The complement system as a key modulator of the oral microbiome in health and disease.

In this review, we address the interplay between the complement system and host microbiomes in health and disease, focussing on oral bacteria known to contribute to homeostasis or to promote dysbiosis associated with dental caries and periodontal diseases. Host proteins modulating complement activities in the oral environment and expression profiles of complement proteins in oral tissues were described. In addition, we highlight a sub-set of bacterial proteins involved in complement evasion and/or dysregulation previously characterized in pathogenic species (or strains), but further conserved among prototypical commensal species of the oral microbiome. Potential roles of these proteins in host-microbiome homeostasis and in the emergence of commensal strain lineages with increased virulence were also addressed. Finally, we provide examples of how commensal bacteria might exploit the complement system in competitive or cooperative interactions within the complex microbial communities of oral biofilms. These issues highlight the need for studies investigating the effects of the complement system on bacterial behaviour and competitiveness during their complex interactions within oral and extra-oral host sites.

Biomimetic Mineralizing Agents Recover the Micro Tensile Bond Strength of Demineralized Dentin.

Biomimetic remineralization is an approach that mimics natural biomineralization, and improves adhesive procedures. The aim of this paper was to investigate the influence of Dentin Caries-like Lesions (DCLL)-Producing Model on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of etch and rinse adhesive systems and investigate the effect of remineralizing agents such as Sodium Fluoride (NaF), MI Paste™ (MP) and Curodont™ Repair (CR) on caries-affected dentin (n = 6). Nine groups were established: (1) Sound dentin; (2) Demineralized dentin/Chemical DCLL: (3) Demineralized dentin/Biological DCLL; (4) Chemical/DCLL + NaF; (5) Chemical/DCLL + MP; (6) Chemical/DCLL + CR; (7) Biological/DCLL + NaF; (8) Biological/DCLL + MP; (9) Biological/DCLL + CR. Then all dentin blocks were subjected to a bonding procedure with Adper™ Single Bond 2 adhesive system/Filtek Z350XT 4 mm high block, following this they were immersed in deionized water/24 h and then sectioned with ≅ 1 mm² beams. The µTBS test was conducted at 1 mm/min/500 N loading. Failure sites were evaluated by SEM (scanning electron microscopy (150×). µTBS data were submitted to factorial ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). The highest values were found when demineralized dentin was treated with MP and CR, regardless caries lesion depth (p < 0.05). There was a predominance of adhesive/mixed in the present study. It was concluded that the use of the artificial dentin caries production models produces differences in the µTBS. Additionally MP and CR remineralizing agents could enhance adhesive procedures even at different models of caries lesion.

A Randomized Clinical Trial of Schinus terebinthifolius Mouthwash to Treat Biofilm-Induced Gingivitis.

Objectives. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a Schinus terebinthifolius (ST) mouthwash in reducing gingival inflammation levels (GI) and biofilm accumulation (BA) in children with gingivitis. Methods. This was a randomized, controlled, triple blind, and phase II clinical trial, with children aged 9-13 years (n = 27) presenting with biofilm-induced gingivitis. The sample was randomized into experimental (0.3125% ST, n = 14) and control (0.12% chlorhexidine/CHX, n = 13) groups. Products were masked as regards color, flavor and aroma. Intervention protocol consisted in supervised rinsing of 10 mL/day for 01 minute for 10 days. Gingival bleeding and simplified oral hygiene indexes were used to assess the efficacy variables, measured at baseline and after intervention by calibrated examiners. Data were statistically treated with paired t-test, unpaired t-test, and Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests ( α = .05). Results. It was found that both ST and CHX were able to significantly reduce GI levels after 10 days (P < 0.001) and there was no significant difference between them (P > 0.05). CHX was the only product able to significantly reduce BA after 10 days when compared to baseline (P < 0.05). Conclusion. ST mouthwash showed significant anti-inflammatory activity (equivalent to CHX), but it was not able to reduce biofilm accumulation.

Effect of Schinus terebinthifolius on Candida albicans growth kinetics, cell wall formation and micromorphology.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the anti-fungal activity of a tincture from Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper tree) on Candida albicans (ATCC 289065), a micro-organism associated with fungal infections of the oral cavity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were determined through microdilution technique, as well as the microbial growth curve of C. albicans promoted by S. terebinthifolius. In addition, this study investigated a possible activity of the product on the fungal cell wall and its biological activity on fungal morphology. Nystatin was used as control and all tests were performed in triplicate. RESULTS: S. terebinthifolius showed MIC of 312.5 µg/mL and MFC of 2500 µg/mL upon the strain tested, while Nystatin showed MIC and MFC of 6.25 µg/mL. As regards the microbial growth curve, S. terebinthifolius was able to significantly reduce the number of CFU/mL when compared to growth control until the time of 60 min. In the times 120 and 180 min there was no statistically significant difference between the growth control and the experimental product. S. terebinthifolius possibly acts on the fungal cell wall, once the sorbitol test indicated a MIC of 1250 µg/mL. In the fungal morphology, a reduction was observed of pseudo-hyphae, chlamydoconidia and blastoconidia in the presence of the experimental product. CONCLUSION: S. terebinthifolius showed anti-fungal activity against C. albicans, inhibiting, probably, the fungal cell wall formation.

Pharmacogenomics and dental practice: clinical implications and current researches / Farmacogenômica e a prática odontológica: implicações clínicas e pesquisas atuais

Variations in the response to dental treatments may be due to several factors, including genetic variability. Pharmacogenomics is the application of genomics technology to the development of specific drugs and its relationship with dentistry is a recent area of research. This paper aims to discuss the relationship between pharmacogenomics and dental practice, focusing on clinical implications and current researches. It was used technique of documentation based on literature available at Scielo (Scientific Electronic Library Online) and MEDLINE between 2000 and 2010. Diseases and disorders can be associated with misspellings or genetic mutations. The knowledge of how genetic variation interferes in the response to treatment will allow the development of drugs to be used, for instance, in oral and systemic infection therapy; for the management of oral lesions (e.g. herpes, squamous cell carcinoma), bone resorption (e.g. periodontal diseases); chronic oral and facial pain; for the management of autoimmune and temporomandibular joint disorders. Periodontics, Cariology, Oral Pathology, among other areas, represent a vast field of research yet to be explored. In summary, dentistry begins to show an increasingly close relationship with pharmacogenomics, which may result in the development and improvement of treatment modalities more individualized and potentially more effective.

Variações na resposta aos tratamentos odontológicos ocorrem devido a vários fatores, incluindo variabilidade genética. Farmacogenômica é a aplicação da tecnologia genômica para o desenvolvimento de fármacos específicos, e sua relação com a odontologia é uma área recente de pesquisa. Este trabalho objetiva discutir a relação entre farmacogenômica e a prática odontológica, enfocando as implicações clínicas e pesquisas atuais. Foi utilizada técnica de documentação com base na literatura disponível no Scielo e MEDLINE, entre 2000 e 2010. Doenças e distúrbios podem ser associados a erros de transcrição ou mutações genéticas. O conhecimento de como a variação genética interfere na resposta ao tratamento vai permitir o desenvolvimento de medicamentos a serem utilizados, como na terapia de infecção oral e sistêmica, para o manejo de lesões orais (por exemplo, herpes, carcinoma de células escamosas); reabsorção óssea (por exemplo, doenças periodontais); dores orais e faciais crônicas; doenças autoimunes e distúrbios da articulação temporomandibular. Periodontia, Cariologia, Patologia Oral, entre outras áreas, representam um vasto campo de investigação a ser ainda explorado. Em síntese, a Odontologia vem apresentando uma relação cada vez mais estreita com a farmacogenômica, que pode resultar no desenvolvimento e aperfeiçoamento de modalidades de tratamento mais individualizado e potencialmente mais eficaz.

Integração ensino-serviço: experiência exitosa na atenção odontológica à comunidade / Service-learning integration process: successful experience in providing oral care to the community

OBJETIVO: Relatar a experiência da integração ensino-serviço do componente curricular obrigatório Estágio Supervisionado IX do Curso de Odontologia da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF) do município de João Pessoa-PB, na promoção da saúde à comunidade adstrita. RESULTADOS: Através da disciplina de Estágio Supervisionado IX, foi possível desenvolver atividades na USF de promoção e atenção à saúde, com o objetivo de ampliar os mecanismos de interação entre a UFPB e o serviço de saúde, permitindo adequar a formação dos estudantes, futuros profissionais da saúde, para um modelo de atenção universal, equitativo e de qualidade, que sirva às necessidades da população. CONCLUSÃO: A aprendizagem nos serviços potencializa o desenvolvimento curricular, favorece a aproximação das instituições de ensino superior com a comunidade, e oportuniza um espaço para reflexão crítica para a busca de solução para os reais problemas de saúde

OBJECTIVE: To report an experience on a service-learning integration process between the curricular component 'Supervised training IX' of the School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraiba (FUPB) and a Family Health Unit (FHU) in Joao Pessoa - PB. RESULTS: It was possible to develop activities at the FHU concerning to health promotion and care in view of broadening interaction mechanisms between FUPB and the health service as a model for universal care, equitable and qualified, which may give feedback to the population's demands. CONCLUSION: Learning in the services potentiates curricular development, favors an approach between higher education institutions and community, and provides a room for critical reflections on the search for solving actual health problems

Atividades antibacteriana e antiaderente in vitro de tinturas de schinus terebinthinfolius (aroeira) e solidago microglossa (arnica) frente a bactérias formadoras do biofilme dentário. / In vitro antibacterial and antiadherent activities of tinctures from schinus terebinthifolius (aroeira) and solidago microglossa (arnica) on dental biofilm forming bacteria

O uso de produtos naturais na odontologia constitui alternativa viável e eficaz na prevenção e combate de diversas patologias da cavidade oral. Inúmeros produtos com ação terapêutica tem sido relatados na literatura; dentre eles, destacam-se a aroeira e a arnica. Foi propósito deste estudo avaliar in vitro as atividades antibacteriana e antiaderente das tinturas de schinus terebinthinfolius (aroeira) solidago microglossa (arnica) frente streptococcus mutans e lactobacillus casei. A atividade antibacteriana foi determinada pela Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) do crescimento bacteriano através da microdiluição. A atividade antiaderente foi estabelecida pela Concentração Inibitória Mínima de Aderência (CIMA) da bactéria a tubos de vidro, na preença de sacarose a 5%. As linhagens bacterianas de S. mutans e L. casei mostraram-se susceptíveis à ação das tinturas avaliadas. Em relação à CIM, observaram-se valores mais expressivos dos produtos sobre o L. casei, apresentando a aroeira a menor CIM (1,562 mg / mL). Em relação a CIMA, pode-se perceber que a aroeira apresentou resultados mais satisfatórios frente a S. mutans, pois foi capaz de inibir a aderência bacteriana de vidro, estando em uma menor concentração (0,892 mg/mL). Assim, pode-se concluir que as tinturas avaliadas apresentaram, in vitro, atividades antibacteriana e antiaderente frente aos microrganismos testados.

The use of natural products in dentistry is a viable and effective alternative in preventing and fighting several diseases of the oral cavity. Numerous products with therapeutic effects have been reported in the literature, among them aroeira and arnica. This study aimedto evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antiadherent action of tinctures from Schinus terebinthinfolius (aroeira) and Solidago microglossa (arnica) against streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus casei. The antibacterial action was determined by the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of bacterial growth, through microdilution method. The antiadherent activity was established by the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Adherence (MICA) of the bacterium to glass tubes, in presence of sucrose at 5%. The bacterial strains were shown to be susceptible to the action of the tinctures evaluated. In relation to MIC, therewere more expressive values of the products against L. casei, exposing aroeira the lowest MIC (1.562 mg/mL). In relation to MICA, it was found that aroeira showed more satisfactory results on S. mutans, because it was able to inhibit bacterial adhesion to glass, even being in a lower concentration (0.892 mg/mL). Therefore, the tinctures evaluated showed in vitro antibacterial and antiadherent actions against tested microrganisms.

Atividades antibacteriana e antiaderente in vitro de tinturas de schinus terebinthinfolius (aroeira) e solidago microglossa (arnica) frente a bactérias formadoras do biofilme dentário. (AU) / In vitro antibacterial and antiadherent activities of tinctures from schinus terebinthifolius (aroeira) and solidago microglossa (arnica) on dental biofilm forming bacteria

O uso de produtos naturais na odontologia constitui alternativa viável e eficaz na prevenção e combate de diversas patologias da cavidade oral. Inúmeros produtos com ação terapêutica tem sido relatados na literatura; dentre eles, destacam-se a aroeira e a arnica. Foi propósito deste estudo avaliar in vitro as atividades antibacteriana e antiaderente das tinturas de schinus terebinthinfolius (aroeira) solidago microglossa (arnica) frente streptococcus mutans e lactobacillus casei. A atividade antibacteriana foi determinada pela Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) do crescimento bacteriano através da microdiluição. A atividade antiaderente foi estabelecida pela Concentração Inibitória Mínima de Aderência (CIMA) da bactéria a tubos de vidro, na preença de sacarose a 5%. As linhagens bacterianas de S. mutans e L. casei mostraram-se susceptíveis à ação das tinturas avaliadas. Em relação à CIM, observaram-se valores mais expressivos dos produtos sobre o L. casei, apresentando a aroeira a menor CIM (1,562 mg / mL). Em relação a CIMA, pode-se perceber que a aroeira apresentou resultados mais satisfatórios frente a S. mutans, pois foi capaz de inibir a aderência bacteriana de vidro, estando em uma menor concentração (0,892 mg/mL). Assim, pode-se concluir que as tinturas avaliadas apresentaram, in vitro, atividades antibacteriana e antiaderente frente aos microrganismos testados.

The use of natural products in dentistry is a viable and effective alternative in preventing and fighting several diseases of the oral cavity. Numerous products with therapeutic effects have been reported in the literature, among them aroeira and arnica. This study aimedto evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antiadherent action of tinctures from Schinus terebinthinfolius (aroeira) and Solidago microglossa (arnica) against streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus casei. The antibacterial action was determined by the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of bacterial growth, through microdilution method. The antiadherent activity was established by the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Adherence (MICA) of the bacterium to glass tubes, in presence of sucrose at 5%. The bacterial strains were shown to be susceptible to the action of the tinctures evaluated. In relation to MIC, therewere more expressive values of the products against L. casei, exposing aroeira the lowest MIC (1.562 mg/mL). In relation to MICA, it was found that aroeira showed more satisfactory results on S. mutans, because it was able to inhibit bacterial adhesion to glass, even being in a lower concentration (0.892 mg/mL). Therefore, the tinctures evaluated showed in vitro antibacterial and antiadherent actions against tested microrganisms.

Efeito Antibacteriano de Óleos Essenciais sobre Bactérias Formadoras do Biofilme Dentário / Antibacterial Effect of Essential Oils on Biofilm-forming Bacterial

Avaliar a atividade antibacteriana in vitro dos óleosessenciais de Eucalyptus globulus - Eucalipto (OE1), Eugeniauniflora L. - Pitangueira (OE2) e Mentha piperita - Hortelã-Pimenta (OE3) sobre bactérias cariogênicas. Material eMétodos: Determinou-se a Concentração Inibitória Mínima(CIM) dos óleos essenciais pela técnica da microdiluiçãosobre Streptococcus mutans (ATCC-25175), S. salivarius(ATCC-7073) e S. mitis (ATCC 903). Utilizou-se placa com 96orifícios, onde foram inseridos em cada um 10 ìL do inóculo(108 UFC/mL), 100 ìL de caldo Brain Heart Infusion (HIMEDIA,São Paulo, Brasil) duplamente concentrado e 100 ìL dos óleosessenciais em concentrações que variaram de 5 a 0,039mg.mL-1. Como controle positivo foi utilizada Clorexidina a 60ìg.mL-1. Ainda foram realizados os controles de crescimentobacteriano e de esterilidade do meio de cultura utilizado. Aleitura foi feita após 24 horas pelo método visual, sendoobservada a formação ou não de aglomerados de células(“botão”) no fundo da cavidade da placa. Resultados: O OE1inibiu crescimento bacteriano visível na concentração de 5mg.mL-1 sobre as três bactérias; OE2 mostrou CIM de 0,625mg.mL-1 e 3,75 mg.mL-1 sobre S. mitis e S. salivarius,respectivamente. OE3 exibiu CIM de 0,625 mg.mL-1, 0,312 mgmL-1 e 1,25 mg mL-1 sobre Streptococcus.mutans, S. mitis eS. salivarius, respectivamente. Conclusão: Os óleosessenciais avaliados apresentaram atividade antibacterianasobre as espécies cariogênicas ensaiadas...

To evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity ofessential oils of Eucalyptus globulus - Eucalyptus (EO1),Eugenia uniflora L. - Surinam cherry (EO2) and Menthapiperita - Peppermint (EO3) on cariogenic bacteria. Materialand Methods: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of theEOs was determined through the microdilution technique onStreptococcus mutans (ATCC-25175), S. salivarius (ATCC-7073) and S. mitis (ATCC903). It was used a plate containing96 wells. Into each well were inserted 10ìL of inoculum(108CFU/mL), 100ìL of Brain Heart Infusion Broth (HIMEDIA,Sao Paulo, Brazil) doubly concentrated and 100ìL of theessential oils in concentrations ranging from 5 to 0.039mg.mL-1. Chlorhexidine (60ìg.mL-1) was used as a positive control.Besides that, were also conducted controls regardingbacterial growth and sterility of the culture medium. The resultswere read after 24 hours by visual method, and it wasobserved the formation or non-formation of cellular clusters(“button”) at the bottom of the plate’s wells. Results: EO1inhibited visible bacterial growth at a concentration of 5mg.mL-1 on the three bacteria under study. MIC of 0.625mg.mL-1 and3.75mg.mL-1 were showed by EO2 against S. mitis and S.salivarius, respectively. EO3 exhibited MIC of 0.625mg.mL-1,0.312mg.mL-1 and 1.25mg.mL-1 respectively on S. mutans, S.mitis and S. salivarius. Conclusion: The essential oilsevaluated showed antibacterial activity against the cariogenicstrains tested...