Assessing the prevalence and knowledge of anabolic steroid use in male athletes in Al Madina Al Munawara, Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of anabolic steroid use and the level of knowledge on anabolic steroids among the male athletes in Al Madina Al Munawara, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on male athletes randomly selected from the private athletic centers in Al Madina Al Munawara over 5 months. Data were collected from all participants using a self-administered anonymous questionnaire with 33 questions. The questionnaire covered the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants, and their knowledge, attitudes, and use of anabolic steroids. RESULTS: Of the 150 male athletes surveyed, 121 completed the questionnaire (response rate: 80.6%). Over half were aged between 18 and 23 years (56.2%) and were single (79.3%). Thirty-two percent reported using anabolic steroids, mainly to increase muscle mass, following coaches' advice (46.1%). Key sources included the internet (30.7%), coaches (30%), and friends (27.9%), and non-healthcare professionals. The top motivations were price, coach's/physician's advice, and availability. The perceived benefits included increased muscle mass, strength, and endurance, while the perceived adverse effects included kidney/liver damage and sexual problems. CONCLUSION: One-third of the male athletes surveyed used anabolic steroids, influenced by accessibility and social contact, rather than healthcare guidance. This highlights the need for greater awareness of the long-term health risks, ideally through education provided by sports medicine specialists.

Economies of scale in Saudi Arabia's refining sector: An application of modern econometric models.

This paper aims to reveal how the refining industry's inputs in Saudi Arabia affect its output and to forecast refining industry dynamics. The variables used in this paper are the refined petroleum products representing the dependent variable, with natural gas liquids, crude oil, labor, and capital acting as explanatory variables covering the period 1990-2020. The long run cointegration of the variables was observed. An error correction model utilizing the Cobb-Douglas production function framework was performed. Furthermore, this study applied the vector autoregressive model (VAR) and its diagnosis tests, including forecast-error variance decomposition (FEVD) and impulse response functions (IRFs). The results indicate that natural gas liquids and crude oil have a significant influence on the refining industry's output. Although capital and labor are significant determinants of output, they do not contribute significantly to output creation in the refining industry. This might be related to some parts of the capital and human resources being directed toward supporting activities, such as administration, technical support, maintenance, transportation, logistics and assigning third-party contractors to perform the main duties related to the production process. Additionally, the petroleum refining industry requires substantial capital resources for construction and maintenance. Thus, the actual measurement of capital input's influence on output was observed in the long run. The results reveal that the refining industry's variation is influenced by both its own characteristics and that natural gas liquid, crude oil, capital, and labor factors have a significant impact on the accuracy of industry forecasts. This study concludes that Saudi Arabia's petroleum refining industry operates under decreasing returns to scale, while the shocks in the refining industry are influenced and caused by external factors.

Awareness and prevalence of self-reported benign prostatic hyperplasia: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia.

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent condition in older men, causing significant morbidity. Despite recent progress, essential concerns of the disease remain under-researched. This study aims to assess knowledge and estimate self-reported prevalence of BPH in Saudi Arabian men. Understanding BPH prevalence in Saudi Arabia is essential for healthcare planning, resource allocation, public awareness, early detection, intervention, research, and addressing regional variations. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to May 2022 using a validated questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate statistical methods assessed knowledge of BPH among 559 adult Saudi men (mean age: 47.2 years) and its association with demographic variables. Results: The self-reported prevalence rate of BPH for Saudi Arabian men was 12.0%. Most adults (74.2%) were aware that BPH is a risk factor for prostate cancer and 75% were aware of the increased risk of BPH in older people. Furthermore, 44.5% of participants associated nocturia with BPH, while 76.6% related urinary tract infection (UTI) with BPH. The study demonstrated a significant association between BPH awareness and marital status (p = 0.02), level of education (p = 0.02), and employment status (p = 0.04). Conclusion: While men in Saudi Arabia generally had sufficient knowledge about BPH, there was a knowledge gap regarding certain risk factors like obesity and cardiac diseases. To address this, an educational program should be developed for both the general population and those at high risk of BPH.

Managing infectious diarrhea among young children in community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia and the implications for AMR.

Introduction: Diarrhea remains a major global health issue for children under five, contributing substantially to morbidity and mortality. Community pharmacists play a pivotal role in the management of these children; however, their competence in managing childhood diarrhea in Saudi Arabia is under-researched. This is important to ensure optimal patient care. Method: Simulated patients (SPs) presenting with three pediatric diarrhea scenarios were used to evaluate pharmacists' practice in terms of their counselling, history taking, over-the-counter (OTC) prescribing, medication instructions, diet/fluid advice, and/or information provision. Pharmacists' practice was categorized into adequate, less adequate, and poor. Results: 182 community pharmacists, primarily male and non-Saudi, participated in the study, of which 60% were in chain pharmacies. Only 5% showed adequate practice in currently managing pediatric diarrhea. Of the 182 simulated patient visits, 62% received medication in all three scenarios and 20% were referred to physicians, with 16% of pharmacists failing to provide any form of intervention. The main medications recommended were kaolin (34%), pectin (34%) and metronidazole (11%). While most pharmacists (86%) asked about the patient's identity and age, 15% provided incorrect management information, 16% failed to provide guidance on the prescribed medicines, and 18% dispensed antimicrobials without a valid prescription. Conclusion: A high level of inadequate management of pediatric diarrhea in Saudi Arabia was observed. This highlights the need for extensive training to improve community pharmacists' practice in service delivery including providing counselling and advice on the appropriate management of childhood diarrhea. The latter is particularly important to reduce antimicrobial resistance.

Promoting Dental Health Through Teledentistry: Assessing Awareness and Attitudes in Saudi Arabia.

Introduction Teledentistry has emerged as a promising solution to enhance dental healthcare accessibility and quality. Understanding public awareness and attitudes toward teledentistry is crucial for its successful implementation, especially in regions like Saudi Arabia where digital health initiatives are rapidly expanding. This study aims to assess the level of awareness, attitudes, and perceptions toward teledentistry among the Saudi Arabian population, as well as examine the demographic factors influencing its acceptance. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 474 participants, employing a structured questionnaire to collect data on demographics, awareness, knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes toward teledentistry. Statistical analyses, including correlation and chi-square tests, were performed to analyze the data. Results The majority of respondents (64%) reported awareness of teledentistry, primarily through the Internet (44.5%) and healthcare providers (36.3%). The average self-assessed knowledge score was 3.04 out of 5, indicating moderate familiarity with teledentistry concepts. Attitudes toward teledentistry were generally positive, with 54% expressing belief in its effectiveness. However, a significant portion of the sample showed reluctance toward using teledentistry for routine dental check-ups, with only 45.1% showing willingness. High technological accessibility was reported, yet 55.9% of participants preferred traditional in-person consultations. Correlation analysis revealed a moderate positive relationship between knowledge and belief in effectiveness (r = 0.21), but a negligible correlation with willingness to use teledentistry (r = 0.016). A strong positive correlation was found between belief in effectiveness and willingness for routine check-ups (r = 0.673). Educational level significantly influenced teledentistry acceptance, with higher education correlating with greater receptiveness. Conclusion While there is a moderate level of awareness and a generally positive attitude toward teledentistry among the Saudi population, hesitance remains regarding its use for routine care. The findings highlight the need for educational initiatives to improve knowledge and perceptions of teledentistry, potentially enhancing its acceptance and integration into the healthcare system.

Hospital Pharmacy Professionals and Cardiovascular Care: A Cross-Sectional Study Assessing Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices in Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: In Saudi Arabia, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) establish a significant health challenge, with a high prevalence and substantial impact on mortality and disability burden. Evaluating the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAPs) of hospital pharmacy professionals towards CVDs prevention and management is crucial for effective healthcare strategies. METHODS: A cross-sectional, multicenter study was conducted using a self-administered survey targeting hospital pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in the Madinah region of Saudi Arabia. The survey assessed their KAPs towards CVDs prevention and management, incorporating demographic variables and perceived barriers. RESULTS: Out of 177 contacted pharmacy professionals, 159 (89.8%) completed the survey. The study results revealed inadequate knowledge levels with an average score of 3.87 out of 7, indicating significant gaps in comprehending drug interactions, managing lipid levels, and addressing resistant hypertension. Attitudes were generally positive towards CVDs prevention. Practices in CVDs prevention were satisfactory but varied, with notable gaps in providing educational materials and collaboration with other healthcare professionals. Major barriers included time constraints, lack of private counseling areas, and low patient expectations regarding pharmacy professionals' roles. CONCLUSION: The study has uncovered notable deficiencies in cardiovascular care, especially within the realm of hospital pharmacy professionals in Saudi Arabia's Madinah region. This finding underscores the importance of implementing specialized educational initiatives and ongoing professional development programs for these healthcare workers. By focusing on these areas and overcoming the challenges identified, we can significantly improve the contribution of hospital pharmacy professionals in Saudi Arabia toward the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases.

Estimating implicit and explicit racial and ethnic bias among community pharmacists in Canada.

Background: Bias, whether implicit (unconscious) or explicit (conscious), can lead to preferential treatment of specific social groups and antipathy towards others. When healthcare professionals (HCPs), including pharmacists, act on these biases, patient care and health outcomes can be adversely affected. This study aims to estimate implicit and explicit racial/ethnic bias towards Black and Arab people among community pharmacists in Ontario, Canada. Methods: Community pharmacists participated in a secure, web-based survey using a cross-sectional design that included Harvard's Race and Arab Implicit Association Tests (IATs) to examine bias towards Black and Arab people. Explicit (stated) preferences were measured by self-report. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The study surveyed 407 community pharmacists, 56.1 % of whom were women with an average age of 46.9. Implicit Association Test (IAT) results showed a statistically significant moderate preference for white people over both Black (mean IAT = 0.41) and Arab people (mean IAT = 0.35). However, most pharmacists explicitly stated that they had no racial/ethnic preference, with 75.7 % expressing a neutral preference between Black and white and 66.6 % neutral between Arab and white. However, a slight preference for white individuals was observed. Demographic factors such as age, place of birth, race/ethnicity, and experience significantly impacted IAT scores. For example, older, Canadian-born, white pharmacists with more experience displayed higher implicit bias scores. A mild correlation was found between implicit and explicit bias, indicating as implicit bias increases, explicit bias tends to become more negative. Conclusions: This study is the first to explore the issue of pharmacist bias in Canada and concentrate on anti-Arab bias. Our findings reveal that Ontario community pharmacists tend to have an unconscious inclination towards white people, which calls for further understanding of this matter. Additionally, we discovered a moderate degree of anti-Arab bias, indicating that studies on other HCPs should consider bias against this social group. Educational interventions are needed to address the implicit biases among community pharmacists in Ontario, Canada. These findings should aim to raise self-awareness of biases, educate about the potential implications of these biases on patient care, and provide strategies to reduce bias.

Knowledge and Awareness of Osteoporosis: A Survey of Physical Therapy Providers in Saudi Arabia.

Background: Osteoporosis "OP" is classified as one of the most serious health conditions worldwide. OP increases the skeletal fracture risk by 35%, particularly at hip, spine, and wrist joints. Healthcare professionals should be aware of OP clinical signs and have good knowledge while managing all patients. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the current level of osteoporosis knowledge and awareness among physical therapy providers in Saudi Arabia. Methods: One hundred and sixty-eight physical therapy providers participated in this cross-sectional electronic survey from February to July of 2021. The participants completed the Osteoporosis Knowledge Assessment Tool questionnaire (OKAT). Descriptive analysis was utilized to assess the current level of osteoporosis knowledge among physical therapy providers. Results: Among the 168 participants, 55% (n = 92) were over 31 years old and 45% (n = 76) were 30 years old or under. The majority of participants 37% (n = 62) had more than 10 years of experience, 45% (n = 76) mainly treat orthopedic conditions, and 70% (n = 117) live in the western region. The results showed that 67.9% (n = 114) of participants had good knowledge about osteoporosis, while 19.6% (n = 33) had poor knowledge, and only 12.5% (n = 21) had excellent knowledge. Conclusion: Physical therapy providers in Saudi Arabia have a good knowledge of osteoporosis. The overall OP preventive measure knowledge questions were poor. It is crucial for physical therapy providers to act appropriately to prevent falls and mitigate any potential risks.

Evaluating preceptorship during advanced pharmacy practice experiences in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction: Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) programs offer students' academic coursework and Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (APPEs). APPEs are crucial for students, providing hands-on training in practice settings and enhancing clinical skills and decision-making abilities. Nevertheless, successful APPEs relies mainly on preceptorship. Hence, this study aims to evaluate preceptorship during APPEs in one of the non-major cities in Saudi Arabia. Method: A Cross-Sectional survey study was conducted among 40 PharmD students at Taibah University's College of Pharmacy which involved two telephone interviews conducted seven months apart. The survey instrument consisted of 46 questions divided into eight sections which covered various aspects such as demographics, clarity of rotation objectives, clinical and communication skills, assessment of the training and learning opportunities, preceptors' feedback and evaluation, interaction with patients, healthcare providers, and preceptors. Descriptive statistics and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were utilized to analyze the collected data and to assess the internal consistency of the multi-item Likert questions. Results: Preceptors were predominantly male, aged 26-35, with extensive experience in pharmacy practice and mentorship, yet they lacked specialized post-graduate training or education certification. Almost 50% of the preceptors exhibited competence in pharmacotherapy-related science, demonstrated a willingness to teach students and acknowledged the students' knowledge and skills. Furthermore, most of the students reported understanding of the APPEs objectives as the internship progressed. However, only 15% of late rotation participants strongly agreed on the safety of the learning environment, adequate time and regular contact with their preceptors. Starkly, only 3.0% of early rotation students and 6.1% of late rotation students strongly agreed with the improvement of their written and verbal communications. Conclusion: This study reported a noted decline in perceived learning support and environment safety as the APPEs' year progressed. Feedback and communication skills development were areas of concern, with limited satisfaction reported. The study highlights regional disparities in training quality, emphasizing the need for structured learning experiences and re-evaluation of preceptorship. Future research should aim to better understand the challenges associated with APPEs in non-major cities and rural areas, thereby making significant contributions to the enhancement of the pharmacy profession.

Retraction: Intussusception in Adults: A Rare Etiology of Small Intestinal Obstruction.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20502.].

Migraine Management in Community Pharmacies: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Patterns of Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia.

In Saudi Arabia, community pharmacies offer healthcare services for different conditions. However, clarity of the competence of pharmacists in managing migraines is lacking. This study aimed to explore the current knowledge, attitude, and practice patterns of community pharmacists concerning migraine management in the northwestern part of Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was carried out between June and September 2022 among 215 Saudi community pharmacists. Data analysis was performed by descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 27. Most community pharmacists (87.9%) feel that migraine management is essential to their practice, and 83.3% suggest between one and five over-the-counter (OTC) migraine products daily. Among the study pharmacists, 83.7% feel migraine patients should try OTC before prescription medications. Only 9.3% of the community pharmacists do not believe that migraine is a neurological disorder. The medications most prescribed for migraine were triptans, representing 52.1% of prescriptions. There were significant differences between the gender of the pharmacists and their knowledge, attitude, and practice overall score (p-value = 0.04). Male pharmacists exhibited higher knowledge, attitude, and practice scores than female pharmacists. Although many community pharmacists acknowledge their expertise and involvement in managing migraines, there is a requirement for further education and training to enhance their capacity to offer complete care to migraine patients. Pharmacists should also consider non-pharmacological interventions and complementary therapies when treating migraine symptoms.

Evaluation of Sleep Behavior and the Use of Sleep Aids among Adults Living in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

A negative attitude toward sleep has greatly affected sleep habits. In addition to contributing to physical and metabolic disorders, poor sleep quality may cause emotional disturbances. This study aimed to measure sleep behavior and factors contributing to poor sleep quality in the Madinah region, Saudi Arabia. We also assessed whether the use of sleeping aids improved peoples sleep. Three hundred and ninety-nine adults in the Madinah region of Saudi Arabia participated in this cross-sectional study. Three data domains were collected using an online questionnaire between 30 January and 26 April 2022. In the first domain, the characteristics of participants were discussed. In the second domain, questions about sleep behavior were asked. In the third domain, we examined the types, frequency, and impact of sleep aid use. Out of the 399 participants, 154 (38.59%) reported sleep problems. A total of 64.94% of the 154 participants blamed stress as the leading cause of their sleep disorders, and 74.68% of those with sleep problems reported reduced productivity. Among those who reported having sleep problems, 46.10% used sleep aids, with Panadol night (antihistamine) being the most used, 49.30%, followed by Melatonin at 39.44%. Sleep quality improved by 67.6% among those who used sleep aids. A total of 71.8% of the participants think it is not safe to use sleep aids in the long term. Our findings suggest that sleep problems are a prevalent concern in Madinah, Saudi Arabia, and even though the use of sleep aids improved sleep quality, it should be considered an emerging and important public health objective in Saudi Arabia. Further studies are needed to evaluate sleep quality and the level of sleep aid usage among other Saudi Arabian regions.

Community Pharmacies' Promotion of Smoking Cessation Support Services in Saudi Arabia: Examining Current Practice and Barriers.

BACKGROUND: Community pharmacists' interventions have been found to be highly effective. However, to date, there has been little information about pharmacists' potential roles and perceived barriers to providing smoking cessation. This study aimed to assess the potential role of community pharmacists in supporting their patients to quit smoking by summarizing their self-reported level of current activities, confidence, and perceived barriers; Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was used for a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. As part of the questionnaire, demographic characteristics were measured, as well as confidence, perceived berries, and level of smoking cessation activities (asking, advising, assessing, assisting, and arranging, including follow-up).; Results: 370 community pharmacists practicing responded to the survey. Pharmacists indicated high activity rates about advising and assessing patients in quitting smoking, with lower rates of assisting and arranging, including following up. The rate of recording smoking status was very low. There were significant differences between gender, source of education, years practicing as a licensed pharmacist, attended an education or training program on smoking cessation, and interest in providing smoking and perceived practice of smoking cessation. Pharmacists are confident about providing smoking cessation activities. Barriers to providing smoking cessation services include unable to follow up, lack of counseling space, lack of educational materials, and lack of time.; Conclusions: Saudi Arabian community pharmacists actively offer smoking cessation services, which may reduce smoking-related health issues. It appears that pharmacists need to be empowered by team-based, systematic, comprehensive approaches to overcome barriers and enhance their confidence.

Work-related musculoskeletal symptoms among Saudi radiologists: a cross-sectional multi-centre study.

BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal disorders are common health problems worldwide. Several factors cause these symptoms, including ergonomics and other individual considerations. Computer users are prone to repetitive strain injuries that increase the risk of developing musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS). Radiologists are susceptible to developing MSS because they work long hours analysing medical images on computers in an increasingly digitalised field. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of MSS among Saudi radiologists and the associated risk factors. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional, non-interventional, self-administered online survey. The study was conducted on 814 Saudi radiologists from various regions in Saudi Arabia. The study's outcome was the presence of MSS in any body region that limited participation in routine activities over the previous 12 months. The results were descriptively examined using binary logistic regression analysis to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of participants who had disabling MSS in the previous 12 months. All university, public, and private radiologists received an online survey containing questions about work surroundings, workload (e.g., spent at a computer workstation), and demographic characteristics. RESULTS: The prevalence of MSS among the radiologists was 87.7%. Most of the participants (82%) were younger than 40 years of age. Radiography and computed tomography were the most common imaging modalities that caused MSS (53.4% and 26.8%, respectively). The most common symptoms were neck pain (59.3%) and lower back pain (57.1%). After adjustment, age, years of experience, and part-time employment were significantly associated with increased MSS (OR = .219, 95% CI = .057-.836; OR = .235, 95% CI = 087-.634; and OR = 2.673, 95% CI = 1.434-4.981, respectively). Women were more likely to report MSS than males (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.327-3.377). CONCLUSIONS: MSS are common among Saudi radiologists, with neck pain and lower back pain being the most frequently reported symptoms. Gender, age, years of experience, type of imaging modality, and employment status were the most common associated risk factors for developing MSS. These findings are vital for the development of interventional plans to reduce the prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints in clinical radiologists.

Evaluation of Knowledge About Gestational Diabetes Among Primigravidae Versus Multigravidae in Saudi Arabia: A Quantitative Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a subtype of diabetes that is discovered during pregnancy and may disappear after puerperium. It has an impact on the well-being of expectant mothers and fetuses. Many women have a poor level of knowledge regarding GDM, especially regarding risk factors, diagnosis, and the role of insulin in the management. Also, knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding GDM are influenced by multiple factors. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of knowledge among primigravidae versus multigravidas regarding GDM. Additionally, the study sought to identify the factors that are associated with high and low levels of knowledge regarding GDM. METHODOLOGY: This is a prospective, cross-sectional study, conducted in different regions of Saudi Arabia and included 482 women who had a pregnancy history or were currently pregnant. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of two parts. A pilot study was carried out to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire. RESULTS: The study data showed that a substantial portion of respondents have had one pregnancy, while there is a relatively even distribution among those with two (n=89, 18.50%), three (n=75, 15.60%), or four or more pregnancies (n=71, 14.70%). Of the participants, 65.6% had good knowledge regarding GDM. It was also found that there were significant differences between primigravidae and multigravidae. CONCLUSION: One-third of the participants in both groups had poor knowledge with significant variation in knowledge between primigravidae and multigravidae. The importance of screening and fasting before testing received widespread recognition, as did the role of diet and exercise in treatment. It is recommended that targeted educational efforts and awareness campaigns be launched to enhance knowledge about GDM among pregnant women in Saudi Arabia.

Sports fanaticism as a disease: a Corpus-based study of metaphors in Saudi newspapers.

Sports fanaticism seems to be a social and national concern in Saudi Arabia. This paper aims: 1) to identify the metaphorical manifestations and highlight the discursive construction of disease as associated with sports fanaticism in a corpus of Saudi newspapers articles; and 2) to seek plausible explanations for the emergence and use of disease metaphors in newspapers articles addressing sports fanaticism. King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology Arabic Corpus (KACSTAC) served the data for the current study. The analytical procedures were informed by the discourse dynamics approach and metaphor-led discourse analysis. Findings show that sports fanaticism could be associated with the following systematic metaphors: 1) disease, in general; 2) disease causes; 3) disease symptoms; 4) disease evaluations; and 5) disease needs for medical solutions, interventions, treatments, and/or prescriptions. The discussion evokes a number of aspects: sports fanaticism emerges as a key topic; disease metaphors seem to be shaped and developed by the societal context and the nature of newspapers texts and discourse; they are enriched and influenced by the discourse situation and the needs to jointly construct and communicate intense experiences through specific evaluations and referential functions, which have a powerful resonance for the Saudi national and social levels; the use of disease metaphorical frames can structure our understanding and can simplify the concept of fanaticism.

Retraction: Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Case-Control Study.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18887.].

Estimating Implicit and Explicit Gender Leadership Bias among Primary Healthcare Professionals in Saudi Arabia.

(1) Background: Women have become more influential and powerful; however, implicit bias continues to plague organizations when it comes to women in leadership positions. This study examines the implicit and explicit biases that favor men as leaders among Saudi Arabian primary healthcare professionals. (2) Methods: A secure, web-based survey was administered to primary healthcare professionals. The survey included questions about leadership as well as an Implicit Association Test (IAT) for implicit gender bias. (3) Results: Out of 690 eligible, 448 respondents completed the survey, representing a response rate of 65%. Male residents had a mean IAT score of 0.27 (SD 0.31) and females 0.12 (SD 0.29), both favoring males in leadership roles, and the difference was statistically significant. There was a significant association between gender and gender IAT. In the explicit bias, gender, education, gender of the current manager, and being manager were associated with the gender explicit bias. Explicit bias favoring males in leadership roles was associated with increased implicit bias favoring males in leadership roles. (4) Conclusions: This study found that explicit and implicit gender bias is present among primary healthcare professionals favoring men in leadership positions held by both men and women.

mHealth App Barriers, Usability, and Personalization: A Cross-Sectional Study from Egypt and Saudi Arabia.

Mobile health (mHealth) has emerged as a substantial segment of eHealth. Herein, we conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate mHealth app barriers, usability, and personalization in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. We used a Google survey to recruit participants from both countries between the 15th of September and the 15th of October 2022. Among 299 participants (247 from Egypt and 52 from Saudi Arabia), aged ≥ 18 years, 27.4% reported mHealth app use. In the age-, sex-, and country-adjusted regression models, age > 25 years: OR (95% CI) = 1.98 (1.11, 3.54), residing in Saudi Arabia: OR (95% CI) = 4.33 (2.22, 8.48), and physical activity: OR (95% CI) = 2.53 (1.44, 4.44) were associated with mHealth app use. The main mHealth app purposes were lifestyle promotion (35.4%), diet and nutrition (30.5%), and administrative services (13.4%). On a scale from 20 to 100, mHealth app usability scores were 46.3% (20−40), 7.3% (41−60), 31.7% (61−80), and 14.7% (81−100). According to 93.9% of users, mHealth app features were modifiable to meet personal health goals, while 37% stated that mHealth apps helped them set new personal health goals. In conclusion, age, residing in Saudi Arabia (compared to Egypt), and physical activity were positively associated with mHealth app use. mHealth app feature personalization and helping users set new personal health goals were largely reported, suggesting that mHealth has the potential to help put personalized healthcare into practice.

Association of Hepatic Steatosis With Coronary Artery Disease by Studying the Role of Individual and Demographic Risk Factors.

Background In this study, we aimed to explore the possible association between hepatic steatosis (HS) and coronary artery disease (CAD) by calculating the patients' calcium scores and comparing clinical and laboratory parameters of patients in King Abdullah Medical City (KAMC), Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The role of risk factors associated with HS was also assessed. Methodology The medical records of 79 patients who underwent coronary cardiac computed tomography (CT) for calcium scoring and enhanced or non-enhanced CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis at the Department of Radiology, KAMC, Makkah, KSA, between April 2012 and April 2013 were collected and analyzed. Results The overall prevalence of HS was 32.9%. Gender, age, and body mass index were significantly associated with HS. Low-dose unenhanced CT is a promising screening test for the determination of HS. A severe grade of calcium score was significantly associated with HS, while hypertension had no significant relation with HS. Biomarkers such as blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, and triglycerides had a significant association with HS, while other liver function tests and lipid profile values did not have a significant association. Bilirubin was significantly higher in non-fatty liver than in fatty liver. Furthermore, higher grades of calcium score were significantly associated with fatty liver in non-hypertensive and non-diabetic patients. Conclusions CAD is closely associated with HS. Moreover, diabetes mellitus and hypertension play a critical role in the development of HS.