Interleukin 1ß receptor blocker (Anakinra) and regenerative stem cell therapy: two novel approaches effectively ameliorating diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious common complication of diabetes. Unfortunately, there is no satisfied treatment for those patients and more studies are in critical need to cure them. Therefore, we aimed to carry out our current research to explore the role of two novel therapeutic approaches: one a biological drug aimed to block inflammatory signaling of the IL 1beta (IL1ß) axis, namely, anakinra; the other is provision of anti-inflammatory regenerative stem cells. Wistar male rats were allocated into four groups: control group: type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) induced by 6-week high-fat diet (HFD) followed by a single-dose streptozotocin (STZ) 35 mg/kg i.p., then rats were allocated into: DM: untreated; DM BM-MSCs: received a single dose of BM-MSCs (1 × 106 cell/rat) into rat tail vein; DM-Anak received Anak 0.5 µg/kg/day i.p. for 2 weeks. Both therapeutic approaches improved cardiac performance, fibrosis, and hypertrophy. In addition, blood glucose and insulin resistance decreased, while the antioxidant parameter, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and interleukin 10 (IL10), and anti-inflammatory agent increased. Furthermore, there is a significant reduction in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), IL1ß, caspase1, macrophage marker CD 11b, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and T-cell marker CD 8. Both Anak and BM-MSCs effectively ameliorated inflammatory markers and cardiac performance as compared to non-treated diabetics. Improvement is mostly due to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic properties, and regulation of TNFα/IL1ß/caspase1 and Nrf2/IL10 pathways.

New imidazole-2-thiones linked to acenaphythylenone as dual DNA intercalators and topoisomerase II inhibitors: structural optimization, docking, and apoptosis studies.

In this article, a new series of 2-((3,5-disubstituted-2-thioxo-imidazol-1-yl)imino)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-ones were synthesized. Imidazole-2-thione with acenaphthylen-one gave a hybrid scaffold that integrated key structural elements essential for DNA damage via direct DNA intercalation and inhibition of the topoisomerase II enzyme. All the synthesized compounds were screened to detect their DNA damage using a terbium fluorescent probe. Results demonstrated that 4-phenyl-imidazoles 5b and 5e in addition to 4-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazoles 5h and 5j would induce detectable potent damage in ctDNA. The four most potent compounds as DNA intercalators were further evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against HepG2, MCF-7 and HCT-116 utilizing the MTT assay. The highest anticancer activity was recorded with compounds 5b and 5h against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 which were 1.5- and 3- folds more active than doxorubicin, respectively. Therefore, imidazole-2-thione tethered acenaphthylenone derivatives can be considered as promising scaffold for the development of effective dual DNA intercalators and topoisomerase II inhibitors.

Synthesis and Antiproliferative Potential of Thiazole and 4-Thiazolidinone Containing Motifs as Dual Inhibitors of EGFR and BRAFV600E.

Thiazole and thiazolidinone recur in a wide range of biologically active compounds that reach different targets within the context of tumors and represent a promising starting point to access potential candidates for treating metastatic cancer. Therefore, searching for new lead compounds that show the highest anticancer potency with the fewest adverse effects is a major drug-discovery challenge. Because the thiazole ring is present in dasatinib, which is currently used in anticancer therapy, it is important to highlight the ring. In this study, cycloalkylidenehydrazinecarbothioamides (cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, dihydronapthalenylidene, flurine-9-ylidene, and indolinonyl) reacted with 2-bromoacetophenone and diethylacetylenedicarboxylate to yield thiazole and 4-thiazolidinone derivatives. The structure of the products was confirmed by using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray analyses. The antiproliferative activity of the newly synthesized compounds was evaluated. The most effective inhibitory compounds were further tested in vitro against both epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAFV600E) targets. Additionally, molecular docking analysis examined how these molecules bind to the active sites of EGFR and BRAFV600E.

Recent synthetic strategies of spiro-azetidin-2-one, -pyrrolidine, -indol(one) and -pyran derivatives-a review.

Spiro-heterocycles have received special attention in medicinal chemistry because of their promising biological activity. Over the years, many synthetic methodologies have been established for the construction of spirocyclic compounds. Spiro heterocycles such as spiro-azetidin-2-one, -pyrrolidine, -indol(one) and -pyran derivatives have been found to exhibit diversified biological and pharmacological activity in addition to their therapeutic properties. In view of these facts, we decided in this review to present representative synthetic approaches of the aforementioned spiro heterocycles, especially in the past 20 years.

Synthesis of bis-thiohydantoin derivatives as an antiproliferative agents targeting EGFR inhibitory pathway.

(R)/(S)-the two enantiomers of 3-substituted-1-[2-(5)-3-substituted-4-benzyl-5-oxo-4-phenyl-2-thioxoimid-azolidin-1-yl]ethyl/propyl-5-benzyl-5-phenyl-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-ones were formed during the diastereoselective reaction between N,N″-1,ω-alkanediylbis[N'-organylthiourea] derivatives and 2,3-diphenylcyclopropenone in refluxing ethanol. The structures of the isolated compounds were confirmed by NMR, IR, mass spectra and elemental analyses. Moreover, single-crystal X-ray structure analysis was also used to elucidate the structure of the isolated compounds. The mechanism describes the reaction was also discussed. The tested compounds showed EGFR inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 90 to 178 nM in comparison to the erlotinib as a reference with IC50 value of 70 nM. Compound 4c (R = allyl, n = 3) was found as the most potent antiproliferative, had the highest inhibitory effect on EGFR with an IC50 value of 90 nM, compared to erlotinib's IC50 value of 70 nM. The second and third-most active compounds were 4e (R = phenyl, n = 3) and 4d (R = ethyl, n = 3) and with IC50 values of 107 nM and 128 nM. These findings imply that the compounds tested had a significant antiproliferative effect as well as the ability to act as an EGFR inhibitor. Docking studies showed that compound 4c showed high affinity to EGFR based on its docking score (S; kcal/mol) within five test compounds.

Novel quinoline/thiazinan-4-one hybrids; design, synthesis, and molecular docking studies as potential anti-bacterial candidates against MRSA.

In an attempt to develop effective and safe antibacterial agents, we synthesized novel thiazinanones by combining the quinolone scaffold and the 1,3-thiazinan-4-one group by reaction between ((4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)methylene)hydrazinecarbothioamides and 2,3-diphenylcycloprop-2-enone in refluxing ethanol in the presence of triethyl amine as a catalyst. The structure of the synthesized compounds was characterized by spectral data and elemental analysis, IR, MS, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy which showed two doublet signals for CH-5 and CH-6 and four sharp singlets for the protons of thiazinane NH, CH[double bond, length as m-dash]N, quinolone NH and OH, respectively. Also, the 13C NMR spectrum clearly showed the presence of two quaternary carbon atoms which were assigned to thiazinanone-C-5 and C-6. All the 1,3-thiazinan-4-one/quinolone hybrids were screened for antibacterial activity. Compounds 7a, 7e and 7g showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity against most of the tested strains either G +ve or G -ve. Compound 7e is the most potent antibacterial agent against MRSA with the minimum inhibitory concentration against MRSA found to be 48 µg mL-1 compared to the drug ciprofloxacin (96 µg mL-1). Additionally, a molecular docking study was performed to understand the molecular interaction and binding mode of the compounds on the active site of S. aureus Murb protein. In silico docking assisted data strongly correlated with the experimental approach of antibacterial activity against MRSA.

Transition Metal Complexes of Thiosemicarbazides, Thiocarbohydrazides, and Their Corresponding Carbazones with Cu(I), Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Pd(II), and Ag(I)-A Review.

This review focuses on some interesting and recent applications of transition metals towards the complexation of thiosemicarbazides, thiocarbohydrazides, and their corresponding carbazones. We started the review with a description of the chosen five metals, including Cu[Cu(I), Cu(II], Co(II), Ni(II), Pd(II), and Ag(I) and their electronic configurations. The stability of the assigned complexes was also discussed. We shed light on different routes describing the synthesis of these ligands. We also reported on different examples of the synthesis of Cu(I), Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Ag(I), and Pd(II) of thiosemicarbazide and thiocarbohydrazide complexes (until 2022). This review also deals with a summary of the fruitful use of metal complexes of thiosemicarbazones and thiocarbazones ligands in the field of catalysis. Finally, this recent review focuses on the applications of these complexes related to their biological importance.

A Novel P@SiO2 Nano-Composite as Effective Adsorbent to Remove Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Media.

This work aims to prepare a novel phosphate-embedded silica nanoparticles (P@SiO2) nanocomposite as an effective adsorbent through a hydrothermal route. Firstly, a mixed solution of sodium silicate and sodium phosphate was passed through a strong acidic resin to convert it into hydrogen form. After that, the resultant solution was hydrothermally treated to yield P@SiO2 nanocomposite. Using kinetic studies, methylene blue (MB) dye was selected to study the removal behavior of the P@SiO2 nanocomposite. The obtained composite was characterized using several advanced techniques. The experimental results showed rapid kinetic adsorption where the equilibrium was reached within 100 s, and the pseudo-second-order fitted well with experimental data. Moreover, according to Langmuir, one gram of P@SiO2 nanocomposite can remove 76.92 mg of the methylene blue dye. The thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous, exothermic, and ordered at the solid/solution interface. Finally, the results indicated that the presence of NaCl did not impact the adsorption behavior of MB dye. Due to the significant efficiency and promising properties of the prepared P@SiO2 nanocomposite, it could be used as an effective adsorbent material to remove various cationic forms of pollutants from aqueous solutions in future works.

Potential protective effect of 3,3'-methylenebis(1-ethyl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one) against bleomycin-induced lung injury in male albino rat via modulation of Nrf2 pathway: biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical study.

Acute lung injury is a serious condition accounting for the majority of acute respiratory failure. Bleomycin (BLM) is an antibiotic that was first described as a chemotherapeutic agent. 3,3'-methylenebis(1-ethyl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one) was reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-oxidative properties. The current work aimed to assess the possible protective effects and the mechanism of protection of 3,3'-methylenebis-(1-ethyl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one) on BLM-induced lung injury in addition to the effect and underlying mechanisms of nuclear factor-erythroid-related factor 2 pathway against this injury. Rats were equally divided into four groups: control group, BLM group, 1-ethyl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one-treated group, and BLM with 1-ethyl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one-treated group. At the end of the work, the blood samples were proceeded for biochemical study. Lung specimens were obtained for biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical study. The results exhibited a significant increase in both malondialdehyde and tumor necrotic factor-α with a significant decrease in glutathione, superoxide dismutase, IL 10, surfactant protein A, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in BLM group. The lung histological results showed various morphological changes in the form of disturbed architecture, inflammatory cell infiltration, and intraluminal debris. This group also displayed a significant increase in the mean surface area fraction of anti-cleaved caspase 3, while group IV exhibited amelioration in the previously mentioned parameters and histological alternations that were induced by BLM. It could be concluded that 3,3'-methylenebis(1-ethyl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one) has anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic protective effects against BLM-induced lung injury.

Design and synthesis of new thiazolidinone/uracil derivatives as antiproliferative agents targeting EGFR and/or BRAFV600E.

Thiourea derivatives of uracil were efficiently synthesized via the reaction of 5-aminouracil with isothiocyanates. Then, we prepared uracil-containing thiazoles via condensation of thioureas with diethyl/dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylates. The structures of the products were confirmed by a combination of spectral techniques including infra-red (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS) and elemental analyses. A rationale for the formation of the products is presented. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative activity against four cancer cell lines. The compounds tested showed promising antiproliferative activity, with GI50 values ranging from 1.10 µM to 10.00 µM. Compounds 3c, 5b, 5c, 5h, 5i, and 5j were the most potent derivatives, with GI50 values ranging from 1.10 µM to 1.80 µM. Compound 5b showed potent inhibitory activity against EGFR and BRAFV600E with IC50 of 91 ± 07 and 93 ± 08 nM, respectively, indicating that this compound could serve as a dual inhibitor of EGFR and BRAFV600E with promising antiproliferative properties. Docking computations revealed the great potency of compounds 5b and 5j towards EGFR and BRAFV600E with docking scores of -8.3 and -9.7 kcal/mol and -8.2 and -9.3 kcal/mol, respectively.

High-Pressure Metal-Free Catalyzed One-Pot Two-Component Synthetic Approach for New 5-Arylazopyrazolo[3,4-b]Pyridine Derivatives.

An appropriate and efficient Q-tube-assisted ammonium acetate-mediated protocol for the assembly of the hitherto unreported 5-arylazopyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines was demonstrated. This methodology comprises the cyclocondensation reaction of 5-amino-2-phenyl-4H-pyrazol-3-one with an assortment of arylhydrazonals in an NH4OAc/AcOH buffer solution operating a Q-tube reactor. This versatile protocol exhibited several outstanding merits: easy work-up, mild conditions, scalability, broad substrate scope, safety (the Q-tube kit is simply for pressing and sealing), and a high atom economy. Consequently, performing such reactions under elevated pressures and utilizing the Q-tube reactor seemed preferable for achieving the required products in comparison to the conventional conditions. Diverse spectroscopic methods and X-ray single-crystal techniques were applied to confirm the proposed structure of the targeted compounds.

Copper Complexes of 1,4-Naphthoquinone Containing Thiosemicarbazide and Triphenylphosphine Oxide Moieties; Synthesis and Identification by NMR, IR, Mass, UV Spectra, and DFT Calculations.

New 1,4-naphthoquinone derived by triphenylphosphaneylidene (Ph3P) and N-substituted-hydrazine-1-carbothioamides were obtained during a one-pot reaction of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone with thiosemicarbazides, Ph3P and in the presence of triethyl amine (Et3N) as a catalyst. The structure of the ligands was established by ESI, IR, and NMR spectra, in addition to elemental analyses and X-ray structure analysis. On subjecting the newly prepared ligands with CuCl2 and Ph3P, autoxidation occurs, and (E)-(2-(1,4-dioxo-3-(triphenyl phosphanylidene)-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-2(1H)-ylidene)carbamothioyl)hydrazinyl)-((triphenylphosphanyl)oxy)copper derivatives were formed in very good yields. The structure of the obtained complexes was proved by ESI, IR, NMR, and UV spectra, in addition to elemental analyses and theoretical calculations.

Synthesis and Identification of New N,N-Disubstituted Thiourea, and Thiazolidinone Scaffolds Based on Quinolone Moiety as Urease Inhibitor.

Synthesis of thiazolidinone based on quinolone moiety was established starting from 4-hydroxyquinol-2-ones. The strategy started with the reaction of ethyl bromoacetate with 4-hydroxyquinoline to give the corresponding ethyl oxoquinolinyl acetates, which reacted with hydrazine hydrate to afford the hydrazide derivatives. Subsequently, hydrazides reacted with isothiocyanate derivatives to give the corresponding N,N-disubstituted thioureas. Finally, on subjecting the N,N-disubstituted thioureas with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates, cyclization occurred, and thiazolidinone derivatives were obtained in good yields. The two series based on quinolone moiety, one containing N,N-disubstituted thioureas and the other containing thiazolidinone functionalities, were screened for their in vitro urease inhibition properties using thiourea and acetohydroxamic acid as standard inhibitors. The inhibition values of the synthesized thioureas and thiazolidinones exhibited moderate to good inhibitory effects. The structure-activity relationship revealed that N-methyl quinolonyl moiety exhibited a superior effect, since it was proved to be the most potent inhibitor in the present series achieving (IC50 = 1.83 ± 0.79 µM). The previous compound exhibited relatively much greater activity, being approximately 12-fold more potent than thiourea and acetohydroxamic acid as references. Molecular docking analysis showed a good protein-ligand interaction profile against the urease target (PDBID: 4UBP), emphasizing the electronic and geometric effect of N,N-disubstituted thiourea.

Evaluation of the Binding Relationship of the RdRp Enzyme to Novel Thiazole/Acid Hydrazone Hybrids Obtainable through Green Synthetic Procedure.

The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex is used by SARS-CoV-2 for genome replication and transcription, making RdRp an interesting target for developing the antiviral treatment. Hence the current work is concerned with the green synthesis, characterization and docking study with the RdRp enzyme of the series of novel and diverse hydrazones and pyrazoles. 4-Methyl-2-(2-(1-phenylethylidene)hydrazineyl)thiazole-5-carbohydrazide was prepared and then condensed with different carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones either carbocyclic aromatic or heterocyclic) afforded the corresponding hydrazide-hydrazones. The combination of the acid hydrazide with bifunctional reagents such as acetylacetone, ß-ketoesters (ethyl acetoacetate and ethyl benzoylacetate) resulted in the formation of pyrazole derivatives. The synthesized compounds were all obtained through grinding method using drops of AcOH. Various analytical and spectral analyses were used to determine the structures of the prepared compounds. Molecular Operating Environment (MOE®) version 2014.09 was used to estimate interactions between the prepared thiazole/hydrazone hybrids and RdRp obtained from the protein data bank (PDB: 7bv2) using enzyme-ligand docking for all synthesized derivatives and Remdesivir as a reference. Docking results with the RdRp enzyme revealed that the majority of the investigated drugs bind well to the enzyme via various types of interactions in comparison with the reference drug.

Heterocycles from cyclopropenones.

Great attention has been paid to cyclopropenones as they are present in many natural sources. Various synthesized cyclopropenone derivatives also show a wide range of biological activities. The cyclopropenone derivatives undergo a variety of reactions such as ring-opening reactions, isomerization reactions, C-C coupling reactions, C-H activation, cycloaddition reactions, thermal and photo-irradiation reactions, and acid-base-catalyzed reactions under the influence of various chemical reagents (electrophiles, nucleophiles, radicals, and organometallics) and external forces (heat and light). Many previous reviews have dealt with the chemistry and reactions of cyclopropenones. However and to the best of our knowledge, the utility of cyclopropenones in the synthesis of heterocycles has not been reported before. Therefore, it would be interesting to shed light on this new topic. The present review article provides, for the first time, a comprehensive compilation of synthetic methods for the synthesis of various heterocyclic ring systems, as a significant family in the field of organic chemistry.

Azides in the Synthesis of Various Heterocycles.

In this review, we focus on some interesting and recent examples of various applications of organic azides such as their intermolecular or intramolecular, under thermal, catalyzed, or noncatalyzed reaction conditions. The aforementioned reactions in the aim to prepare basic five-, six-, organometallic heterocyclic-membered systems and/or their fused analogs. This review article also provides a report on the developed methods describing the synthesis of various heterocycles from organic azides, especially those reported in recent papers (till 2020). At the outset, this review groups the synthetic methods of organic azides into different categories. Secondly, the review deals with the functionality of the azido group in chemical reactions. This is followed by a major section on the following: (1) the synthetic tools of various heterocycles from the corresponding organic azides by one-pot domino reaction; (2) the utility of the chosen catalysts in the chemoselectivity favoring C-H and C-N bonds; (3) one-pot procedures (i.e., Ugi four-component reaction); (4) nucleophilic addition, such as Aza-Michael addition; (5) cycloaddition reactions, such as [3+2] cycloaddition; (6) mixed addition/cyclization/oxygen; and (7) insertion reaction of C-H amination. The review also includes the synthetic procedures of fused heterocycles, such as quinazoline derivatives and organometal heterocycles (i.e., phosphorus-, boron- and aluminum-containing heterocycles). Due to many references that have dealt with the reactions of azides in heterocyclic synthesis (currently more than 32,000), we selected according to generality and timeliness. This is considered a recent review that focuses on selected interesting examples of various heterocycles from the mechanistic aspects of organic azides.

Metal complexes of thiosemicarbazones derived by 2-quinolones with Cu(I), Cu(II) and Ni(II); Identification by NMR, IR, ESI mass spectra and in silico approach as potential tools against SARS-CoV-2.

Substituted thiosemicarbazones derived by 2-quinolone were synthesized to investigate their complexation capability towards Cu(I), Cu(II) and Ni(II) salts. The structure of the complexes was established by ESI, IR and NMR spectra in addition to elemental analyses. Monodetate Cu(I) quinoloyl-substituted ligands were observed, whereas Ni(II) and Cu(II) formed bidentate-thiosemicarbazone derived by 2-quinolones. Subsequently, molecular docking was used to evaluate each analog's binding affinity as well as the inhibition constant (ki) to RdRp complex of SARS-CoV-2. Docking results supported the ability of the tested complexes that potentially inhibit the RdRp of SARSCov-2 show binding energy higher than their corresponding ligands. Additionally, ADMET prediction revealed that some compounds stratify to Lipinski's rule, indicating a good oral absorption, high bioavailability good permeability, and transport via biological membranes. Therefore, these metals-based complexes are suggested to be potentially good candidates as anti-covid agents.

Novel Pyridinium Based Ionic Liquid Promoter for Aqueous Knoevenagel Condensation: Green and Efficient Synthesis of New Derivatives with Their Anticancer Evaluation.

Herein, a distinctive dihydroxy ionic liquid ([Py-2OH]OAc) was straightforwardly assembled from the sonication of pyridine with 2-chloropropane-1,3-diol by employing sodium acetate as an ion exchanger. The efficiency of the ([Py-2OH]OAc as a promoter for the sono-synthesis of a novel library of condensed products through DABCO-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation process of adequate active cyclic methylenes and ninhydrin was next investigated using ultimate greener conditions. All of the reactions studied went cleanly and smoothly, and the resulting Knoevenagel condensation compounds were recovered in high yields without detecting the aldol intermediates in the end products. Compared to traditional strategies, the suggested approach has numerous advantages including mild reaction conditions with no by-products, eco-friendly solvent, outstanding performance in many green metrics, and usability in gram-scale synthesis. The reusability of the ionic liquid was also studied, with an overall retrieved yield of around 97% for seven consecutive runs without any substantial reduction in the performance. The novel obtained compounds were further assessed for their in vitro antitumor potential toward three human tumor cell lines: Colo-205 (colon cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer), and A549 (lung cancer) by employing the MTT assay, and the findings were evaluated with the reference Doxorubicin. The results demonstrated that the majority of the developed products had potent activities at very low doses. Compounds comprising rhodanine (5) or chromane (12) moieties exhibited the most promising cytotoxic effects toward three cell lines, particularly rhodanine carboxylic acid derivative (5c), showing superior cytotoxic effects against the investigated cell lines compared to the reference drug. Furthermore, automated docking simulation studies were also performed to support the results obtained.

Recent progress in the applications of silica-based nanoparticles.

Functionalized silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) have attracted great attention due to their promising distinctive, versatile, and privileged physiochemical characteristics. These enhanced properties make this type of functionalized nanoparticles particularly appropriate for different applications. A lack of reviews that summarizes the fabrications of such nanomaterials and their different applications in the same work has been observed in the literature. Therefore, in this work, we will discuss the recent signs of progress in the fabrication of functionalized silica nanoparticles and their attractive applications that have been extensively highlighted (advanced catalysis, drug-delivery, biomedical applications, environmental remediation applications, and wastewater treatment). These applications have been selected for demonstrating the role of the surface modification step on the various properties of the silica surface. In addition, the current challenges in the applications of functionalized silica nanoparticles and corresponding strategies to discuss these issues and future perspectives for additional improvement have been addressed.

Efficient Synthesis of Various Substituted (Thio)Ureas, Semicarbazides, Thiosemicarbazides, Thiazolidones, and Oxadiazole Derived from [2.2]Paracyclophane.

The strategies of the syntheses of various (thio)ureas, semicarbazides, thiosemicarbazides, thiazolidones, and oxadiazole derived from the [2.2]paracyclophane molecule are achieved starting with 4-(2.2]paracyclophanyl)isocyanate. The structures of the obtained products were elucidated by NMR, mass spectrometry, and infrared (IR) spectroscopy in addition to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). X-ray structure analysis was also used to prove the assigned structure.