Relação entre o tratamento periodontal e o controle metabólico do diabetes mellitus: revisão de literatura / The relationship between periodontal treatment and metabolic control of diabetes mellitus: a review of literature

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) é uma doença metabólica devido a alterações na produção de insulina ou resistência tecidual à mesma, levando a alteração no metabolismo de lipídeos, de açúcares e de proteína. A hiperglicemia resultante pode induzir diversas patologias de sistemas orgânicos. Por sua vez, a Doença Periodontal (DP) promove um desafio bacteriano constante, o que gera maior atividade de monócitos/macrófagos, aumentando a secreção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias. Em estados hiperglicêmicos, existe a formação de produtos finais de glicação avançada (AGEs). O acúmulo nos tecidos de AGEs em diabéticos gera uma resposta hiperinflamatória. Esses fatores, em conjunto, levam a uma alteração na resposta imuno-inflamatóriado hospedeiro, gerando uma menor resistência à infecção e capacidade reparadora. Sendo assim, a terapia periodontal, através do controle do biofilme dental a níveis compatíveis com saúde, reduz a carga microbiana local e,conseqüentemente, diminui os desafios metabólicos nestes indivíduos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho, foi revisar os mecanismos pelos quais a DP, bem como a sua terapia associada ou não ao uso de antimicrobianos sistêmicos, podem atuar sobre o controle sistêmico do DM. Conclui-se que, apesar de existir discordância na literatura, os periodontistas deveriam atuar de forma educativa com seus pacientes e seus médicos alertando para a relação entre DP e DM.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease due to alterations in the production of insulin or tissue resistance to it, leading to abnormal fat, sugar, and protein metabolism. Resultant hyperglycemia can induce diverse multiple systems pathologies. On the other hand, periodontal disease (PD)promotes a constant bacterial challenge, which increases monocyte/macrophage activity, and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. In hyperglycemic states, there is advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) production. In diabetic subjects, the AGEs accumulation in the tissue leads to a hyper-inflammatory response, generating po or resistance to infections and impaired wound healing. There fore, periodontal therapy, through dental biofilm control, decreases the microbial load and, as a consequence, reduces the metabolic challenges in those subjects. The present paper aims to review the mechanisms through what periodontal disease and its treatment, associated or not to systemic antibiotics, can affect systemic control of DM. It was concluded that despite the existing lack of agreement in the studied literature, periodontists should warn their patients and their doctors about the relationship between PD and DM.

Manual and electronic probing of the periodontal attachment level in untreated periodontitis: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: A systematic review of clinical trials has been performed to evaluate the reproducibility of manual (MP) and electronic probes (EP) in the measurement of clinical periodontal attachment level (AL) in untreated periodontitis subjects. METHODS: Systematic electronic (PubMed Medline and Latin American and Caribbean Health Science--LILACS literature databases) and hand searches (English, Spanish and Portuguese languages; search terms "periodontitis diagnosis", "clinical attachment level measurements", "clinical attachment level detection", "clinical diagnosis of periodontitis", "manual probe", "electronic probe", "periodontitis or periodontal disease or attachment level or clinical attachment level") were performed to identify clinical trials involving CAL measurements, MP and EP in untreated periodontitis subjects. Quality and external validity were determined for selected studies. RESULTS: The initial search identified 37 articles. Ten studies met the initial eligibility, but eight were excluded after thorough analysis. The results from those two selected studies showed that the average variance and the absolute mean difference of CAL measurements for both types of probes cannot be considered different. CONCLUSION: "Based on this systematic review, MP and EP probes showed a tendency to have similar reliability in the measurement of CAL in untreated periodontitis subjects when used by a calibrated examiner. However, this finding is not supported by strong evidence.