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1.
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc ; 53(4): 504-11, 2015.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26177439

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Sedentary lifestyle is one of the worldwide problems of Public Health. Given that, physical activity has both direct and indirect effects on the mortality and morbidity on non-communicable chronic diseases. The aim was to determine the change in prevalence of sedentary lifestyle in a cohort of students. METHODS: The Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México makes an Automated Medical Examination to students. In this evaluation, the sport, physical activity and other risk factors were analyzed in students admitted in 2010 to the Faculty of Medicine that were previously analyzed in 2007. RESULTS: A total of 593 students were studied. The mean age was 15.1 ± 1.4 years. The prevalence of physical inactivity increased from 38.3 to 39.9 %. When stratified by gender, women were more sedentary (p < 0.05). Sports activities decreased significantly in frequency and time. In the sedentary population, the prevalence of overweight increased in men and the obesity in women. Smoking increased 4.9 % and alcohol consumption in 36.7 % in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of physical inactivity was higher compared to other countries. Smoking and alcohol consumption increased so it is necessary to follow up and implement programs of health promotion.


Introducción: la inactividad física tiene efectos directos e indirectos con la muerte por enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y es un problema de salud pública. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer el cambio en la prevalencia de sedentarismo y actividad deportiva en una cohorte de estudiantes. Métodos: la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México hace el Examen Médico Automatizado a sus alumnos. En este trabajo se analizó la actividad física y deportiva, así como algunos factores de riesgo en los estudiantes que ingresaron en 2010 a la Facultad de Medicina y contaran con información en 2007. Resultados: participaron 593 estudiantes. El promedio de edad inicial fue 15.1 ± 1.4 años. El sedentarismo incrementó de 38.3 a 39.9 %. Al estratificar por sexo, las mujeres resultaron ser más sedentarias (p < 0.05). Las actividades deportivas disminuyeron considerablemente en frecuencia y tiempo. En la población sedentaria, la prevalencia de sobrepeso incrementó en los hombres y la obesidad en las mujeres. Aumentó el tabaquismo 4.9 % y consumo de alcohol en 36.7 % en ambos sexos. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de sedentarismo resultó más alta en comparación con otros países. El tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol se incrementaron por lo que es necesario su seguimiento y realizar programas de promoción de la salud.


Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Comportamento Sedentário , Esportes/tendências , Estudantes de Medicina/psicologia , Adolescente , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fumar/epidemiologia , Esportes/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudantes de Medicina/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto Jovem
2.
Rev. Fac. Med. UNAM ; 57(4): 5-13, jul.-ago. 2014. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-957002

RESUMO

Resumen Introducción: Para diseñar estrategias de prevención, control y tratamiento de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en estudiantes es necesario conocer el comportamiento de éstas y los factores de riesgo a los que se exponen. Objetivo: Comparar los cambios en la prevalencia de riesgos de enfermedades crónicas en estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) al pasar del bachillerato a la licenciatura. Material y métodos: Se comparó información de los años 2007 y 2010 de la encuesta de valoración integral de la salud que aplica la Dirección General de Servicios Médicos (DGSM) a los estudiantes sobre consumo de alcohol, tabaco, actividad física o deportiva, cambios somatométricos, y la presencia de hipertensión arterial (HA), diabetes mellitus (DM), cáncer, sobrepeso y obesidad en ellos y sus familiares directos. Resultados: Participaron 593 alumnos, de ellos 69.6% eran mujeres. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) cambio en 3 años de ٢٢.٣ a ٢٣.٤ (p < 0.001) en los hombres y de 22.1 a 22.8 (p < 0.001) en las mujeres. La frecuencia de presión arterial alta cambió de ١.٥٤ a 1.69%, el consumo de alcohol y tabaco se incrementó 32 y 7.6%, respectivamente. Los hombres resultaron más activos físicamente que las mujeres (p < 0.05); disminuyó la práctica de futbol en 21.7% y de corredores en 23%. En los familiares, la prevalencia de HA incrementó de 24.1 a 30.4%; obesidad de 27.6 a 31.3%, y DM tipo 2 de 12.8 a 16.2% con p < 0.01. El consumo de alcohol se incrementó de 11.4 a 13.3% y el tabaquismo de 24.5 a 24.9%. Conclusiones: El incremento de los factores de riesgo en los estudiantes y las enfermedades crónicas en sus familiares apuntalan hacia un perfil de mayor riesgo, por ello es importante promover conductas saludables y formar a los jóvenes como agentes de cambio, para que puedan influir en la reducción de daño en ellos y sus familiares.


Abstract Introduction: To design strategies of prevention, control and treatment of chronicnon transmissible diseases in students, it's necessary to know the behavior of these and the risk factors to which they are exposed. Objective: To compare the changes in the prevalence of risks of chronic diseases in students of the National Autonomous Universisty of Mexico (Universidad Autónoma de México [UNAM]) as they make their way from high school to college. Material and methods: Information from the survey of integral valorization of health that the General Board of Medical Services carried in 2007 and 2010 was compared. The information regarded alcohol and tobacco consumption, physical and sports activity, somatometric changes and the presence of high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, cancer and overweight in the students and their direct family. Results: 593 students participated, 69.6 were women. The BMS changed in three years from 22.3 to 23.4 (P<0.001) in men and from 22.1 to 22.8 (P<0.001) in women. The frequency of high blood pressure changed from 1.54 to 1.69%, the alcohol and tobacco consumption was increased in three years, 32 and 7.6% respectively. Men resulted to be more physically active than women. (P<0.05); in three years the practice of soccer decreased in 21.7% and the practice of running 23%. In family members the prevalence of high blood pressure increased from 24.1 to 30.4%; obesity from 27.6 to 31.3% and diabetes mellitus type 2 from 12.8 to 16.2% with P<0.01. Alcohol consumption from 11.4 to 13.3% and tobacco consumption from 24.5 to 24.9%. Conclusions: The increase in risk factors in students and the chronic diseases in their family members indicate a higher risk profile. This is the reason why it is important to promote healthy conducts and to form the youth as agents of change so they can have influence in the reduction of damage in them and their family members.

3.
Cad Saude Publica ; 26(2): 299-310, 2010 Feb.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20396845

RESUMO

From the public health perspective, programs to detect type 2 diabetes mellitus are a prime resource for surveillance of the disease. As a screening strategy, the Mexican Ministry of Health implemented the Diabetes Mellitus Action Program (PADM-2), based on two sequential tests: the Risk Factor Questionnaire and capillary blood glucose test. This study explored the Program's capacity as a screening strategy. The study was carried out in the year 2005, with a sample of 1,562 that attended six primary care units under the Health Secretariat of the Federal District. Fasting serum glucose was defined as the gold standard. When assessing the two tests sequentially, sensitivity was 98%, specificity 58.7%, and positive predictive value 16.6%. The positive predictive values indicates that a high proportion of the expenditure still goes to detecting false-positives, thus requiring reconsideration of the Program's criteria to obtain a greater economic and social benefit.


Assuntos
Glicemia/análise , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Capilares/química , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Curva ROC , Fatores de Risco , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
4.
Cad. saúde pública ; 26(2): 299-310, fev. 2010. ilus, graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-543458

RESUMO

Desde la salud pública, los programas de detección para diabetes mellitus tipo 2 son un recurso para su vigilancia. La Secretaría de Salud Nacional implementó como estrategia de tamizaje el Programa de Acción Diabetes Mellitus (PADM-2), el cual se basa en dos pruebas secuenciales: Cuestionario de Factores de Riesgo y medición de glucemia capilar. En este trabajo, se exploró la capacidad del PADM-2 como estrategia de tamizaje. El estudio se efectuó en el año 2005, participaron 1.562 individuos que asistieron a seis unidades del primer nivel de atención de la Secretaría de Salud del Gobierno del Distrito. Se consideró como el estándar de oro a la glucosa sérica en ayuno. Al valorar las dos pruebas en serie, la sensibilidad fue de 98 por ciento, la especificidad de 58,7 por ciento, y el valor predictivo positivo de 16,6 por ciento. El valor predictivo positivo apunta a que una alta proporción del gasto se destina a detectar falsos positivos, lo cual hace necesario replantearse los criterios utilizados en el PADM-2, de tal manera que se obtenga un mayor beneficio económico y social.


From the public health perspective, programs to detect type 2 diabetes mellitus are a prime resource for surveillance of the disease. As a screening strategy, the Mexican Ministry of Health implemented the Diabetes Mellitus Action Program (PADM-2), based on two sequential tests: the Risk Factor Questionnaire and capillary blood glucose test. This study explored the Program's capacity as a screening strategy. The study was carried out in the year 2005, with a sample of 1,562 that attended six primary care units under the Health Secretariat of the Federal District. Fasting serum glucose was defined as the gold standard. When assessing the two tests sequentially, sensitivity was 98 percent, specificity 58.7 percent, and positive predictive value 16.6 percent. The positive predictive values indicates that a high proportion of the expenditure still goes to detecting false-positives, thus requiring reconsideration of the Program's criteria to obtain a greater economic and social benefit.


Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Glicemia/análise , /diagnóstico , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Biomarcadores/sangue , Capilares/química , México , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Curva ROC , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem
5.
Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc ; 44(3): 275-82, 2006.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16870125

RESUMO

During the last decade, occupational epidemiology has gained a great importance, not only because of the increase of pollutants and their noxiousness, but also because it has gone from the descriptive to the analytic level. The purpose of this work is to present what has been reported on epidemiological studies, different ways of characterizing and measuring occupational exposure, by emphasizing slants of exposure and selection measurement. In the reviewed studies, an interest in improving the exposure evaluation has been shown. The mainly reported measurement slants are the ways of measuring and classifying the exposure. The main designs were transversal with the use of matrixes to improve the evaluation of exposure. Conditions of hygiene and security were considered in order to control the quality of the information. This information was analyzed with different criteria. Some of the elements that hinder the research on occupational epidemiology are a mixed exposure, small populations, lack of exposure data, low levels of exposure and long periods of illness latency. Some breakthroughs in the strategies of epidemiological analysis and some other areas of knowledge have made possible a better understanding of work and health conditions of workers.


Assuntos
Exposição Ocupacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Humanos
6.
Rev. mex. pediatr ; 60(2): 69-72, mar.-abr. 1993. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-121256

RESUMO

En este trabajo se hace una revisión bibliográfica para delimitar los ámbitos epidemiológicos de la contaminación ambiental con respecto al plomo. Se parte del concepto de que el ambiente corresponde a un complejo macrosistema abierto; es por esta razón que para estudiarlo, o intervenir en él, es preciso abordarlo en forma fragmentada, dividiéndolo en sus partes: el aire, el suelo y los alimentos. Los compuestos de plomo en estos ámbitos epidemiológicos constituyen "Factores de riesgo" para el hombre, en la medida en que ejercen un efecto negativo para su salud; de aquí la importancia que tiene el eventual contacto de una persona con un compuesto de plomo, y del lapso en que se establece la exposición.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Intoxicação por Chumbo/epidemiologia , México/epidemiologia , Poluição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Grupos de Risco , Intoxicação por Chumbo/sangue , Poluição Ambiental/prevenção & controle
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