study reveals candidate genes for traits related to meat quality in Colombian Creole hair sheep.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) allow identifying genomic regions related to traits of economic importance in animals of zootechnical interest. The objective of this research was to conduct a genome-wide association study on meat quality traits using the Illumina OvineSNPs50 BeadChip array. The animals were sampled in the departments of Córdoba, Cesar, and Valle del Cauca. The genotypes obtained with the Illumina OvineSNP50 BeadChip microarray were analyzed SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) data to conduct a GWAS for pH and water-holding capacity (WHC) traits measured after 7 days of maturation, in the Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle, in 167 Creole hair sheep of 12 months old belonging to Pelibuey (CHSP, n = 60), Ethiopian (CHSE, n = 44), and Sudan (CHSS, n = 63) breeds. The GWAS was done using a mixed linear model (MLMA) and based on the Ovis aries v3.1 genome. The CHSE showed the lowest meat juice release and, consequently, the highest water-holding capacity (WHC = 30.6 ± 0.1), suggesting that this breed has better performance in the meat industry compared with CHSS (WHC = 41.7 ± 0.1) and CHSP (WHC = 36.8 ± 0.1), since there is a relationship between WHC and juiciness. For the character pH, it was not possible to annotate genes related to meat quality, while, for the WHC, they have obtained 11 candidate genes associated (ELOVL2, ARAP2, LOC101102527, SHOC2, AIPL1, CSRNP3, IFRD, KDM8, NANS, DAPK1, IBN2, TPM2). Particularly, ELOVL2, ARAP2, IBN2, and TPM2 genes are involved in muscle contraction and fatty acid composition in sheep. In this study, we generated a baseline for GWAS related to meat quality traits in Colombian Creole hair sheep that can be used for future genomic selection plans.

Proceso de construcción y validación del instrumento Percepción de Comportamientos de Cuidado Humanizado de Enfermería (PCHE-III) / Construction process and validation of the instrument Perception of Humanized Nursing Care Behaviors (PCHE-III)

El Cuidado Humanizado de Enfermería, como expresión del arte de cuidar, se caracteriza por entablar una relación eminentemente ética y de confianza en su interacción con el Otro. Medir este constructo ha sido el objetivo del instrumento Percepción de Comportamientos de Cuidado Humanizado de Enfermería (PCHE). El presente artículo muestra el proceso de construcción y de validación del instrumento, y su correlación teórica con los planteamientos filosóficos del cuidado humano de Jean Watson. El instrumento PCHE, en sus tres versiones, ha contado con la medición de validez facial y de contenido. En su tercera versión contó, además, con la validez de constructo y la medición de la confiabilidad, permitiendo concluir que el instrumento PCHE-III es confiable y mide las características asociadas al fenómeno del Cuidado humanizado en enfermería.(AU)

Humanized Nursing Care, as an expression of the art of caring, is characterized by establishing an eminently ethical relationship and trust in its interaction with the Other. Measuring this construct has been the objective of the Perception of Humanized Nursing Care Behaviors (PCHE) instrument. This article shows the process of construction and validation of the instrument, and its theoretical correlation with Jean Watson's philosophical approaches to human care. The PCHE instrument in its three versions has had the measurement of face and content validity. In its third version, it also included construct validity and reliability measurement, allowing the conclusion that the PCHE-III instrument is reliable and measures the characteristics associated with the phenomenon of Humanized Nursing Care.(AU)

New Insight into the Genome-Wide Diversity and Admixture of Six Colombian Sheep Populations.

Creole sheep represent a strategic genetic resource for populations living in marginal areas under financial restrictions on the American continent. Six Colombian sheep breeds (two wool (BCL-Boyacá and NCL-Nariño, 12 and 14 samples) and four hair (OPCE-Ethiopian, 54 samples; OPCS-Sudan, 74 samples; OPCP-Pelibeuy, 59 samples; OPCW-Wayúu, 24 samples) were genotyped using the Illumina Ovine SNP50 BeadChip. Data was also included from international 44 breeds from International Sheep Genomics Consortium (ISGC) and from data published in previous a previous work on the Caribbean and African breeds. Although geographically separated, wool (NCL, BCL) and hair types (OPCE, OPCS, OPCW) presented little genetic differentiation (FST 0.05) at a global level but several groups of animals separated suggesting local clustering due to geographical isolation. The OPCP underwent a recent crossing with Mexican Pelibuey, explaining its differentiation. Findings in this work such as the proximity to West African Djallonké (WAD) and Barbados Black Belly (BBB), suggest different introductions of African type animals from the Caribbean region on a pre-existing genetic basis formed by animals deriving from the first importations coming from Europe in colonial times. As expected, Colombian wool breeds showed, in particular in Admixture software results, a greater genomic component in common with European breeds and in particular with Iberian ones (Churra). This study provides a basis for future research into the genetic diversity within and between the Colombian sheep breeds analysed, and scientific data for policy decisions on Farm Animal Genetic Resources (FAnGR).

Concept Analysis of Interpersonal Skills in Nursing / Análisis del concepto de competencia interpersonal en enfermería / Análise do conceito de competência interpessoal em enfermagem

Objective: To determine a broad definition of the term interpersonal skills in nursing. Materials and methods: This theoretical study follows Walker and Avant's method of concept analysis to examine the defining attributes of the concept. A literature search on interpersonal aspects of nursing was conducted in databases, e-books, and institutional repositories to recognize the uses, attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents of the concept. Experts on professional and relationship skills were consulted between 2009 and 2019. Results: This information was analyzed, concluding that interpersonal skills in nursing are defined as the abilities of professional nurses to express their knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and values in relationships with colleages, patients, and their relatives and achieve a humane and person- centered practice. Conclusion: The concept of interpersonal skills in nursing is limited, given a lack of clarity in practice and research on the indistinct use of terms related to interpersonal skills and interpersonal knowledge. This analysis advances nursing theory towards practice and research.

Objetivo: determinar una definición amplia del término competencia interpersonal en enfermería. Materiales y métodos: en el presente estudio teórico, se aplica el método de análisis de conceptos de Walker y Avant para examinar los atributos definitorios del concepto. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica sobre aspectos interpersonales de la enfermería en bases de datos, libros electrónicos y repositorios institucionales para reconocer los usos, los atributos, los antecedentes, las consecuencias y las referencias empíricas del concepto. Además, se consultó a expertos en habilidades profesionales y relacionales entre 2009 y 2019. Resultados: se analizó esta información y se concluyó que la competencia interpersonal en enfermería se define como la habilidad de los enfermeros profesionales para expresar sus conocimientos, destrezas, actitudes y valores en las relaciones con los colegas, los pacientes y sus familiares a fin de lograr una práctica humana y centrada en la persona. Conclusión: el concepto de competencia interpersonal en enfermería es limitado, dada la falta de claridad en la práctica y la investigación sobre el uso indistinto de términos relacionados con la competencia interpersonal y el conocimiento interpersonal. El presente análisis lleva la teoría de la enfermería hacia la práctica y la investigación.

Objetivo: determinar uma definição ampla da expressão "competência interpessoal em enfermagem". Materiais e métodos: neste estudo teórico, é aplicado o método de análise de conceitos de Walker e Avant para examinar os atributos que definem o conceito. Foi realizada busca bibliográfica sobre aspectos interpessoais da enfermagem em bases de dados, livros eletrônicos e repositórios institucionais para reconhecer os usos, os atributos, os antecedentes, as consequências e as referências empíricas do conceito. Além disso, especialistas em habilidades profissionais e relacionais foram consultados entre 2009 e 2019. Resultados: as informações foram analisadas e concluiu-se que a competência interpessoal em enfermagem é definida como a habilidade dos enfermeiros profissionais de expressar seus conhecimentos, destrezas, atitudes e valores nas relações com os colegas, com os pacientes e seus familiares a fim de atingir uma prática humana e focada na pessoa. Conclusões: o conceito de competência interpessoal em enfermagem é limitado, tendo em vista a falta de clareza na prática e na pesquisa sobre o uso indiscriminado de termos relacionados com competência interpessoal e conhecimento interpessoal. Esta análise leva a teoria da enfermagem à prática e à pesquisa.

Author Correction: The genetic ancestry of American Creole cattle inferred from uniparental and autosomal genetic markers.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Mitochondrial DNA Variations in Colombian Creole Sheep Confirm an Iberian Origin and Shed Light on the Dynamics of Introduction Events of African Genotypes.

The genetic origins and diversity of Creole sheep from five regions of Colombia were investigated based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations across 89 sequences from five breeds: one wool Creole sheep (CL) and four hair Creole sheep, including Ethiopian (OPCE), Sudan (OPCS), Pelibuey (OPCP) and Wayúu (OPCW). A global comparison was done using 62 haplotypes from Iberian, African, Indian, Caribbean, Mexican, Caucasian and European sheep based on sequences retrieved from GenBank. This study aimed to identify the maternal origin of Colombian Creole sheep and their genetic relationships at a global level. The results showed 31 different haplotypes from Colombian Creole sheep, which can be assigned to maternal lineage B, the most common lineage found in European sheep breeds and the only one found in several Iberian breed (e.g., Churra, Spanish Merino) that most likely participated in the Creole formation. Additional analyses showed that wool and hair sheep retained a broad genetic identity despite being geographically separated. The global-level phylogenetic analysis revealed that Colombian Creole sheep belong to a distinct and defined genetic lineage that is likely the result of a founder effect with ecotypes of Iberian descent and the subsequent introduction of foreign breeds. This is consistent with historical reports on the presence of sheep in South America and, particularly, Colombia.

Eficacia de la música en la reducción del dolor posoperatorio de cirugía cardiaca / Eficácia da música na redução da dor pós-operatória de cirurgia cardíaca / Efficacy of music in the reduction of postoperative pain after cardiac surgery

Objetivo: el dolor agudo es uno de los principales síntomas referidos por los pacientes durante el posoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca, donde el uso de la música ha tenido efectos positivos. Por ende, el objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la eficacia de una intervención de enfermería basada en la música como tratamiento no farmacológico del dolor en el período posoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca. Métodos: estudio mixto, con una fase cuantitativa de tipo Ensayo Clínico Aleatorizado con diseño estadístico unifactorial de 3 niveles y una segunda fase cualitativa que indaga por la experiencia del participante frente a la intervención de Enfermería. Con un total de 45 participantes asignados a los grupos control y experimentales (con 2 niveles de intervención), se realizó la medición del nivel de dolor percibido. Posteriormente, a través de entrevista semiestructurada, se conoció la percepción del paciente luego de la intervención. Resultados: en la fase cuantitativa se evidenció un cambio estadísticamente significativo en la percepción del dolor posterior a la intervención en los grupos experimentales (p = 0,016). En la fase cualitativa se determinaron tres categorías: experiencia de los participantes frente al uso de música grabada; aspectos de la ejecución de la sesión con uso de música, y recomendaciones del paciente para enriquecer la intervención. Así mismo, se determina que el tiempo seleccionado para la intervención resulta ser suficiente desde la apreciación de los participantes. Conclusión: la intervención planteada resultó eficaz en la reducción del dolor posoperatorio en los dos grupos de intervención. Además, se evidenció que esta produjo efectos positivos adicionales en los participantes, como relajación, distracción y tranquilidad.

Objetivo: a dor aguda é um dos principais sintomas relatados pelos pacientes durante o pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, no qual o uso damúsica teve efeitos positivos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a eficácia de uma intervenção de enfermagem baseada na música como tratamento não farmacológico da dor no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. Método: estudo misto, com uma fase quantitativa do tipo Ensaio Clínico Aleatório, com desenho estatístico unifatorial de três níveis, e uma segunda fase qualitativa que investiga a experiência do participante em relação à intervenção de Enfermagem. Com um total de 45 participantes designados para os grupos controle e experimentais (com doisníveis de intervenção), o nível de dor percebida foi medido e, posteriormente, a percepção do paciente após a intervenção foi conhecida a partir de entrevista semiestruturada. Resultados: na fase quantitativa, houve alteração estatisticamente significativa na percepção da dor após a intervenção nos grupos experimentais (p = 0,016). Na fase qualitativa, foram determinadas três categorias: experiência dos participantes com o uso de música gravada; aspectos da execução da sessão com uso de música, e recomendações do paciente para enriquecer a intervenção. Além disso, segundo a avaliação dos pacientes, o tempo destinado à intervenção foi suficiente. Conclusão: a intervenção proposta foi eficaz na redução da dor pós-operatória nos dois grupos de intervenção. Além disso, foi demonstrado que produziu efeitos positivos adicionais nos participantes, tais como: relaxamento, distração, tranquilidade.

Objective: Acute pain is one of the main symptoms reported by patients during the postoperative period of cardiac surgery, where the use of music has reported positive effects. Therefore, this study sought to determine the effectiveness of a nursing intervention based on music as a non-pharmacological treatment of pain in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. Methods: Mixed study, with a quantitative phase of the Randomized Clinical Trial type with a 3-level unifactorial statistical design, and an additional qualitative phase that examines participants' experience after the Nursing intervention. With a total of 45 participants assigned to the control and experimental groups (with 2 levels of intervention), the level of perceived pain was measured to subsequently ddress patients' perception after intervention through a semi-structured interview. Results: The quantitative phase showed a statistically significant change in the perception of pain after intervention in the experimental groups (p = 0.016). In the qualitative phase, 3 categories were determined: Participants' experience with the use of recorded music; aspects of the execution of session of music use, and patient recommendations to enrich the intervention. Likewise, it was determined that the time selected for the intervention turns out to be sufficient from the perspective of participants. Conclusion: The proposed intervention was effective in reducing postoperative pain in the two intervention groups. Besides, it was observed that this intervention produced additional positive effects in the participants, such as relaxation, distraction, and tranquility.

European and Asian contribution to the genetic diversity of mainland South American chickens.

Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) from the Americas have long been recognized as descendants of European chickens, transported by early Europeans since the fifteenth century. However, in recent years, a possible pre-Columbian introduction of chickens to South America by Polynesian seafarers has also been suggested. Here, we characterize the mitochondrial control region genetic diversity of modern chicken populations from South America and compare this to a worldwide dataset in order to investigate the potential maternal genetic origin of modern-day chicken populations in South America. The genetic analysis of newly generated chicken mitochondrial control region sequences from South America showed that the majority of chickens from the continent belong to mitochondrial haplogroup E. The rest belongs to haplogroups A, B and C, albeit at very low levels. Haplogroup D, a ubiquitous mitochondrial lineage in Island Southeast Asia and on Pacific Islands is not observed in continental South America. Modern-day mainland South American chickens are, therefore, closely allied with European and Asian chickens. Furthermore, we find high levels of genetic contributions from South Asian chickens to those in Europe and South America. Our findings demonstrate that modern-day genetic diversity of mainland South American chickens appear to have clear European and Asian contributions, and less so from Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. Furthermore, there is also some indication that South Asia has more genetic contribution to European chickens than any other Asian chicken populations.

Los currículos en enfermería y el desarrollo de las competencias interpersonales: el caso de Colombia / Curricula in nursing and the development of interpersonal skills: the case of Colombia

OBJETIVO: Analizar y reflexionar sobre los contenidos curriculares en enfermería y la inclusión de las competencias interpersonales para la formación de profesionales en Colombia. METODOLOGÍA: A partir de una revisión documental sobre currículo, competencias interpersonales y los programas de enfermería, se realiza una reflexión crítica sobre la formación en estas habilidades, partiendo del concepto de diversos expertos y le experiencia en Colombia. RESULTADOS: Existe una prevalencia de desarrollo de competencias interpersonales a través del currículo oculto de las asignaturas prácticas y en el modelado que los estudiantes reciben de los docentes y del mismo entorno en el que se van formado. CONCLUSIÓN: La tendencia debe ser hacia un cambio en el planteamiento de los objetivos de aprendizaje y la evaluación de los mismos dentro de las asignaturas, sin embargo aún es precario y prevalecen los aspectos cognitivos e instrumentales

OBJECTIVE: Analyze and reflect on the curricular contents in nursing and the inclusion of interpersonal skills for the training of professionals in Colombia. Methos: Based on a documentary review on curriculum, interpersonal skills and nursing programs, a critical reflection is made on training in these skills, based on the concept of various experts and experience in Colombia. RESULTS: There is a prevalence of development of interpersonal competences through the hidden curriculum of the practical subjects and in the modeling that the students receive from the teachers and from the same environment in which they are trained. CONCLUSION: The tendency must be towards a change in the approach of the learning objectives and the evaluation of the same within the subjects, nevertheless it is still precarious and the cognitive and instrumental aspects prevail

The genetic ancestry of American Creole cattle inferred from uniparental and autosomal genetic markers.

Cattle imported from the Iberian Peninsula spread throughout America in the early years of discovery and colonization to originate Creole breeds, which adapted to a wide diversity of environments and later received influences from other origins, including zebu cattle in more recent years. We analyzed uniparental genetic markers and autosomal microsatellites in DNA samples from 114 cattle breeds distributed worldwide, including 40 Creole breeds representing the whole American continent, and samples from the Iberian Peninsula, British islands, Continental Europe, Africa and American zebu. We show that Creole breeds differ considerably from each other, and most have their own identity or group with others from neighboring regions. Results with mtDNA indicate that T1c-lineages are rare in Iberia but common in Africa and are well represented in Creoles from Brazil and Colombia, lending support to a direct African influence on Creoles. This is reinforced by the sharing of a unique Y-haplotype between cattle from Mozambique and Creoles from Argentina. Autosomal microsatellites indicate that Creoles occupy an intermediate position between African and European breeds, and some Creoles show a clear Iberian signature. Our results confirm the mixed ancestry of American Creole cattle and the role that African cattle have played in their development.

Evaluación de índices entomológicos mediante herramientas electrónicas en Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia / Evaluation of entomological indices with electronic tools in Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia

Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia de dos herramientas electrónicas en el levantamiento de índices aédicos en la ciudad Villavicencio. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional, analítico en dos barrios de la ciudad Villavicencio: Quintas de San Fernando y Cedritos. El formato de levantamiento de índices aédicos de la secretaría de salud fue diseñado en dos medios electrónicos. La eficacia fue determinada mediante datos efectivos recogidos y tiempo de entrega. Se calcularon índices aédicos, Breteau, vivienda y pupas. Se realizó encuesta para determinar actitudes frente a arbovirosis. Se realizó estadística descriptiva, pruebas de chi cuadrado y t-Student (p< 0,05). Resultados: Se evaluaron 67 predios en dos barrios. El índice de datos efectivos fue mejor en donde el acceso a internet era permanente (100 por ciento vs. 23,9 por ciento); el tiempo de entrega también se afectó por esta conexión. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el número de viviendas positivas para Aedes aegypti entre los dos barrios (p= 0,0052); y para el número de tanques bajos positivos (p= 0,0123). De los encuestados, el 16,4 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 8,9 por ciento-27,5 por ciento) sabía que la transmisión fue por picadura de Ae. aegypti. Para el 79,1 por ciento, cada familia fue responsable de eliminar criaderos. Conclusiones: El uso de herramientas electrónicas permite acelerar el flujo de la información y crear un sistema eficaz, de fácil acceso y seguridad que podría implementarse permanentemente en la vigilancia entomológica y de salud pública(AU)

Objective: Determine the effectiveness of two electronic tools for the evaluation of aedic indices in the city of Villavicencio. Methods: An observational analytic study was conducted in two districts in the city of Villavicencio: Quintas de San Fernando and Cedritos. The form designed by the Ministry of Health to evaluate aedic indices was digitalized into two electronic media. Efficacy was determined on the basis of effective data collected and delivery time. An estimation was made of aedic indices, Breteau, household and pupae. A survey was conducted to determine attitudes to arbovirus infections. Use was made of descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests and Student's t-test (p< 0.05). Results: Sixty-seven households were evaluated in two districts. The effective data index was better in areas where access to the Internet was permanent (100 percent vs. 23.9 percent). Delivery time was also affected by Internet connection. Significant differences were found between the two districts in the number of positive households for Aedes aegypti (p= 0.0052), as well as in the number of positive ground water tanks (p= 0.0123). Of the respondents, 16.4 percent (95 percent CI, 8.9 percent-27.5 percent) were aware that transmission had been by the bite of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. For 79.1 percent each family was responsible for eliminating the breeding sites. Conclusions: Use of electronic tools speeds up the flow of information and creates an effective, easily-accessible and safe system which could be permanently implemented for entomological and public health surveillance(AU)

Etnografía de la comunicación en la educación en enfermería: perspectiva metodológica / Ethnography of communication in nursing education: methodological perspective / Etnografiada comunicação na educação em enfermagem: perspectiva metodológica

Este artículo de revisión y análisis teórico se deriva de la investigación multicéntrica "Saberes disciplinares, saberes pedagógicos y aprendizaje situado: génesis e influencias mutuas en la enseñanza universitaria", desarrollada con facultades de Ciencias de la Salud y de la Educación en Universidades de España, Brasil, Colombia y Chile. Pretende profundizar la perspectiva epistemológica, teórica y metodológica del estudio como una ruta innovadora en la investigación cualitativa, por tanto, se presentan los fundamentos epistemológicos del Interaccionismo Simbólico, que se basa en la comprensión de la sociedad a través de la comunicación y permite dar significado a procesos humanos, como los procesos dialógicos entre profesores y estudiantes, analizando las repercusiones que tiene en su aprendizaje. La perspectiva teórica de la Etnografía de la Comunicación que se centra en el análisis de los patrones socio - lingüísticos con los que interactúan las personas, siendo prioritario conocer el significado que posee la comunicación verbal y no verbal en esta situación; y la perspectiva metodológica microetnográfica que logra una comprensión de las interacciones verbales y sociales entre profesores y estudiantes, por medio de observaciones no participantes y entrevistas Think aloud

This review article and theoretical analysis is derived from multicentric research "Disciplinary knowledge, pedagogical knowledge and situated learning: genesis and mutual influences on university education", developed with Faculties of Health Sciences and Education in Universities of Spain, Brazil, Colombia and Chile. It aims to deepen the epistemological, theoretical and methodological perspective of the study as an innovative route in qualitative research, therefore, the epistemological foundations of Symbolic Interactionism are presented, which is based on the understanding of society through communication and allows to give meaning to human processes, such as the dialogical processes between teachers and students, analyzing the repercussions that it has on their learning. The theoretical perspective of the Ethnography of Communication that focuses on the analysis of the sociolinguistic patterns with which people interact, being a priority to know the meaning of verbal and non-verbal communication in this situation; and the microethnographic methodological perspective that achieves an understanding of the verbal and social interactions between teachers and students, through non-participant observations and "Think aloud" interviews

Este artigo de revisão e análise teórica é derivado da pesquisa multicêntrica "conhecimento disciplinar, conhecimento e aprendizagem pedagógica implantada: génese e influências mútuas das universidades", desenvolvidos com faculdades de Ciências da Saúde e Educação em universidades em Espanha, Brasil, Colômbia e o Chile. Visa aprofundar a perspectiva epistemológica, teórica e metodológica do estudo como um caminho inovador na pesquisa qualitativa, portanto, são apresentados os fundamentos epistemológicos do Interacionismo Simbólico, que se baseia na compreensão da sociedade através da comunicação e permite dar sentido aos processos humanos, como os processos dialógicos entre professores e alunos, analisando as repercussões que tem sobre sua aprendizagem. A perspectiva teórica da Etnografia da Comunicação que foca a análise dos padrões sóciolingüísticos com os quais as pessoas interagem, sendo uma prioridade conhecer o significado da comunicação verbal e não-verbal nessa situação; e a perspectiva metodológica microetnográfica que alcança uma compreensão das interações verbais e sociais entre professores e alunos, através de observações não-participantes e Pense em voz alta em entrevistas

Establishment and characterization of an anoxia-tolerant cell line, PSU-AL-WS40NE, derived from an embryo of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus.

Most animal cells rely on aerobic metabolism for survival and are damaged or die within minutes without oxygen. Embryos of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus, however, survive months without oxygen. Determining how their cells survive without oxygen has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the cellular mechanisms supporting vertebrate anoxia tolerance and the evolution of such tolerance. Therefore, we aimed to establish and characterize an anoxia-tolerant cell line from A. limnaeus for investigating mechanisms of vertebrate anoxia tolerance. The PSU-AL-WS40NE cell line of neuroepithelial identity was established from embryonic tissue of A. limnaeus using a tissue explant. The cells can survive for at least 49 d without oxygen or replenishment of growth medium, compared to only 3 d of anoxic survival for two mammalian cell lines. PSU-AL-WS40NE cells accumulate lactate during anoxia, indicating use of common metabolic pathways for anaerobic metabolism. Additionally, they express many of the same small noncoding RNAs that are stress-responsive in whole embryos of A. limnaeus and mammalian cells, as well as anoxia-responsive small noncoding RNAs derived from the mitochondrial genome (mitosRNAs). The establishment of the cell line provides a unique tool for investigating cellular mechanisms of vertebrate anoxia tolerance, and has the potential to transform our understanding of the role of oxidative metabolism in cell biology.

Artistas do nosso trabalho no cuidado de feridas / Artistas de nuestro quehacer en el cuidado de las heridas / Artists of our wound care nursing tasks

Introdução: Os padrões de conhecimento fazem possível a análise de percepções do cuidado e permitem estudar o rol da disciplina. Constroem-se e nutrem a experiência única do cuidado de cada pessoa e fundamentam-se nas formas da prática da enfermagem, fornecendo elementos fundamentais no ensino. O tratamento de lesões de pele é um ato de cuidado, que permite identificar os padrões do conhecimento. Objetivo: Analisar a experiência de acadêmicos de enfermagem enquadrados nos padrões do conhecimento aplicados ao cuidado da pessoa com lesões de pele. Materiais e métodos: Pesquisa qualitativa de caráter fenomenológico interpretativo. Exploraram-se e analisaram-se as narrativas de acadêmicos de enfermagem que vivenciaram o cuidado de pessoas com ferimentos através dos padrões de conhecimento. A amostra foi constituída por seis alunos de enfermagem. A amostragem obteve-se por pertinência, adequação, conveniência, oportunidade e disponibilidade. Utilizaram-se entrevistas a profundidade, observação e anotações de campo Resultados: O trabalho dos alunos esteve baseada na prevenção e tratamento das lesões de pele, fornecendo um cuidado integral. Durante o processo identificaram-se os padrões do conhecimento empírico, pessoal, estético, emancipatório, ético e sociopolítico. Conclusões: Os futuros profissionais da enfermagem compreenderam a importância de prestar atenção através desses padrões, entendendo as necessidades de cada pessoa e incentivando o autocuidado. É importante fortalecer a pesquisa formativa, a fim de gerar espaços de discussão e construção do conhecimento.

Introducción: Los patrones de conocimiento, hacen posible el análisis de percep-ciones de cuidado y permiten estudiar el quehacer de la disciplina. Se construyen y alimentan en la experiencia única de cuidado de cada persona y se fundamentan en las formas de ejercicio de la enfermería, aportando elementos fundamentales en la enseñanza. El manejo de las heridas es un acto de cuidado, que permite vislumbrar los patrones de conocimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la experiencia de los estudiantes de enfermería enmarcada dentro de los patrones de conocimiento aplicados al cuidado de la persona con heridas. Materiales ymétodo: Investigación cualitativa, de carácter fenomenológico interpretativo. Se exploraron y analizaron narrativas de estudiantes de enfermería que vivenciaron el cuidado de la persona con heridas a través de los patrones de conocimiento. La muestra estuvo constituida por seis estudiantes de enfermería. El tipo de muestreo se realizó por pertinencia, adecuación, conveniencia, oportunidad y disponibilidad. Se utilizaron entrevistas a profundidad, observación y notas de campo. Resultados: La labor del estudiante estuvo enmarcada en la prevención y tratamiento de las heridas, brindando cuidado integral. Durante el proceso se identificaron los patrones de conocimiento empírico, personal, estético, emancipatorio, ético y so-ciopolítico. Conclusiones: Los futuros profesionales de la enfermería comprendieron la importancia de brindar atención a través de estos patrones, entendiendo las necesidades de cada persona y fo-mentando el autocuidado. Es importante fortalecer la investigación formativa, con el fin de generar espacios de discusión y construcción del conocimiento

Introduction: Knowledge patterns make possible the analysis of perception of nursing care and also allow the study of the tasks of the discipline. These are built and fueled by the unique care experience of each person and are based on the types of nursing care, contributing fundamental education elements. Wound care nursing gives a glimpse of knowledge patterns. The objective of this study was analyzing the experience of nursing students, framed within the knowledge patterns applied to the care of people with wounds. Materials y Method: Qualitative research, of interpretative phenomenological character. Narratives were explored and analyzed from nursing students that experienced providing care to patients with wounds through knowledge patterns. The sample was made of six nursing students. The sampling was made by relevance, adequation, convenience, opportunity and availability. The instruments used were in-depth interviews, observation and field notes. Results: The objective of the student was focused on the prevention and treatment of wounds, providing comprehensive care. During the process patterns of empiric, personal, esthetic, emancipatory and sociopolitical knowledge were identified. Conclusions: Future nursing professionals understood the importance of providing care through these patterns, understanding the needs of each person and encouraging selfcare. It is important to empower formative research, with the end of generating spaces of discussion and construction of knowledge.

Aspectos pedagógicos en la formación de Enfermería: Revisión integrativa / Pedagogic Aspects in Nursing Education: Integrative Review

Objective. To know the current state of development of the thematic area of nursing education related with professional training and to determine the research trends. Methods. Descriptive integrative review, which conducted a search in databases limited from 2005 to 2016, using MeSH and DeCS terms, like Nursing, education, Nursing education research, Nursing students, health knowledge practice, and professional competence, which analyzed 50 original articles. Results. The concepts that emerged were: successful didactics, caring learning process, professional skills, professor role, and pedagogic relationships. The highest levels of evidence were found in studies on didactics; however, the trends and challenges of this review are aimed at the professional skill because it becomes the transversal concept in the formation of nurses. Conclusion. The thematic area of nursing education related with professional training has advanced in the development and level of evidence on the concept of successful didactics, which is why the other concepts have remained in exploration and description whether in quantitative or qualitative studies. All the concepts analyzed have voids and the research trend is aimed at mixed, predictive,and experimental studies that respond well to this theme.(AU)

Objetivo. Conocer el estado actual de desarrollo del área temática de educación en enfermería relacionada con la formación profesional y determinar las tendencias para la investigación. Métodos. Revisión integrativa descriptiva, en la que se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos entre los años 2005 - 2016, utilizando términos MeSH y DeCS como Education nursing, Nursing education research, 7Students nursing, Health knowledge practice y professional competence, en el que se analizaron 50 artículos originales. Resultados. Emergieron conceptos como: didácticas exitosas, proceso de aprendizaje del cuidado, competencias profesionales, rol docente y relaciones pedagógicas. Los mayores niveles de evidencia se encuentran en los estudios sobre didácticas, sin embargo, las tendencias y retos de esta revisión se orientan hacia la competencia profesional porque se convierte en el concepto transversal en la formación de enfermeros. Conclusión. En el área temática de educación en enfermería relacionada con la formación profesional se ha avanzado en el desarrollo y nivel de evidencia en el concepto de didácticas exitosas, por lo que los otros conceptos se han quedado en exploración y descripción ya sea en estudios cuantitativos o cualitativos. Todos los conceptos analizados presentan vacíos y la tendencia en investigación se orienta a estudios mixtos, predictivos y experimentales que den respuesta a esta temática.

Objetivo. Conhecer o estado atual de desenvolvimento da área temática de educação em enfermagem relacionada com a formação profissional e determinar as tendências para a investigação. Métodos. Revisão integrativa descritiva, na qual se realizou uma busca em bases de dados limitando entre os anos 2005 - 2016, utilizando términos MeSH e DeCS como Education nursing, Nursing education research, Students nursing, Health knowledge practice e professional competence, no qual se analisaram 50 artigos originais. Resultados. Os conceitos que emergiram foram: didáticas de sucesso, processo de aprendizagem do cuidado, competências profissionais, papel docente e relações pedagógicas. Os maiores níveis de evidência se encontram nos estudos sobre didáticas, embora as tendências e retos desta revisão se orientam para a competência profissional porque se converte no conceito transversal na formação de enfermeiros. Conclusão. Na área temática de educação em enfermagem relacionada com a formação profissional se há avançado no desenvolvimento e nível de evidência no conceito de didáticas de sucesso, pelo que os outros conceitos se hão quedado em exploração e descrição já seja em estudos quantitativos ou qualitativos. Todos os conceitos analisados apresentam vazios e a tendência em investigação se orienta a estudos mistos, preditivos e experimentais que deem resposta a esta temática(AU)

Pedagogic Aspects in Nursing Education: Integrative Review.

OBJECTIVES: Objective To know the current state of development of the thematic area of nursing education related with professional training and to determine the research trends. METHODS: Descriptive integrative review, which conducted a search in databases limited from 2005 to 2016, using MeSH and DeCS terms, like Nursing, education, Nursing education research, Nursing students, health knowledge practice, and professional competence, which analyzed 50 original articles. RESULTS: The concepts that emerged were: successful didactics, caring learning process, professional skills, professor role, and pedagogic relationships. The highest levels of evidence were found in studies on didactics; however, the trends and challenges of this review are aimed at the professional skill because it becomes the transversal concept in the formation of nurses.

Micobacterias no tuberculosas. ¿Una amenaza emergente? / Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria. An Emerging Threat?

Introducción y objetivo: Los aislamientos de micobacterias no tuberculosas (MNT) son cada vez más frecuentes. El objetivo principal de nuestro estudio fue conocer el número y la variedad de especies de MNT en nuestra región, su distribución según el origen de la muestra, y la edad y sexo de los pacientes; asimismo, analizar pormenorizadamente los aislamientos clínicamente significativos. Metodología: Estudio prospectivo que incluye todas las MNT aisladas en Asturias durante el período 2005-2012. Las muestras se procesaron siguiendo directrices internacionalmente aceptadas. Para el tratamiento estadístico de los datos se utilizaron tablas de contingencia 2 × 2 aplicando el test exacto de Fisher. Resultados: Se aislaron 3.284 micobacterias: 1.499 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTB) y 1.785 MNT. A lo largo del estudio se incrementaron los aislamientos de MNT y se redujeron los de MTB. Los aislamientos de MNT fueron más numerosos en hombres que en mujeres (p <0,001). M. gordonae, la especie más frecuentemente aislada, no originó enfermedad en ningún caso. El aislamiento fue clínicamente significativo en 212 pacientes (17,1%), siendo M. kansasii y M. avium las especies que más frecuentemente causaron enfermedad. La diferencia de aislamientos de M. kansasii entre mujeres y hombres fue estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,01). Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio, los aislamientos de MNT se incrementaron un 35%, frente a un descenso del 21% de los casos de MTB. Tanto los aislamientos de MNT como los casos clínicamente significativos fueron más frecuentes en hombres. Solo un 17,1% de las MNT aisladas, principalmente M. avium complex (MAC) y M. kansasii, ocasionaron enfermedad

Introduction and objective: Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) isolates are becoming more common. The main objective of our study was to establish the number and diversity of NTM species in our region and their distribution according to the source sample, age and gender of the patients, and to analyse clinically significant isolates. Methodology: Prospective study of all NTM isolated in Asturias from 2005 to 2012. Samples were processed following internationally accepted guidelines. Statistical analysis was based on Fisher's exact test for 2 × 2 contingency tables. Results: A total of 3,284 mycobacteria were isolated: 1,499 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTB) and 1,785 NTM. During the study, NTM isolation rates increased while MTB isolation decreased. NTM were more frequent in men (P < .001). M. gordonae was the most frequently isolated species but did not cause disease in any case. NTM isolates from 212 patients were associated with clinically significant disease (17.1%). M. kansasii and M. avium were most commonly associated with disease. The number of M. kansasii isolates from men was statistically significant (P < .01). Conclusions: In our study, NTM isolates increased by 35%, compared with a 21% decline in cases of MTB. Both isolation of NTM and clinically significant cases were more common in men. Only 17.1% of NTM isolates were associated with disease, most commonly M. avium complex and M. kansasii

El prácticum: eje formador de la práctica reflexiva en enfermería / Practicum: axis trainer of reflective practice in nursing / O prácticum: eixo formador da prática reflexiva em enfermagem

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar el papel que juegan las pedagogías de contextualización en la tutoría clínica y describir algunas estrategias didácticas que favorecen la práctica reflexiva del estudiante de enfermería en su prácticum. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Investigación cualitativa, etnográfica, desarrollada en el marco de las asignaturas prácticum hospitalario II y estancias clínicas II durante la formación de once estudiantes de enfermería en un Hospital Universitario de Barcelona (España) entre el 2011 y 2012. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de observación participante y no participante, conversación informal, entrevista en profundidad y materiales escritos. Para el análisis se empleó el método de comparaciones constantes de Glaser y Strauss. RESULTADOS: Emergieron ejes cualitativos como las pedagogías de contextualización y estrategias didácticas que favorecen el desarrollo del raciocinio y juicio clínico y la planificación de los cuidados de enfermería en la práctica hospitalaria, allí se hacen evidentes algunas estrategias de educación didácticas como el diálogo reflexivo y la interrogación didáctica, con las que las estudiantes verbalizan las razones de sus acciones, evitando así acciones mecánicas. CONCLUSIÓN: las pedagogías de contextualización empleadas por las enfermeras favorecen el desarrollo del razonamiento y juicio clínico, llevando a las estudiantes a desarrollar un sentido de saliencia.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the role of contextualization pedagogies in clinical training and describe some teaching strategies that promote reflective practice nursing student in their practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Qualitative research, ethnographic, developed in the framework of the Practicum II hospital stays II clinical course and clinical training of eleven nursing students in a Hospital of Barcelona (Spain) between 2011 and 2012. The data were collected through participant observation and non-participant, informal discussion, in-depth interview and written materials. For the analysis, the method of constant comparisons of Glaser and Strauss was used. RESULTS: Emerged qualitative axes as pedagogies of contextualization and teaching strategies that promote the development of reasoning and clinical judgment and planning nursing care in the practice of clinical mentoring, there are some teaching strategies as reflective dialogue are evident and didactic question, with which the students verbalize the reasons for their actions, avoiding mechanical actions. CONCLUSION: Contextualization pedagogies employed by clinical nurses favor the development of clinical reasoning and judgment, leading the student to develop a sense of saliency.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o papel que jogam as pedagogias de contextualização na tutoria clínica e descrever algumas estratégias didáticas que favorecem a prática reflexiva do estudante de enfermagem em sua practicum. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: pesquisa qualitativa, etnográfica, desenvolvida no marco das disciplinas practicum hospitalaria II e estâncias clínicas II durante a formação de onze estudantes de enfermagem em um Hospital Universitário de Barcelona (Espanha) entre o 2011 e 2012. Os dados foram coletados por meio de observação participante e não participante conversação informal, entrevista em profundidade e materiais escritos. Para o analise se emprego o método de comparações constantes de Glaser e Strauss. RESULTADOS: Emergiram eixos qualitativos como as pedagogias de contextualização e estratégias didáticas que favorecem o desenvolvimento do raciocinio e juicio clínico e a planificação dos cuidados de enfermagem na prática hospitalaria ali se fazem evidentes algumas estratégias de educação didáticas como o diálogo reflexivo e a interrogação didática, com as que as estudantes verbalizam as razoes de suas ações, evitando assim ações mecânicas. CONCLUSÃO: as pedagogias de contextualização empregadas pelas enfermeiras favorecem o desenvolvimento do razoamento e juízo clínico, levando às estudantes a desenvolver um sentido de saliência.