High incidence of rhinovirus infection in children with community-acquired pneumonia from a city in the Brazilian pre-Amazon region.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of child death worldwide. Viruses are the most common pathogens associated with CAP in children, but their incidence varies greatly. This study investigated the presence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, human rhinovirus (HRV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human coronavirus (HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-NL63), and influenza A virus (FluA) in children with CAP and the contributing risk factors. Here, children with acute respiratory infections were screened by pediatrics; and a total of 150 radiographically-confirmed CAP patients (aged 3 months to 10 years) from two clinical centers in Sao Luis, Brazil were recruited. Patient's clinical and epidemiological data were recorded. Nasopharyngeal swab and tracheal aspirate samples were collected to extract viral nucleic acid. RSV, adenovirus, rhinovirus, FluA, HMPV, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-NL63 were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The severe CAP was associated with ages between 3 and 12 months. Viruses were detected in 43% of CAP patients. Rhinovirus infections were the most frequently identified (68%). RSV, adenovirus, FluA, and coinfections were identified in 14%, 14%, 5%, and 15% of children with viral infection, respectively. Rhinovirus was associated with nonsevere CAP (P = .014); RSV, FluA, and coinfections were associated with severe CAP (P < .05). New strategies for prevention and treatment of viral respiratory infections, mainly rhinovirus and RSV infections, are necessary.

Ecological status of a Margaritifera margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758) population at the southern edge of its distribution (River Paiva, Portugal).

An important population of the critically endangered pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758) was surveyed at the edge of its southern distribution (River Paiva, Portugal). Although an earlier study suggested that this population had a very low number of individuals (<500), a narrow distribution, and was mainly comprised by old specimens our data contradict these findings. Our assessment estimated a population with probably more than 5,000 individuals distributed across 80 km of the river length. From the 32 sites surveyed, 19 contained M. margaritifera with higher abundances verified in the middle and upper parts of the river (a maximum of 78 ind. per 100 m of river stretch was recorded). The pearl mussels showed a clear preference for areas near the banks, in shallow water, sandier and gravel sediments, and a high degree of riparian vegetation cover. The population structure was skewed with a very high percentage of large (and old) animals but 3.7 % of the individuals collected were juveniles (<60 mm in length); therefore, this population can be considered functional. Environmental characterization indicated that this river is still in excellent or good condition although some areas showed deterioration due to discharge of domestic effluents. The main conservation requirements of M. margaritifera in the River Paiva include maintaining the water quality (and if possible stopping the discharge of domestic effluents), increasing riparian vegetation cover, removing several weirs to increase connectivity, and increasing trout density.

Fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de delirium em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia - revisão de literatura / Risk factors for the development of delirium in patients submitted to cardiac surgery - literature review

O delirium é uma complicação frequente nos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca e possui diversos fatores de risco que estão presentes no pré, trans e pós-operatório. O objetivo desta revisão foi identificar os fatores de risco para desenvolvimento de delirium nos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. A revisão de literatura foi realizada nas bases de dados Lilacs, Medline, PubMed e Scielo e foram analisados os fatores de risco para o delirium, no pré, trans e pós-operatório de qualquer tipo de cirurgia cardíaca. Foram selecionados 15 artigos. No pré-operatório, os fatores de risco mais citados foram: idade maior que 60 anos, fibrilação atrial, déficit neurocognitivo, diabetes mellitus, doença vascular periférica e cerebrovascular. No transoperatório, os mais encontrados foram tempo de cirurgia e de circulação extracorpórea prolongados e aumento da Serum 100 B proteína. Em relação aos fatores de risco no pós-operatório, os mais encontrados foram fibrilação atrial e insuficiência renal aguda.

[Knowledge, practice and attitude about breast self-exam from women of a Northeastern municipality, Brazil]. / Conhecimento, prática e atitude sobre o autoexame das mamas de mulheres de uma cidade do Nordeste do Brasil.

PURPOSE: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self-examination (BSE) of women from the municipality of São Luís (MA), Brazil, and associated socio-demographic variables. METHODS: Prospective and cross-sectional study, with conglomerate sampling, in which 552 women from 14 census sections of São Luís were included during the period from January to September 2003. The knowledge, attitude and practice (dependent variables) were evaluated by means of analysis of the responses of the women as "adequate" or "inadequate". The main independent variables were: age, schooling, family income and marital and menopausal status. The χ² test was used to determine the association between categorical variables and the measurement of the crude/adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) after multivariate analysis by means of logistic regression. RESULTS: Although 1/3 of the studied population did not know about BSE, the group of women who were informed about it showed adequate knowledge (60.9%), practice (59.5%) and attitude (90%). The family history of breast cancer (8.9%) was not associated with better knowledge and practice. The media (63.6%) was found to be important in disseminating information about BSE. After multivariate analysis, women with a partner (OR=1.9) presented more adequate knowledge; women older than 50 years (OR=11.7) had a better attitude towards BSE; women with more than five years of schooling (OR=2) and with a partner (OR=1.7) were associated with a more correct practice of BSE. CONCLUSION: Most of the patients know and practice the BSE in São Luís and their attitude towards the procedure is extremely positive. There was a great participation of the media in the dissemination of information concerning BSE.

Conhecimento, prática e atitude sobre o autoexame das mamas de mulheres de uma cidade do Nordeste do Brasil / Knowledge, practice and attitude about breast self-exam from women of a Northeastern municipality, Brazil

OBJETIVO: avaliar o conhecimento, a atitude e a prática do autoexame das mamas (AEM) em mulheres do município de São Luís (MA) e os fatores sociodemográficos relacionados. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal, prospectivo, com amostragem por conglomerados, no qual foram incluídas 552 mulheres de 14 setores censitários em São Luís, no período de Janeiro a Setembro de 2003. O conhecimento, a atitude e a prática (variáveis dependentes) foram avaliados pela análise das respostas das mulheres em "adequado" ou "inadequado". As principais variáveis independentes foram: idade, escolaridade, renda familiar, situação conjugal e status menopausal. Foi realizado o teste do χ2 para a associação entre variáveis categóricas e a mensuração do Odds Ratio (OR) bruto e ajustado após análise multivariada por regressão logística. RESULTADOS: embora 1/3 da população estudada não tivesse conhecimento do AEM, o grupo de mulheres que eram informadas sobre a existência do exame possuía conhecimento (60,9 por cento), prática (59,5 por cento) e atitude (90 por cento) adequados. O histórico familiar para câncer de mama (8,9 por cento) não esteve associado a maior conhecimento e prática. A mídia mostrou-se de grande importância (63,6 por cento) na disseminação da informação do AEM. Após análise multivariada, a mulher com parceiro (OR=1,9) apresentou maior adequação do conhecimento; o grupo de mulheres com idade maior que 50 anos (OR=11,7) teve melhor atitude quanto ao AEM; a escolaridade maior que cinco anos (OR=2) e mulher com parceiro (OR=1,7) estiveram associadas à prática mais correta do AEM. CONCLUSÃO: a maioria das pacientes conhece e pratica o AEM em São Luís e a atitude delas frente ao procedimento é extremamente positiva. Houve uma grande participação da mídia na propagação da informação sobre o AEM.

PURPOSE: to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self-examination (BSE) of women from the municipality of São Luís (MA), Brazil, and associated socio-demographic variables. METHODS: prospective and cross-sectional study, with conglomerate sampling, in which 552 women from 14 census sections of São Luís were included during the period from January to September 2003. The knowledge, attitude and practice (dependent variables) were evaluated by means of analysis of the responses of the women as "adequate" or "inadequate". The main independent variables were: age, schooling, family income and marital and menopausal status. The χ2 test was used to determine the association between categorical variables and the measurement of the crude/adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) after multivariate analysis by means of logistic regression. RESULTS: although 1/3 of the studied population did not know about BSE, the group of women who were informed about it showed adequate knowledge (60.9 percent), practice (59.5 percent) and attitude (90 percent). The family history of breast cancer (8.9 percent) was not associated with better knowledge and practice. The media (63.6 percent) was found to be important in disseminating information about BSE. After multivariate analysis, women with a partner (OR=1.9) presented more adequate knowledge; women older than 50 years (OR=11.7) had a better attitude towards BSE; women with more than five years of schooling (OR=2) and with a partner (OR=1.7) were associated with a more correct practice of BSE. CONCLUSION: most of the patients know and practice the BSE in São Luís and their attitude towards the procedure is extremely positive. There was a great participation of the media in the dissemination of information concerning BSE.

Reconstrução da parede torácica com suporte metálico externo: técnica alternativa na mediastinite pós-esternotomia / Reconstruction of the chest wall with external metal brace: alternative technique in poststernotomy mediastinitis

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a experiência com a reconstrução da parede torácica utilizando suporte metálico como redutor da tensão nas linhas de sutura do retalho miocutâneo em casos de mediastinite. MÉTODOS: No período de julho de 2001 a fevereiro de 2006, foram realizadas 1389 cirurgias cardíacas em nossa instituição, das quais oito (0,6 por cento) evoluíram com mediastinite. Sete pacientes eram do sexo masculino, com idade média de 56,7 anos. Os fatores de risco para infecção foram diabetes e obesidade em sete e desnutrição em um caso. Sete pacientes haviam sido submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio e um, à correção de cardiopatia congênita. A reconstrução da parede torácica consistiu na colocação percutânea de fios de Kirschner paralelos às bordas da ferida para ancoramento das suturas do plano muscular, reduzindo a tensão nos bordos livres da ferida, de modo a permitir a sutura convencional do tecido subcutâneo e pele. RESULTADOS: Ocorreu um óbito no pós-operatório imediato por arritmia e um tardio por sepse. Os demais pacientes apresentaram evolução pós-operatória satisfatória, com boa cicatrização da ferida após a remoção das hastes metálicas, no 21º dia de pós-operatório e no seguimento de 6 a 54 meses. CONCLUSÃO: Neste grupo de pacientes, a reconstrução da parede torácica com a utilização temporária de hastes metálicas mostrou-se um procedimento seguro, eficaz e com bom resultado estético e funcional.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the experience with the reconstruction of the chest wall utilizing metal brace to reduce the tension in the suture lines of myocutaneous flap in cases of mediastinitis. METHODS: From July 2001 to February 2006, 1389 heart surgeries were performed in our institution of which eight (0.6 percent) developed mediastinitis. Seven were male and the mean age was 56.7 years. The risk factors for infection were diabetes and obesity in seven and malnutrition in one case. Seven patients had been undergone CABG and one repair of a congenital heart disease. The chest wall reconstruction consisted of percutaneous insertion of Kirshner wires parallel to the edges of the wound for anchoring of sutures to the muscular plane in order to allow the reduction of tension in the free edges of the wound and subsequent closure of the subcutaneous tissue and skin. RESULTS: There was one death in the immediate postoperative due to arrhythmia and one late death secondary to sepsis. The remaining patients presented satisfactory postoperative course with good healing of the wound after the removal of the metal braces on the 21th postoperative day and in the follow-up of 6 to 54 months. CONCLUSION: The reconstruction of the chest wall utilizing temporary metal braces showed to be a safe and effective procedure with good aesthetic and functional outcomes in this group of patients.

Reconstruction of the chest wall with external metal brace: alternative technique in poststernotomy mediastinitis.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the experience with the reconstruction of the chest wall utilizing metal brace to reduce the tension in the suture lines of myocutaneous flap in cases of mediastinitis. METHODS: From July 2001 to February 2006, 1389 heart surgeries were performed in our institution of which eight (0.6%) developed mediastinitis. Seven were male and the mean age was 56.7 years. The risk factors for infection were diabetes and obesity in seven and malnutrition in one case. Seven patients had been undergone CABG and one repair of a congenital heart disease. The chest wall reconstruction consisted of percutaneous insertion of Kirshner wires parallel to the edges of the wound for anchoring of sutures to the muscular plane in order to allow the reduction of tension in the free edges of the wound and subsequent closure of the subcutaneous tissue and skin. RESULTS: There was one death in the immediate postoperative due to arrhythmia and one late death secondary to sepsis. The remaining patients presented satisfactory postoperative course with good healing of the wound after the removal of the metal braces on the 21st postoperative day and in the follow-up of 6 to 54 months. CONCLUSION: The reconstruction of the chest wall utilizing temporary metal braces showed to be a safe and effective procedure with good aesthetic and functional outcomes in this group of patients.