One more and one less: a new species of large bromelicolous lizard (Gymnophthalmidae: Anadia) from the Andean cloud forests of northwestern Colombia and the phylogenetic status of Anadia antioquensis.

The genus Anadia (family Gymnophthalmidae) consists of 19 species. It has remained almost taxonomically stable for decades, scarcely observed, in addition to being one of the less sampled gymnophthalmid genera with respect to molecular phylogenies. New Anadia species are discovered at a relatively low pace, and few specimens are found in the field, probably due to the arboreal habits of many low and mid elevation species. We describe here a new species of Anadia from the cloud forests of northwestern Colombia: the new species is easily diagnosed by the combination of shape and imbrication of dorsal scales, very large body size, the largest within its group, and large and non-overlapping number of longitudinal scale rows around midbody. We also tested the phylogenetic position of the recently described and geographically close A. antioquensis. A phylogenetic analysis based on four genomic regions recovered the new species as sister to A. buenaventura, whereas A. antioquensis was reassigned to the genus Riama. The new species is currently known from only three specimens, collected throughout eight years within less than 5 ha of the Mesenia-Paramillo Nature Reserve. Although its apparent rarity may be due to secretive habits, the species is provisionally declared vulnerable, while new information is available. To stimulate further research on this genus, we also compiled and present here the comparable information on the distribution and morphology of Anadia species. Altogether, the results stress the urge for a new review of the genus with the help of molecular data.

A new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) with a colourful venter from the cloud forests of Colombian western Andes.

The Terrarana frogs of the genus Pristimantis are acknowledged for their direct development into froglets and for their astonishing species richness, which renders it the anuran genus with the highest number of species. We describe a new species of Pristimantis from the northwestern Andes of Colombia. The species is distributed from an area between 2750-2900 m.a.s.l. in the Mesenia-Paramillo Nature Reserve. Pristimantis postducheminorum sp. nov. differs from other, phylogenetically related, or similar resembling Pristimantis taxa by a striking yellow coloration in the ventral area, dark grey coloration in the concealed surfaces of the thighs and groin, absence of nuptial pads, presence of lateral fringes on fingers, presence of vomerine odontophores triangular in shape from the ventral view, and absence of dorsolateral folds. Molecular phylogenetics place this new species close to P. satagius and therefore within the P. ridens species group. The new species is also phylogenetically close and sympatric with the recently described P. ferwerdai, which further indicates that the Pristimantis fauna has been notoriously underestimated in the Colombian western cloud forests, a fact that should be considered in assessments of environmental impact.

A new species of Andean golden poison frog (Andinobates, Dendrobatidae) from the Eastern Andes of Colombia.

A new species of Andinobates (Dendrobatidae) is described from the East Andes of Colombia, just 37 km away from the Colombian capital, Bogot. Andinobates supata sp. nov., represents the second known species of yellow Andinobates, and can be distinguished from the other, Andinobates tolimensis, by an unique combination of ventral and dorsal color patterns. Our phylogenetic analyses, based on ≈ 1120 bp from two mitochondrial markers (16S rRNA and cytochrome b) showed that this new taxon is sister to a clade formed by A. cassidyhornae, A. bombetes, A. opisthomelas, A. tolimensis and A. virolinensis. The new species appears to be restricted to a handful of small forest fragments (10 ha) distributed in no more than 5 km2, between 18002000 m elevation, where the human activity is high. In addition, more than 90% of the original forest has been logged at the type locality, and its watersheds receive considerable agrochemical discharges. Altogether, the evidence suggests that this new species should be listed as Critically Endangered and should receive immediate attention regarding basic research and urgent conservation measures.