SGLT2 inhibitors among patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been recommended in the practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; however, their effects among patients with preserved ejection fraction have been debatable. OBJECTIVE: We aim to evaluate the SGLT2 inhibitor effect among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, including DELIVER and EMPEROR-Preserved trials. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search using the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane libraries for relevant articles from inception until August 30th, 2022. Statistical analysis was performed by calculating hazard ratio (HR) using the random effect model with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and probability value (P). Statistical significance was met if 95% CI does not cross numeric "1" and P < .05. RESULTS: Six studies with a total of 15,989 total patients were included in the final analysis. The mean age of patients enrolled in SGLT2 inhibitors and placebo was 69.13 and 69.37 years, respectively. The median follow-up duration was 2.24 years. SGLT2 inhibitors reduced composite cardiovascular mortality or first hospitalization for heart failure (HR, 0.80 [95% CI: 0.74-0.87], P < .001, I2 = 0%), heart failure hospitalization (HR, 0.74 [95% CI: 0.67-0.82], P < .001, I2 = 0%) compared with placebo. However, all-cause mortality (HR, 0.97 [95% CI: 0.89-1.06], P = .54, I2 = 0%) and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 0.96 [95% CI: 0.82-1.13), P = .66, I2 = 35.09%] were comparable between both groups. CONCLUSION: Our study finding shows that SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduced the risk of first HF hospitalization or cardiovascular death and HF hospitalization; however, all-cause mortality was comparable between the groups.

The Racial Disparity Among the Clinical Outcomes Post Stroke and its Intervention Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

The Racial disparity between the clinical outcomes poststroke have not been well studied, with limited literature available. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the poststroke outcomes among the White and Black race of patients. We systematically searched all electronic databases from inception until March 1, 2023. The primary endpoint was post stroke in-hospital mortality, and all-cause mortality. Secondary endpoints were poststroke intervention in-hospital mortality, intracerebral hemorrhage, and all-cause mortality (ACM). A total of 1,250,397 patients were included in the analysis, with 1,018,892 (81.48%) patients of the White race and 231,505 (18.51%) patients in the Black race. The mean age of the patients in each group was (73.55 vs 66.28). The most common comorbidity among White and Black patients was HTN (73.92% vs 81.00%), and DM (29.37% vs 43.36%). The odds of in hospital mortality post stroke (OR, 1.45 [95% CI:1.35-1.55], P <0.001), and all-cause mortality (OR, 1.40 [95% CI:1.28-1.54], P < 0.001) were significantly higher among White patients compared with Black patients. Among patients with post stroke intervention the odds of in-hospital mortality (OR, 1.29 (95% CI: 1.05-1.59, P = 0.02), and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) (OR, 1.15, [95% CI:1.06-1.26], P < 0.01) were significantly higher among White patients compared with Black patients post intervention. However, all-cause mortality (OR,1.21 [95% CI: 0.87-1.68, P = 0.25] was comparable between both groups. Our study is the most comprehensive and first meta-analysis with the largest sample size thus far, highlighting that White patients are at increased risk of mortality and post intervention intracerebral hemorrhage compared with Black patients.

Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and atrial fibrillation and other clinical outcomes: a meta-analysis.

The association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular outcomes, as well as their clinical impact, has yet to be established in the literature. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the association between the NAFLD patients and the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure (HF), stroke, cardiovascular mortality (CVM), and revascularization incidence. We performed a systematic literature search using PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane libraries for relevant articles from inception until August 2022. A total of 12 cohort studies with 18,055,072 patients (2,938,753 NAFLD vs 15,116,319 non-NAFLD) were included in our analysis. The mean age of the NAFLD patients group and the non-NAFLD group was comparable (55.68 vs 55.87). The most common comorbidities among the NAFLD patients group included hypertension (38% vs 24%) and diabetes mellitus (14% vs 8%). The mean follow-up duration was 6.26 years. The likelihood of AF (risk ratio (RR), 1.42 (95% CI 1.19, 1.68), p < 0.001), HF (RR, 1.43(95% CI 1.03, 2.00), p < 0.001), stroke (RR, 1.26(95% CI 1.16, 1.36), p < 0.001), revascularization (RR, 4.06(95% CI 1.44, 11.46), p = 0.01), and CVM (RR, 3.10(95% CI 1.43, 6.73), p < 0.001) was significantly higher in the NAFLD patients group compared to that of the non-NAFLD group. However, all-cause mortality was comparable between both the groups of patients (RR, 1.30 (95% CI 0.63, 2.67), p = 0.48). In conclusion, the patients with NAFLD are at increased risk of AF, HF, and CVM.

Delta de CO2 como predictor de lesión renal aguda (LRA) en pacientes con diagnóstico de síndrome de distrés respiratorio del adulto (SDRA) por COVID-19 y choque séptico / CO2 Delta as a predictor of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients diagnosed with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by COVID-19 and septic shock / CO2 delta como preditor de lesão renal aguda (LRA) em pacientes diagnosticados com síndrome do desconforto respiratório do adulto (SDRA) por COVID-19 e choque séptico

Resumen: Introducción: El virus SARS-CoV-2 es capaz de afectar diversos órganos llevándolos a disfunción. Los principales órganos de choque son el pulmón, riñón y sistema cardiovascular. Los pacientes que desarrollan SDRA suelen presentarse con sepsis y choque séptico, siendo más propensos a desarrollar lesión renal aguda (LRA), ya sea por hipovolemia o disfunción miocárdica. El monitoreo invasivo en estos pacientes ha resultado todo un reto, debido a los protocolos sanitarios y a la gran cantidad de pacientes, por lo que la diferencial de CO2 arteriovenosa (DCO2), que es un parámetro fácil de medir, nos puede ayudar a determinar de forma indirecta gasto cardiaco (GC) y perfusión en pacientes con choque. Objetivo: Evaluar el uso del DCO2 como un predictor de LRA en pacientes con choque séptico y COVID-19. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal y retrolectivo en pacientes con choque séptico y SDRA por COVID-19, ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) respiratorios del Centro Médico ABC. Se determinó el DCO2 y su asociación con LRA. Se resumieron los datos usando medidas de tendencia central, t de Student para determinar diferencia de medias y se estimó el riesgo de desarrollar LRA calculando odds ratio (OR). El estudio fue aprobado por el comité de ética de Centro Médico ABC, Ciudad de México (Folio: ABC-21-36). Resultados: Del 13 de marzo al 13 de julio de 2020 se admitieron 527 pacientes (p) con diagnóstico de COVID-19, de los cuales 107 (20.3%) presentaron SRDA con requerimiento de ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) y 99 (18.78%) choque séptico. De estos pacientes, 74.4% fueron hombres, 61% desarrolló algún grado de LRA, sobre todo en el grupo con DCO2 menor de 6 mmHg (44 versus 17 p ≤ 0.001) con OR 2.108, IC 95% = 1.23-3.36. No hubo diferencia significativa en las escalas de gravedad. Conclusión: DCO2 mayor de 6 mmHg no fue buen predictor para LRA; sin embargo, un DCO2 menor de 6 mmHg aumentó el riesgo de LRA.

Abstract: Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 virus is capable of affecting various organs, leading to dysfunction. The main organs of shock are the lung, kidney and cardiovascular system. Patients who develop ARDS usually present with sepsis and septic shock, being more prone to developing acute kidney injury (AKI) either due to hypovolemia or myocardial dysfunction. Invasive monitoring in these patients has been a challenge, due to health protocols and the large number of patients, so the arterial-venous CO2 differential (DCO2), is an easy parameter to measure, can help us determine indirectly cardiac output (CO) and perfusion in patients with shock. Objective: To assess the use of DCO2 as a predictor of AKI in patients with septic shock and COVID-19. Material and methods: An observational, cross-sectional and retrolective study was carried out in patients with septic shock and ARDS due to COVID-19, admitted to the respiratory intensive care unit (ICU) of the ABC Medical Center. DCO2 and its association with LRA were determined. The data was summarized using measures of central tendency, Student's t test to determine the difference in means, and the risk of developing AKI was estimated by calculating the Odds Ratio (OR). The study was approved by the ethics committee of Centro Médico ABC, Mexico City (Folio: ABC-21-36). Results: From March 13 to July 13, 2020, 527 patients (p) diagnosed with COVID-19 were admitted, 107 (20.3%) presented ARDS with the requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and 99 (18.78%) septic shock, 74.4% were men, 61% developed some degree of AKI, especially in the group with DCO2 less than 6mmHg (44 vs 17 p ≤ 0.001) with OR 2.108, 95% CI = 1.23-3.36. There was no significant difference in the severity scales. Conclusion: DCO2 greater than 6 mmHg was not a good predictor for AKI, however, a DCO2 less than 6mmHg increased the risk of AKI.

Resumo: Introdução: O vírus SARS-CoV-2 é capaz de afetar vários órgãos, levando à disfunção. Os principais órgãos de choque são o pulmão, o rim e o sistema cardiovascular. Os pacientes que desenvolvem SDRA geralmente apresentam sepse e choque séptico, e são mais propensos a desenvolver lesão renal aguda (LRA), seja por hipovolemia ou disfunção miocárdica. O monitoramento invasivo desses pacientes tem sido um desafio devido aos protocolos de saúde e ao grande número de pacientes, de modo que o diferencial arteriovenoso de CO2 (DCO2), que é um parâmetro de fácil mensuração, pode nos ajudar a determinar indiretamente o débito cardíaco (DC) e perfusão em pacientes com choque. Objetivo: Avaliar o uso de DCO2 como preditor de LRA em pacientes com choque séptico e COVID-19. Material e métodos: Realizou-se um estudo observacional, transversal e retroletivo em pacientes com choque séptico e SDRA por COVID-19, internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) respiratória do Centro Médico ABC. DCO2 e sua associação com LRA foram determinados. Os dados foram resumidos usando medidas de tendência central, teste t de Student para determinar as diferenças médias e estimou-se o risco de desenvolver LRA calculando o odes ratio (OR). O estudo foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética do Centro Médico ABC, Cidade do México (Folio: ABC-21-36). Resultados: De 13 de março a 13 de julho de 2020, foram admitidos 527 pacientes (p) diagnosticados com COVID-19, dos quais 107 (20.3%) apresentaram SDRA com necessidade de ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI) e 99 (18.78%) choque séptico. 74.4% eram homens, 61% desenvolveram algum grau de LRA, principalmente no grupo com DCO2 menor que 6 mmHg (44 vs 17 p ≤ 0.001) com OR 2.108, IC 95% = 1.23-3.36. Não houve diferença significativa nas escalas de gravidade. Conclusão: DCO2 maior que 6 mmHg não foi um bom preditor para LRA; entretanto, uma DCO2 menor que 6 mmHg aumentou o risco de LRA.

Evaluación de los efectos del glifosato y otros plaguicidas en la salud humana en zonas objeto del programa de erradicación de cultivos ilícitos / Effects of aerial applications of the herbicide, glyphosate and insecticides on human health

Introducción. El Programa de Erradicación de Cultivos Ilícitos con Glifosato se ejecuta dando cumplimiento a lo establecido en el Plan de Manejo Ambiental. Objetivo. Explorar los posibles efectos del glifosato y otros plaguicidas sobre la salud humana como resultado de las aspersiones aéreas. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 112 individuos procedentes de las áreas asperjadas de los departamentos de Huila, Tolima, Putumayo, Guaviare, Santander, Antioquia, Magdalena y La Guajira, durante 2005 y 2006. Se aplicó una encuesta y se recolectaron muestras de orina para la determinación de glifosato, y de sangre, para la determinación de acetilcolinesterasa y organoclorados. Se llevó a cabo un análisis simple y se exploraron las posibles asociaciones. Resultados. El 50,0% (56 individuos) de la población manifestó el uso de plaguicidas en su trabajo. El tiempo que llevaban utilizando los plaguicidas fue de 84,8 meses y refirieron aplicar plaguicidas 5,6 horas al día. El predominio de los plaguicidas usados fue extremadamente tóxico. De 39,6% de los individuos a quienes se les cuantificó glifosato, 64,3% reportaron su uso en actividades agrícolas. Se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el uso de glifosato terrestre (manual) y los niveles de este herbicida en orina (OR=2,54; IC95% 1,08-6,08). Conclusión. No hubo hallazgos concluyentes entre la exposición a glifosato empleado en la erradicación de cultivos ilícitos y los efectos en la salud, debido a que se halló exposición ocupacional concomitante por la misma sustancia y por otras de mayor toxicidad que el glifosato.

Introduction. The herbicide glyphosate is administered aerially by the Program to Eradicate Illicit Crops Program and is undertaken in rigorous compliance with the Environmental Management Plan. Objective. The effects of the glyphosate herbicide and other aerially applied insecticides were measured to determine possible impact on human health. Materials and methods. In 2005-2006, a survey was taken of 112 individuals living in herbicide-treated areas of the Colombian provinces of Huila, Tolima, Putumayo, Guaviare, Santander, Antioquia, Magdalena and La Guajira. Samples of blood were examined for presence of acetylcholinesterase and organochlorine insecticides; urine was analyzed for glyphosate and its metabolites. Results. Fifty percent (50%) of the individuals sampled acknowledged the use of control chemicals as part of their work. The mean exposure time to the chemicals was 84.4 months, with a mean daily exposure of 5.6 hours. The most commonly used pesticides were of category I--extremely hazardous. In individuals sampled for glyphosate (39.6% of the total), 64.3% indicated the use of this herbicide at ground level in agricultural work. A statistically significative relationship was found between the use of glyphosate at ground level, and the concentration levels of glyphosate in the urine samples (odds ratio=2.54, 95% CI: 1.08 to 6.8). Conclusion. These data did not show a relationship between the aerial sprayings of glyphosate for illicit crops eradication and an impact on human health, nor with occupational exposure to this and other chemicals (insecticides) with a high levels of toxicity.

[Effects of aerial applications of the herbicide glyphosate and insecticides on human health]. / Evaluación de los efectos del glifosato y otros plaguicidas en la salud humana en zonas objeto del programa de erradicación de cultivos ilícitos.

INTRODUCTION: The herbicide glyphosate is administered aerially by the Program to Eradicate Illicit Crops Program and is undertaken in rigorous compliance with the Environmental Management Plan. OBJECTIVE: The effects of the glyphosate herbicide and other aerially applied insecticides were measured to determine possible impact on human health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 2006-2006, a survey was taken of 112 individuals living in herbicide-treated areas of the Colombian provinces of Huila, Tolima, Putumayo, Guaviare, Santander, Antioquia, Magdalena and La Guajira. Samples of blood were examined for presence of acetylcholinesterase and organochlorine insecticides; urine was analyzed for glyphosate and its metabolites. RESULTS: Fifty percent (50%) of the individuals sampled acknowledged the use of control chemicals as part of their work. The mean exposure time to the chemicals was 84.4 months, with a mean daily exposure of 5.6 hours. The most commonly used pesticides were of category I--extremely hazardous. In individuals sampled for glyphosate (39.6% of the total), 64.3% indicated the use of this herbicide at ground level in agricultural work. A statistically significative relationship was found between the use of glyphosate at ground level, and the concentration levels of glyphosate in the urine samples (odds ratio=2.54, 95% CI: 1.08 to 6.8). CONCLUSION: These data did not show a relationship between the aerial sprayings of glyphosate for illicit crops eradication and an impact on human health, nor with occupational exposure to this and other chemicals (insecticides) with a high levels of toxicity.

Protocolo de vigilancia en salud pública de las leucemias agudas pediátricas / Guidelines for Epidemiologic Surveillance of Acute Pediatric Leukemias in Colombia

Colombia presenta altas tasas de incidencia por leucemias en niños. El diagnóstico definitivo y laaplicación de los tratamientos presentan demoras y tasas de abandono que contribuyen a una alta mortalidad; además, no se cuenta con los benfcios de los adelantos terapétuticos obtenidos en otros países en el manejo de las leucemias agudas pedriátricas. Con el fin de aabordar el problema, se elaboró un protoolo de vigilancia en salud pública que permitiera profundizar en el conocimiento de la situación e instaurar medidas para mejorar la oportunidad del diagnóstico definitivo y asegurar el inicio oportuno del tratamiento. El protocolo propone una estrategia de vigilancia centinela a partir de instituciones que reciben niños con sospecha diagnóstica de leucemia o que son remitidos para tratamiento. Se notificarán casos probables y caos confrimados de leucemias agudas y se espera hacer seguimiento para establecer el momento de inicio del tratamiento. La notificación utilizará los estándares definidos para el Sivigila en el país. El protocolo fue divulgado en el país mediante la circular 008 de 2008 del Ministerio de la Protección Social. La metodología propuesta no permitirá establecer la incidencia poblaional de la enfermedad. Utilizar un modelo de vigilancia de eventos agudos para una enfermedd crónica como lo son las leucemias, se justifica por el inicio agudo de los síntomas que llevan al diagnóstico considerado como una urgencia y, por otro lado, por el objetivo de establecer la oportunidad en la atención de los casos reportados.