Combinatorial study of surface pattern formation in thin block copolymer films.

Surface pattern formation in diblock copolymer films is investigated as a function of film thickness h and molecular mass M. Smooth films are observed for certain h ranges centered about multiples of the lamellar thickness L0, and we attribute this effect to an increase in the surface chain density with h in the outer brushlike copolymer layer. We also observe apparently stable labyrinthine surface patterns for other h ranges, and the average size of these patterns is found to scale as lambda approximately L0(-2.5). Hole and island patterns occur for h ranges between those of the labyrinthine patterns and the smooth regions, and their size similarly decreases with L0 and M.

Malate-Induced Hysteresis of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase from Crassula argentea.

The hysteretic behavior of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase from Crassula argentea has been investigated. Incubation of the purified enzyme with the inhibitor malate prior to starting the reaction by the addition of PEP resulted in a kinetic lag of several minutes duration. The length of the lag was inversely proportional to the enzyme concentration, suggesting subunit association-dissociation as the hysteretic mechanism, rather than a mechanism based on a slow conformational change in the enzyme. Dynamic laser light scattering measurements also support this conclusion, showing that the diffusion coefficient of malate-incubated enzyme slowly decreased after the reaction was started by the addition of PEP. Lags were observed only at pH values of 7.5 or lower. Maximum lags were observed after 10 min of preincubation with malate. Fumarate and succinate, which like malate caused mixed inhibition, also caused lags. In contrast, no lag was induced by malate in the presence of PEP or by the competitive inhibitor phosphoglycolate. The activators glucose 6-phosphate and malonate decreased the malate-induced lag.

Permeability to ions of bovine retinal disk membrane vesicles in the bleached state.

The permeability of the bleached disk membrane of retinal rod outer segments to univalent and divalent ions is studied by light scattering. The membranes are isolated from frozen dark-adapted bovine retinae, swollen into spherical vesicles in a hypotonic medium and bleached in dilute suspension and their size is determined by elastic and quasi-elastic light scatterings. Various electrolytes are then added to the suspending medium in order to examine their osmotic activity relative to the vesicles deformation characteristics. By following the deformation behavior of the membrane vesicles by elastic light scattering in terms of the oblate ellipsoidal shell model, the osmotic activity of a given electrolyte is qualitatively deduced and thereby the permeability of the membrane to the electrolyte is ranked in reference to a chosen standard, i.e., sucrose. By this method, we show that the permeabilities to Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ are all alike, and those to halides (F-, Cl-, Br-, I-), nitrate and phosphates (HPO4(2-)/H2PO4-) are similar. Acetate, however, is about 3-times more permeative, while sulfate is less permeative than the other anions by about the same factor. The viability of our method is checked with use of an ionophore, lasolocid (X-537A), by establishing partial recovery from the osmotic deformation through the suppression of the cation osmotic effect. Ion-induced aggregation and pH-dependent size and shape changes are both found to be insignificant.