Attitudes toward privacy in social network and moral development of nursing students

Abstract Objective To compare attitudes toward privacy in with social network sites (SNSs) and moral development between undergraduates nursing and advertising students. Methods Cross-sectional study conducted with 324 nursing students and 209 advertising students selected by convenience sampling method in two universities in South Korea. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire with Likert type responses, and analyzed descriptive and analytical statistics using SPSS. Results The most posted subject and the most regretted post on their SNS was "pictures of myself". There was no difference in attitudes toward privacy in SNSs and moral development between nursing and advertising students. Most of students were observed in stage 3, a conventional level of moral development. At stage 4 and 5-6 in moral development, the percentages of 4th academic year of college and male students were high. Conclusion Attitude toward privacy in SNS and moral development of nursing students need to be promoted from conventional to postconventional level.

Effect of end-of-life care education using humanistic approach in Korea.

The essential concept of hospice and palliative care nursing is a humanistic approach to patient care. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a humanistic end-of-life care course on South Korean undergraduate nursing students' attitudes toward death, death anxiety, and communication skills. A nonequivalent control group design was used. Thirty-nine students from two universities were allocated to the control (n = 20) and experimental (n = 19) groups. Participants in the experimental group were enrolled in an end-of-life care course that utilized humanistic approach two hours per week for 16 weeks. The data were analyzed using the SPSS WIN 17.0. Attitudes toward death and communication skills in the experimental group were found to have increased compared with those of the control group. In conclusion, the humanistic end-of-life care course is effective in reducing negative attitudes toward death and increasing the communication skills of Korean nursing students.

Effects of an educational programme on shared decision-making among Korean nurses.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of an educational programme on shared decision-making on end-of-life care performance, moral sensitivity and attitude towards shared decision-making among Korean nurses. A quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. Forty-one clinical nurses were recruited as participants from two different university hospitals located in Daegu, Korea. Twenty nurses in the control group received no intervention, and 21 nurses in the experimental group received the educational programme on shared decision-making. Data were collected with a questionnaire covering end-of-life care performance, moral sensitivity and attitude towards shared decision-making. Analysis of the data was done with the chi-square test, t-test and Fisher's exact test using SPSS/Win 17.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The experimental group showed significantly higher scores in moral sensitivity and attitude towards shared decision-making after the intervention compared with the control group. This study suggests that the educational programme on shared decision-making was effective in increasing the moral sensitivity and attitude towards shared decision-making among Korean nurses.

Qualitative content analysis experiences with objective structured clinical examination among Korean nursing students.

AIM: The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of Korean nursing students with an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) assessment regarding the 12 cranial nerves using qualitative content analysis. METHODS: Qualitative content analysis was used to explore the subjective experiences of nursing baccalaureate students after taking the OSCE. Convenience sampling was used to select 64 4th year nursing students who were interested in taking the OSCE. The participants learned content about the 12 cranial nerve assessment by lectures, demonstrations, and videos before the OSCE. The OSCE consisted of examinations in each of three stations for 2 days. The participants wrote information about their experiences on sheets of paper immediately after the OSCE anonymously in an adjacent room. The submitted materials were analyzed via qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: The collected materials were classified into two themes and seven categories. One theme was "awareness of inner capabilities", which included three categories: "inner motivation", "inner confidence", and "creativity". The other theme was "barriers to nursing performance", which included four categories: "deficiency of knowledge", "deficiency of communication skill", "deficiency of attitude toward comfort", and "deficiency of repetitive practice". CONCLUSION: This study revealed that the participants simultaneously experienced the potential and deficiency of their nursing competency after an OSCE session on cranial nerves. OSCE also provided the opportunity for nursing students to realize nursing care in a holistic manner unlike concern that OSCE undermines holism.

Factors affecting shared decision making at end of life in Korean adults.

The purpose of this study was to explore the factors affecting shared decision making among Korean adults. Attitudes toward advance directives and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment explained 45.0% of shared decision making, suggesting that these 2 factors influence shared decision making in end-of-life care.

A Q methodological study on Korean nurses' attitudes toward forgiveness.

The purpose of this study was to identify the perceived attitudes of Korean nurses toward forgiveness on the basis of their social and cultural background. Q methodology was used to explore the typology of perceived attitudes. Four types of attitudes toward forgiveness were identified: obstinate, concessive, progressive, and receptive.

Powerlessness, social support, and glycemic control in Korean adults with type 2 diabetes.

The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between powerlessness, social support, and glycemic control in Korean adults with type 2 diabetes, taking into consideration their demographic characteristics. A total of 124 adults with type 2 diabetes answered the questionnaires of powerlessness and social support. Glycemic control was measured by glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C). Powerlessness score differed significantly with gender, age, and occupation; social support score with education, occupation, and income; and HbA1C level with age and income. The relationship between glycemic control and powerlessness was not significant, but the one between powerlessness and social support was negative. In conclusion, higher level of powerlessness was significantly related to having less social support. Based on this outcome, it is necessary to develop, for Korean adults with type 2 diabetes, an intervention program that improves their social support, which in turn reduces their powerlessness.

Family factors affecting on withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment in Korea.

The purpose of this study was to identify the family factors affecting on withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment in Korea on the basis of Olson's Circumplex Model. A descriptive study was conducted with 364 Korean adults who had experienced a family member with cancer being hospitalized at least 1 month prior in Korea. Data were analysed by using the Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regressions with SPSS/WIN 15.0 program. The mean score of The mean score of withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment appeared low. Significant bivariate correlations were found among withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment, family cohesion and family communication. Family factors predicting withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment were family cohesion and family communication. This study demonstrated that balanced families with optimal family cohesion and communication are predicted to easily accept withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment for their family member at the terminal stage in Korea.

Effects of Treadmill Exercise on the Recovery of Dopaminergic Neuron Loss and Muscle Atrophy in the 6-OHDA Lesioned Parkinson's Disease Rat Model.

This study was to determine the effect of exercise on the recovery of dopaminergic neuron loss and muscle atrophy in 6-OHDA-induced hemi Parkinson's disease model. Exercise was loaded twice per day for 30 minutes each time, at 5 days after 6-OHDA lesioning and continued for 16 days using a treadmill. Exercise significantly increased the number of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neuron in the lesioned substantia nigra and the expression level of tyrosine hydroxylase in the striatum compared with the control group. To examine which signaling pathways may be involved in the exercise, the phosphorylation of GSK3ß and ERK were observed in the striatum. In the control group, basal level of GSK3ß phosphorylation was less than in both striatum, but exercise increased it. ERK phosphorylation decreased in the lesioned striatum, but exercise recovered it. These findings suggest that exercise inactivates GSK3ß by phosphorylation which may be involved in the neuroprotective effect of exercise on the 6-OHDA-induced cell death. In the exercise group, weight, and Type I and II fiber cross-sectional area of the contralateral soleus significantly recovered and expression of myosin heavy chain and Akt and ERK phosphorylation significantly increased by exercise. These results suggest that exercise recovers Parkinson's disease induced dopaminergic neuron loss and contralateral soleus muscle atrophy.

Attitudes of Korean adults towards human dignity: a Q methodology approach.

AIM: The aim of this study was to identify the perceived attitudes of Korean adults towards human dignity in order to determine the relationship of human dignity to its social and cultural background. METHODS: The Q methodology research technique was used to explore perceived attitude typology on the basis of the respondents' ranking order for different statements. A convenience sampling method was used to select 40 Korean adults who were interested in human dignity to create statements. From the questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and a literature review, a total of 158 statements was obtained. The final 34 Q samples were selected from a review by two nursing professors and a Q methodology expert. Moreover, 38 respondents participated as P samples by sorting 34 Q statements on a nine-point normal distribution scale. The data were analyzed by using the QUANL software package. RESULTS: The following four types of attitudes about human dignity were identified in Korea: a happiness-oriented-self-pursuit type, relationship-oriented-self-recognition type, reflection-oriented-self-unification type, and discrimination-oriented-self-maintenance type. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that approaches to developing human dignity education need to take this typology into account and the characteristics of the participants who fall into each category. These results provide general guidelines to understand Korean values for professional practice in various healthcare settings.

Death metaphors in Korean undergraduate nursing students.

The purpose of this study was to understand the meaning of death metaphors seen by 133 undergraduate nursing students through open questionnaires and collage artworks, using qualitative content analysis in Korea. The 4 themes emerged: "rest-physical," "fear-psychological," "separating-social," and "new life-spiritual."

Perception of aging among Korean undergraduate nursing students

OBJECTIVE: To explore perceptions of aging among Korean undergraduate nursing students. METHODS: The participants for the study were 102 undergraduate nursing students, selected from two universities in Korea. The questions were non-structured, open-ended in order for the students to make sufficiently complete statements regarding their experiences with aging. RESULTS: The collected materials were classified into 4 themes, 13 sub-themes and 30 meaning units. Four themes emerged: fullness, emptiness, transference, and desirability. Most nursing students perceived aging positively as fullness and desirability, which are influenced by Confucianism. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, Confucianism as a cultural context should be considered to develop strategies for promoting a positive perception of aging in Korea.

OBJETIVO: Explorar a percepção sobre envelhecimento entre alunos de graduação em Enfermagem de duas universidades da Coréia do Sul. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, do tipo descritivo com amostra de 102 graduandos em Enfermagem, selecionados com base em duas universidades desse país. As cinco questões utilizadas na pesquisa foram abertas, não estruturadas para possibilitar que os estudantes relatassem de modo completo suas experiências sobre envelhecimento; os relatos, obtidos entre os meses de setembro e novembro de 2010, foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. RESULTADOS: Os materiais coletados foram classificados em quatro temas: plenitude, vazio, transferência e conveniência. A maioria dos estudantes de enfermagem percebeu o envelhecimento de forma positiva em relação à plenitude e conveniência, que são influenciados por valores do confucionismo. CONCLUSÃO: O confucionismo deve ser considerado como um contexto cultural para desenvolver estratégias de promoção de percepção positiva do envelhecimento na Coréia do Sul.

OBJETIVO: Explorar la percepción sobre el envejecimiento entre alumnos de pregrado en Enfermería de dos universidades de Corea del Sur. MÉTODOS: Investigación con abordaje cualitativo, de tipo descriptivo realizado con una muestra de 102 graduandos en Enfermería, seleccionados en dos universidades de ese país. Las cinco preguntas utilizadas en la investigación fueron abiertas, no estructuradas para posibilitar que los estudiantes relaten de modo completo sus experiencias sobre envejecimiento; los relatos, obtenidos entre los meses de setiembre y noviembre del 2010, fueron sometidos al análisis de contenido. RESULTADOS: Los materiales recolectados fueron clasificados en cuatro temas: plenitud, vacío, transferencia y conveniencia. La mayoría de los estudiantes de enfermería percibió al envejecimiento de forma positiva en relación a la plenitud y conveniencia, que son influenciados por valores del confucionismo. CONCLUSIÓN: El confucionismo debe ser considerado como un contexto cultural para desarrollar estrategias de promoción de percepción positiva del envejecimiento en Corea del Sur.

[Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on hindlimb muscles in rats with neuropathic pain induced by unilateral peripheral nerve injury].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine effects of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor on muscle weight and myofibrillar protein content of affected and unaffected hindlimb muscles in rats with neuropathic pain induced by unilateral peripheral nerve injury. METHODS: Neuropathic pain was induced by ligation and cutting of the left L5 spinal nerve. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: The NOSI group (n=19) had NOS inhibitor (L-NAME) injections daily for 14 days, and the Vehicle group (n=20) had vehicle injections daily for 14 days. Withdrawal threshold, body weight, food intake and activity were measured every day. At 15 days all rats were anesthetized and soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles were dissected from hindlimbs. Muscle weight and myofibrillar protein content of the dissected muscles were determined. RESULTS: The NOSI group showed significant increases as compared to the Vehicle group for body weight at 15 days, muscle weight and myofibrillar protein content of the unaffected soleus and gastrocnemius. The NOSI group demonstrated a higher pain threshold than the vehicle group. CONCLUSION: NOSI for 14 days attenuates unaffected soleus and gastrocnemius muscle atrophy in neuropathic pain model.

Qualitative content analysis of suicidal ideation in Korean college students.

The suicide rate for ages 15-24 increased recently in South Korea. The purpose of this study was to understand the suicidal ideation using the qualitative content analysis in South Korean college students. The data were collected with non-structured open questions in 134 college students and were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. The collected materials were classified 2 categories, 6 themes, and 21 theme clusters. Two categories are emerged: (1) facilitators of suicidal ideation, and (2) inhibitors of suicidal ideation. This study identified that the facilitators of suicidal ideation are physical, psychological and societal concerns, and suggested that the inhibitors of suicidal ideation are influenced by religious and cultural context. These results presented that Buddhism and Confucianism had influence on reasons to not attempting suicide behavior as the inhibitor of suicidal ideation. In conclusion, cultural context should be considered to develop strategies for the suicide prevention in South Korean college student.

Hindlimb muscle atrophy occurs from peripheral nerve damage in a rat neuropathic pain model.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of neuropathic pain produced by peripheral nerve damage on mass, myofibrillar protein content, and cross-sectional areas of Type I and II fibers of rat hindlimb muscles. METHOD: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of three groups: a pain group (n = 10) that underwent ligation and cut of the left L5 spinal nerve, a sham group (n = 10) that underwent a sham cut procedure, or a control group (n = 10) that underwent no procedures. The withdrawal threshold test was done to assess pain threshold on each of Days 1-7 and 14. Activity, body weight, and food intake were measured daily for 2 weeks. At 15 days, rats were anesthetized and the bilateral soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius muscles dissected. RESULTS: At 15 days post-ligation, the pain group had significant decreases in total dietary intake, body weight, activity, and muscle weight as compared to sham and control animals. Muscle weight and cross-sectional area of Type II fiber of the ipsilateral soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius muscles decreased as did myofibrillar protein content of the ipsilateral plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles. Muscle weight of the contralateral gastrocnemius muscle decreased, as did myofibrillar protein content and cross-sectional area of Type II fiber of the contralateral plantaris muscle. CONCLUSION: Hindlimb muscle atrophy occurs in both ipsilateral and contralateral sides following induction of neuropathic pain by unilateral peripheral nerve damage. Muscle changes of the ipsilateral side are more pronounced than those of the contralateral side.

Effect of DHEA on recovery of muscle atrophy induced by Parkinson's disease.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on recovery of muscle atrophy induced by Parkinson's disease. METHODS: The rat model was established by direct injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 20µg) into the left striatum using stereotaxic surgery. Rats were divided into two groups; the Parkinson's disease group with vehicle treatment (Vehicle; n=12) or DHEA treatment group (DHEA; n=22). DHEA or vehicle was administrated intraperitoneally daily at a dose of 0.34 mmol/kg for 21 days. At 22-days after DHEA treatment, soleus, plantaris, and striatum were dissected. RESULTS: The DHEA group showed significant increase (p<.01) in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons in the lesioned side substantia nigra compared to the vehicle group. Weights and Type I fiber cross-sectional areas of the contralateral soleus of the DHEA group were significantly greater than those of the vehicle group (p=.02, p=.00). Moreover, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation significantly decreased in the lesioned striatum, but was recovered with DHEA and also in the contralateral soleus muscle, Akt and ERK phosphorylation recovered significantly and the expression level of myosin heavy chain also recovered by DHEA treatment. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that DHEA treatment recovers Parkinson's disease induced contralateral soleus muscle atrophy through Akt and ERK phosphorylation.

[Effects of exercise on affected and unaffected hindlimb muscles in rats with neuropathic pain induced by unilateral peripheral nerve injury].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise on muscle weight and Type I and II fiber cross-sectional area of affected and unaffected hindlimb muscles in rats with neuropathic pain induced by unilateral peripheral nerve injury. METHODS: Neuropathic pain was induced by ligation and cutting of the left L5 spinal nerve. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: The Pain+Exercise (PE) group (n=21) and the Sham+Exercise (SE) group (n=20). All rats had 28 sessions of treadmill exercise at grade 10 for 30 minutes, twice/day at 10 m/min for 14 days. Body weight, food intake and activity were measured every day. At 15 days all rats were anesthetized and soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles were dissected. Muscle weight and Type I, II fiber cross-sectional area of the dissected muscles were measured. RESULTS: The PE group showed significant increases (p<.05), as compared to the SE group for body weight and total diet intake, muscle weight of the unaffected soleus and plantaris, and in Type I and II fiber cross-sectional area of unaffected three muscles and affected plantaris. CONCLUSION: Exercise for 14 days attenuates unaffected soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius muscle atrophy in neuropathic pain model.

[Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on affected and unaffected hindlimb muscles in rats with neuropathic pain induced by unilateral peripheral nerve injury].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone) on muscle weight and Type I and II fiber cross-sectional area of affected and unaffected hindlimb muscles in rats with neuropathic pain induced by unilateral peripheral nerve injury. METHODS: Neuropathic pain was induced by ligation and cutting of the left L5 spinal nerve. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: The DHEA group (n=10) had DHEA injections daily for 14 days, and the Vehicle group (n=10) had vehicle injections daily for 14 days. Withdrawal threshold, body weight, food intake and activity were measured every day. At 15 days all rats were anesthetized and soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles were dissected from the both hindlimbs. Body weight, food intake, activity, muscle weight and Type I, II fiber cross-sectional area of the dissected muscles were measured. RESULTS: The DHEA group showed significant increases (p<.05), as compared to the vehicle group for muscle weight of the unaffected plantaris, and in Type II fiber cross-sectional area of the gastrocnemius muscle. The DHEA group demonstrated a higher pain threshold than the vehicle group whereas total diet intake and activity score were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: DHEA administration for 14 days attenuates unaffected plantaris and gastrocnemius muscle atrophy.

[Effect of DHEA administration alone or exercise combined with DHEA before steroid treatment on rat hindlimb muscles].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) administration alone or exercise combined with DHEA before steroid treatment on rat hindlimb muscles. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of three groups: a steroid group (S, n=10) that had no treatment for 7 days before steroid treatment; a DHEA-steroid group (DS, n=8) that had 0.34 mmol/kg/day DHEA injection once a day for 7 days before steroid treatment and an exercise?steroid group (EDS, n=9) that ran on the treadmill combined with 0.34 mmol/kg/day DHEA injection for 7 days before steroid treatment. At 15 days all rats were anesthetized and soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles were dissected. Body weight, food intake, muscle weight, myofibillar protein content and cross-sectional area of the dissected muscles were determined. RESULTS: The DS group showed significant increases (p<.05) as compared to the steroid group in body weight, and muscle weight of gastrocnemius muscles. The EDS group showed significant increases (p<.05) as compared to the S group in body weight, muscle weight, myofibrillar protein content, and Type II fiber cross-sectional area of soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles. CONCLUSION: Exercise combined with DHEA administration before steroid treatment prevents steroid induced muscle atrophy, with exercise combined with DHEA administration being more effective than DHEA administration alone in preventing muscle atrophy.

[Types of nurse's attitudes toward the aging process: a Q-methodological approach].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze types of nurse's attitudes toward the aging process. METHODS: A Q-methodology which provides a method of analyzing the subjectivity of each item was used. Thirty-four selected Q-statements from each of 38 subjects were classified into a shape of normal distribution using a 9 point scale. The collected data was analyzed using a QUANL PC program. RESULTS: Five types of attitudes towards the aging process from research subjects in Korean nurses were identified. Type I is a positive acceptance type, Type II is a negative acceptance type, Type III is a passive coping type, Type IV is an active coping type, and Type V is an ambiguous acceptance type. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that different approaches of educational programs for elderly care are recommended based on the five types of nurse's attitude toward the aging process.