Does the Dose of Standard Adjuvant Chemotherapy Affect the Triple-negative Breast Cancer Benefit from Extended Capecitabine Metronomic Therapy? An Exploratory Analysis of the SYSUCC-001 Trial.

Purpose: Results from studies of extended capecitabine after the standard adjuvant chemotherapy in early stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) were inconsistent, and only low-dose capecitabine from the SYSUCC-001 trial improved disease-free survival (DFS). Adjustment of the conventional adjuvant chemotherapy doses affect the prognosis and may affect the efficacy of subsequent treatments. This study investigated whether the survival benefit of the SYSUCC-001 trial was affected by dose adjustment of the standard adjuvant chemotherapy or not. Patients and Methods: We reviewed the adjuvant chemotherapy regimens before the extended capecitabine in the SYSUCC-001 trial. Patients were classified into "consistent" (standard acceptable dose) and "inconsistent" (doses lower than acceptable dose) dose based on the minimum acceptable dose range in the landmark clinical trials. Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate the impact of dose on the survival outcomes. Results: All 434 patients in SYSUCC-001 trial were enrolled in this study. Most of patients administered the anthracycline-taxane regimen accounted for 88.94%. Among patients in the "inconsistent" dose, 60.8% and 47% received lower doses of anthracycline and taxane separately. In the observation group, the "inconsistent" dose of anthracycline and taxane did not affect DFS compared with the "consistent" dose. Moreover, in the capecitabine group, the "inconsistent" anthracycline dose did not affect DFS compared with the "consistent" dose. However, patients with "consistent" taxane doses benefited significantly from extended capecitabine (P=0.014). The sufficient dose of adjuvant taxane had a positive effect of extended capecitabine (hazard ratio [HR] 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02 to 4.06). Conclusion: This study found the dose reduction of adjuvant taxane might negatively impact the efficacy of capecitabine. Therefore, the reduction of anthracycline dose over paclitaxel should be given priority during conventional adjuvant chemotherapy, if patients need dose reduction and plan for extended capecitabine.

Unlocking the power of Lactoferrin: Exploring its role in early life and its preventive potential for adult chronic diseases.

Nutrition during the early postnatal period exerts a profound impact on both infant development and later-life health. Breast milk, which contains lactoferrin, a dynamic protein, plays a crucial role in the growth of various biological systems and in preventing numerous chronic diseases. Based on the relationship between early infant development and chronic diseases later in life, this paper presents a review of the effects of lactoferrin in early life on neonates intestinal tract, immune system, nervous system, adipocyte development, and early intestinal microflora establishment, as well as the preventive and potential mechanisms of early postnatal lactoferrin against adult allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, depression, cancer, and obesity. Furthermore, we summarized the application status of lactoferrin in the early postnatal period and suggested directions for future research.

Analysis of Breast Cancer Screening Results and Influencing Factors of Breast Cancer in Guangdong Province from 2017 to 2021.

BACKGROUNDS: Breast cancer screening plays an important role in the early detection, diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the screening results and explore the influencing factors of breast cancer detection rate in Guangdong. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 2,024,960 women aged 35-64 in Guangdong Province during 2017-2021. The data about breast cancer screening information were collected from the Guangdong maternal and child health information system. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to explain demographic characteristics and results of breast cancer screening. The generalized linear regression model was applied to analyze the related influencing factors of breast cancer detection rate. RESULTS: The estimated detection rate of breast cancer in Guangdong Province is 70.32/105, with an early diagnosis rate of 82.06%. After adjusting covariates, those women with older age (45-55 [OR (95% CI) 2.174 (1.872, 2.526)], 55-65 [OR (95% CI) 2.162 (1.760, 2.657)]), education for high school ([OR (95% CI) 1.491 (1.254, 1.773)]) and older age at first birth ([OR (95% CI) 1.632 (1.445, 1.844)]) were more likely to have higher detection rate of breast cancer. No history of surgery or biopsy ([OR (95% CI) 0.527 (0.387, 0.718)]), no history of breast cancer check ([OR (95% CI) 0.873 (0.774, 0.985)]) and no family history of breast cancer ([OR (95% CI) 0.255 (0.151, 0.432)]) women were more likely to screen negative for breast cancer (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The detection rate of breast cancer in screening showed an increasing trend year by year in Guangdong Province. Older age, education for high school and older age at first birth were risk factors for breast cancer detection rate, while no surgery or biopsy history, no family history of breast cancer and no history of breast cancer check were protective factors.

Lactoferrin deficiency during lactation increases the risk of depressive-like behavior in adult mice.

BACKGROUND: Lactoferrin is an active protein in breast milk that plays an important role in the growth and development of infants and is implicated as a neuroprotective agent. The incidence of depression is currently increasing, and it is unclear whether the lack of lactoferrin during lactation affects the incidence of depressive-like behavior in adulthood. RESULTS: Lack of lactoferrin feeding during lactation affected the barrier and innate immune functions of the intestine, disrupted the intestinal microflora, and led to neuroimmune dysfunction and neurodevelopmental delay in the hippocampus. When exposed to external stimulation, adult lactoferrin feeding-deficient mice presented with worse depression-like symptoms; the mechanisms involved were activation of the LPS-TLR4 signalling pathway in the intestine and hippocampus, reduced BDNF-CREB signaling pathway in hippocampus, increased abundance of depression-related bacteria, and decreased abundance of beneficial bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our findings reveal that lactoferrin feeding deficient during lactation can increase the risk of depressive-like behavior in adults. The mechanism is related to the regulatory effect of lactoferrin on the development of the "microbial-intestinal-brain" axis.

Rubber band ligation versus coagulation for the treatment of haemorrhoids: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Non-surgical therapies have the advantage of lower postoperative pain and complication rates compared with surgical therapies. Rubber band ligation and coagulation are two kinds of non-surgical therapies. The aim of this study is to compare the clinical outcomes of rubber band ligation and coagulation. A systematic review was conducted to identify randomised clinical trials that compare rubber band ligation and coagulation treatments for haemorrhoids. PubMed and Web of Science were searched, from inception to April 30th,2022. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Fifty-nine studies were identified. Nine trials met the inclusion criteria. All trials were of moderate methodological quality. No significant difference was found between rubber band ligation and coagulation in terms of efficacy rate, postoperative prolapse rate, recurrence rate and postoperative urine retention rate after treatment. Patients undergoing rubber band ligation had higher postoperative pain rate and lower postoperative bleeding rate than patients undergoing coagulation. The subgroup analysis showed that there was no significant difference between rubber band ligation and infrared coagulation or non-infrared coagulation in terms of efficacy rate, postoperative bleeding and postoperative urine retention rate after treatment. Patients undergoing rubber band ligation had a higher postoperative pain rate than patients undergoing infrared coagulation or non-infrared coagulation. We believe that coagulation for haemorrhoids still has a good future. PROSPERO registration number CRD42022311281.

Phenolic Compounds from Sonchus arvensis Linn. and Hemerocallis citrina Baroni. Inhibit Sucrose and Stearic Acid Induced Damage in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Sonchus arvensis Linn. and Hemerocallis citrina Baroni. have been reported to improve body resistance. However, the underlying mechanism is not clear. In this study, Sonchus arvensis Linn. phenolic compounds (SAP) and Hemerocallis citrina Baroni. phenolic compounds (HCP) were extracted and their protective effects in Caenorhabditis elegans evaluated. SAP and HCP showed considerably different phenolic compositions. In the normal C. elegans model, HCP exhibited better effects in promoting growth than SAP. In the sucrose-incubated C. elegans model, both SAP and HCP showed positive effects against the high-sucrose-induced damage. In the stearic acid-incubated C. elegans model, both SAP and HCP improved lifespan, reproductive ability and growth, while HCP had a more evident effect than SAP on reproductive ability. The TGF-ß signaling pathway was confirmed to be involved in the protective effects of SAP and HCP. The antioxidant ability of SAP was also found to be related to skn-1. Our study shows that both SAP and HCP have protective effects against high sucrose- or high stearic acid-induced damage.

How education level influences internet security knowledge, behaviour, and attitude: a comparison among undergraduates, postgraduates and working graduates.

During the pandemic, the prevailing online learning has brought tremendous benefits to the education field. However, it has also become a target for cybercriminals. Cybersecurity awareness (CSA) or Internet security awareness in the education sector turns out to be critical to mitigating cybersecurity risks. However, previous research indicated that using education level alone to judge CSA level received inconsistent results. This study postulated Social Educational Level (SEL) as a moderator with an extended Knowledge-Attitude-Behaviour model, used students' year level as a proxy for the impact of education level, and used work exposure for the influence of social education level, to compare CSA among undergraduates, postgraduates and working graduates. The participants in the study were divided into six groups, namely year 1 university students, year 2-3university students, final-year students, postgraduate students, young working graduates, and experienced working graduates. The Human Aspects of Information Security Questionnaire was used to conduct a large-scale survey. The multivariate regression model analysis showed significant differences among the knowledge, attitude and behaviour dimensions across groups with different conditions of year-level and work exposure. However, it was found that SEL played a more significant role than an individual's education level. The study suggested that a greater endeavour be committed to educating the public at large together with individuals, institutes, corporate and governments to improve the national CSA level.

Influence of Zhuanggu Guanjie Pill on Seven Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Based on Probe Cocktail and Pharmacokinetics Approaches.

BACKGROUND: The use of herbal medicines has tremendously increased over the past few decades. Case reports and controlled clinical investigations of herbal-drug interactions have been reported. Since Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play an important role in drug interactions. The evaluation of the influence of herbal medicines on the activities of CYPs is beneficial to promote scientific and rational clinical use of herbal medicines. OBJECTIVE: Herein, we aimed to develop and validate a method to simultaneously quantify seven CYP cocktail probe drugs consisting of phenacetin (PNC), bupropion (BPP), losartan potassium (LK), omeprazole (OMP), dextromethorphan (DM), chlorzoxazone (CZZ) and midazolam (MDZ) and their respective metabolites in a single acquisition run and use this method to evaluate the influence of Zhuanggu Guanjie Pill (ZGGJP) on seven CYPs. METHODS: A cost-effective and simple UHPLC-(±)ESI-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of seven probe drugs and metabolites in rat plasma was developed and validated. Male and female rats were randomly divided into three groups and treated with 1.2 g/kg/d ZGGJP, 5 g/kg/d ZGGJP and 0.5% CMC-Na for 14 consecutive days. After 24 h of the last administration, all rats were administrated orally with probe drugs. The influence of ZGGJP on the CYPs was carried out by comparing the metabolic ratio (Cmax, AUC0-t) of metabolites/probe drugs in rats. RESULTS: The calibration curves were linear, with correlation coefficient > 0.99 for seven probe drugs and their corresponding metabolites. Intra- and inter-day precisions were not greater than 15% RSD and the accuracies were within ±15% of nominal concentrations. The ZGGJP showed significant inductive effect on CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9 and CYP3A in male and female rats. CONCLUSION: ZGGJP had inductive effects on CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9 and CYP3A in male and female rats.

Distinct patterns of responses in endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells following vascular injury.

Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are heterogeneous, and their differential responses to vascular injury are not well understood. To address this question, we performed single-cell analysis of vascular cells to a ligation injury in mouse carotid arteries after 3 days. While endothelial cells had a homogeneous activation of mesenchymal genes, less than 30% of SMCs responded to the injury and generated 2 distinct clusters - i.e., proinflammatory SMCs and stress-responsive SMCs. Proinflammatory SMCs were enriched with high levels of inflammatory markers such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 while stress-responsive SMCs overexpressed heat shock proteins. Trajectory analysis suggested that proinflammatory SMCs were potentially derived from a specific subpopulation of SMCs. Ligand-receptor pair analysis showed that the interaction between macrophages and proinflammatory SMCs was the major cell-cell communication among all cell types in the injured arteries. In vitro coculture demonstrated that VCAM1+ SMCs had a stronger chemotactic effect on macrophage recruitment than VCAM1- SMCs. Consistently, the number of VCAM1+ SMCs significantly increased in injured arteries and atherosclerotic lesions of ApoE-/- mice and human arteries. These findings provide insights at the single-cell level on the distinct patterns of endothelial cells and SMC responses to vascular injury.

Lactoferrin Deficiency Impairs Proliferation of Satellite Cells via Downregulating the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway.

Lactoferrin (Ltf), a naturally active glycoprotein, possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory activities. Many published studies have indicated that Ltf modulates the proliferation of stem cells. However, the role of Ltf in the proliferation of satellite cells, an important cell type in muscle regeneration, has not yet been reported. Here, by using Ltf systemic knockout mice, we illustrate the role of Ltf in skeletal muscle. Results shows that Ltf deficiency impaired proliferation of satellite cells (SCs) and the regenerative capability of skeletal muscle. Mechanistic studies showed that ERK1/2 phosphorylation was significantly downregulated after Ltf deletion in SCs. Simultaneously, the cell cycle-related proteins cyclin D and CDK4 were significantly downregulated. Intervention with exogenous recombinant lactoferrin (R-Ltf) at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL promoted proliferation of SCs. In addition, intraperitoneal injection of Ltf effectively ameliorated the skeletal muscle of mice injured by 1.2% BaCl2 solution. Our results suggest a protective effect of Ltf in the repair of skeletal muscle damage. Ltf holds promise as a novel therapeutic agent for skeletal muscle injuries.

Novel Insight into the Potential Role of Acylglycerophosphate Acyltransferases Family Members on Triacylglycerols Synthesis in Buffalo.

Acylglycerophosphate acyltransferases (AGPATs) are the rate-limiting enzymes for the de novo pathway of triacylglycerols (TAG) synthesis. Although AGPATs have been extensively explored by evolution, expression and functional studies, little is known on functional characterization of how many members of the AGPAT family are involved in TAG synthesis and their impact on the cell proliferation and apoptosis. Here, 13 AGPAT genes in buffalo were identified, of which 12 AGPAT gene pairs were orthologous between buffalo and cattle. Comparative transcriptomic analysis and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) further showed that both AGPAT1 and AGPAT6 were highly expressed in milk samples of buffalo and cattle during lactation. Knockdown of AGPAT1 or AGPAT6 significantly decreased the TAG content of buffalo mammary epithelial cells (BuMECs) and bovine mammary epithelial cells (BoMECs) by regulating lipogenic gene expression (p < 0.05). Knockdown of AGPAT1 or AGPAT6 inhibited proliferation and apoptosis of BuMECs through the expression of marker genes associated with the proliferation and apoptosis (p < 0.05). Our data confirmed that both AGPAT1 and AGPAT6 could regulate TAG synthesis and growth of mammary epithelial cells in buffalo. These findings will have important implications for understanding the role of the AGPAT gene in buffalo milk performance.

Clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes of hospitalised patients with ischemic colitis with different degrees of haematochezia: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Based on the literature, haematochezia is associated with a benign clinical course of ischaemic colitis. However, most cases in the literature presented mild haematochezia associated with ischaemic colitis. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the impact of different degrees of haematochezia on the clinical outcomes of ischaemic colitis. METHODS: Patients were divided into nonhaematochezia, mild-haematochezia, and severe-haematochezia cohorts stratified by the degree of haematochezia. The clinical characteristics and prognoses were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Haematochezia cohort (n = 89) was associated with a lower rate of severe illness (25% vs. 52%, P = 0.001), lower rate of isolated right colon ischaemia (7% vs. 28%, P = 0.001), lower surgery rates (13% vs. 36%, P = 0.001), and shorter hospital stay (12 vs. 17 days, P < 0.001) compared with nonhaematochezia cohort (n = 50). Severe-haematochezia cohort (n = 11) had a higher frequency of severe illness (73% vs. 18%, P < 0.001), higher surgical intervention rate (55% vs. 6%, P < 0.001), higher nonsurgical complication rate, higher in-hospital mortality (45% vs. 0%, P < 0.001), and longer hospital stay (28 vs. 10 days, P = 0.001), compared with mild-haematochezia cohort (n = 78). Additionally, in-hospital mortality (45% vs. 6%, P = 0.003) and nonsurgical complication rate were higher in the severe-haematochezia than in the nonhaematochezia cohort. However, the three cohorts had comparable prognoses for long-term survival and recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Mild haematochezia was related to a benign clinical course of ischaemic colitis, while lack of haematochezia or severe haematochezia was associated with worse hospitalisation outcomes.

Apelin and Apelin Receptor in Follicular Granulosa Cells of Buffalo Ovaries: Expression and Regulation of Steroidogenesis.

Apelin (APLN), as a ligand for APJ (an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor), is an adipokine with pleiotropic effects in many physiological processes of the body. It has an important role in the control of reproduction particularly in females (mainly in control of ovarian function). This study was carried out to investigate the mRNA and protein amounts of APLN/APJ in granulose cells (GCs) of ovarian follicles with small (SF), medium (MF), and large (LF) sizes of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and the effect of IGF1 and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on the expression levels of APLN/APJ. In addition, we evaluated the effect of various doses of APLN (isoforms -13 and -17) singly or in combination with IGF1 and FSH on estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) secretion in GCs. The mRNA and protein abundance of APLN was the highest in GCs of LF while the APJ expression enhanced with follicle enlargement in GCs (p-value <0.01). IGF1 and FSH elevated the mRNA and protein amounts of APLN and FSH, and IGF1 increased the expression of APJ in buffalo GCs (p-value <0.01). Both isoforms of APLN (-13/-17) singly or in the presence of IGF1 or FSH increased the secretion of E2 and P4 with or without preincubation of cells with APJ antagonist (ML221 10 µM), although we had some variation in the effects. Concurrently, APLN-13/-17 significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression of CYP19A1 and StAR (p-value <0.01). ML221 substantially diminished the secretion of E2 and P4 and also the expression of CY19A1 and StAR in buffalo GCs (p-value <0.01). We also revealed that APLN-13/-17 (10-9 M), singly or in response to IGF1 and FSH, increased the production of E2 and P4 in different times of stimulation. In conclusion, APLN may play a crucial role in steroidogenesis and follicular development in ovarian GCs of buffalo.

The Role of Glutamine and Glutaminase in Pulmonary Hypertension.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) refers to a clinical and pathophysiological syndrome in which pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial pressure are increased due to structural or functional changes in pulmonary vasculature caused by a variety of etiologies and different pathogenic mechanisms. It is followed by the development of right heart failure and even death. In recent years, most studies have found that PH and cancer shared a complex common pathological metabolic disturbance, such as the shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. During the shifting process, there is an upregulation of glutamine decomposition driven by glutaminase. However, the relationship between PH and glutamine hydrolysis, especially by glutaminase is yet unclear. This review aims to explore the special linking among glutamine hydrolysis, glutaminase and PH, so as to provide theoretical basis for clinical precision treatment in PH.

Practices and Outcomes of Promoting the Competencies of Psychological Assistance Professionals in Defeating the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The competencies of clinical or counseling psychologists influenced the effectiveness and qualities of the psychological assistance provided after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The following practices were performed by the Clinical Psychology Registration Work Committee of the Chinese Psychological Society in promoting the competencies of the professionals: (1) Developed and introduced guidelines for psychological assistance provided via hotlines or the Internet. (2) Provided specific trainings based on the competency model constructed by knowledge, skills, and attitudes. These training programs included the psychological first aid under the major public health emergencies, crisis intervention, special methods and approaches for hotline and online services, related ethical guidelines, etc. (3) Emphasized on the supervision for the professionals worked front line. The professionals practiced effectively in dealing with suicide crisis, helping people who lost their loved one, and the adjustment to life during the quarantine. The practical experience showed that the working mechanism of issuing practical guidelines, providing specific training and supervision can effectively improve the competencies of the professionals and play an important role in the psychological assistance defeating the pandemic in China.

A Practical Method for Determination of Nine Nucleosides in Tricholoma matsutake by UPLC/MS and Quantitative Analysis of Multicomponents Using Single Marker Method.

Nucleosides can be used as quality evaluation indicators of Tricholoma matsutake. In this work, a new ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS) strategy for quantitative analysis of multiple components using a single marker (QAMS) was proposed to determine nine nucleosides (adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, inosine, uridine, 2'-deoxyadenosine, 2'-deoxycytidine, 2'-deoxyguanosine, and 2'-deoxyuridine) in T. matsutake. Guanosine was set as the internal reference substance, whose content in T. matsutake was determined using the conventional external standard method. Relative correction factors (RCFs) between guanosine and eight other nucleosides were measured. The concentrations of the eight components were calculated with the obtained RCFs by QAMS. An ultrasonic extraction method is used for sample preparation. This method was validated to be sensitive, precise, and accurate with the LODs of 0.31-1.9 ng, the overall intraday and interday variations less than 4.08%, and the overall recovery over 89.0%. The correlation coefficients (r 2) of the calibration curves were higher than 0.9918. The values of vector angle analysis were above 0.99845, which indicates no significant differences between the conventional external standard method and the present QAMS method. As far as we know, this is also the first report of UPLC/MS analysis of nucleoside compounds by QAMS, providing an efficient and feasible quality assessment method for other natural products containing nucleosides.

Effectiveness and safety of exercise training and rehabilitation in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) still have impaired exercise training and quality of life (QoL) despite pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)-targeted drugs. Exercise training is considered to improve exercise capacity and QoL in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH), but this has not been fully studied in CTEPH patients. We conducted the meta-analysis and systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of exercise training in patients with CTEPH. METHODS: The relevant literature was retrieved for the meta-analysis using the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases published before December 2020. The primary outcome was a change in six-minute walk distance (6MWD). We also assessed the effect of exercise training on peak oxygen uptake per kilogram (peak VO2/kg), mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) assessed by right heart catheterization (RHC), N-terminal pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and QoL. RESULTS: A total of 6 studies with 234 exercise training patients were included. In the pooled analysis, 6MWD significantly improved by 70.14 m (WMD: 58.33 to 81.95, I2=0) after 3-week exercise training. After 12 or 15-week exercise training, 6MWD and peak VO2/kg significantly improved (WMD: 106.22 m, 95% CI: 65.90 to 146.55, I2=87.4%, P<0.0001; 1.84 mL/min/kg, 95% CI: 0.72 to 2.96, P=0.001, respectively). Furthermore, the mPAP decreased by 12.17 mmHg after 12-week exercise training (95% CI: -14.53 to -9.82, P<0.001, I2=99%). The subscales of QoL such as physical function, general health perception, and mental health improved in varying degrees. NT-proBNP did not improve significantly in the pooled analysis. In addition, exercise training was well tolerated without major adverse events occurred during training, and the dropout rate was low. DISCUSSION: Exercise training may improve exercise capacity, mPAP, and QoL, and was well tolerated among patients with CTEPH. However, more large-scale multicenter studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness and safety of exercise training in patients with CTEPH.

Single Molecule RNA Localization and Translation in the Mammalian Oocyte and Embryo.

During oocyte growth the cell accumulates RNAs to contribute to oocyte and embryo development which progresses with ceased transcription. To investigate the subcellular distribution of specific RNAs and their translation we developed a technique revealing several instances of localized translation with distinctive regulatory implications. We analyzed the localization and expression of candidate non-coding and mRNAs in the mouse oocyte and embryo. Furthermore, we established simultaneous visualization of mRNA and in situ translation events validated with polysomal occupancy. We discovered that translationally dormant and abundant mRNAs CyclinB1 and Mos are localized in the cytoplasm of the fully grown GV oocyte forming cloud-like structures with consequent abundant translation at the center of the MII oocyte. Coupling detection of the localization of specific single mRNA molecules with their translation at the subcellular context is a valuable tool to quantitatively study temporal and spatial translation of specific target mRNAs to understand molecular processes in the developing cell.

Lactoferrin, a Critical Player in Neonate Intestinal Development: RHLF may be a Good Choice in Formula.

Lactoferrin (LF) is a bioactive glycoprotein in human milk and has positive effects on neonates. The LF knockout mouse model was generated as a mother mouse that provided LF-free milk. The intestinal development of suckling neonates drinking normal milk and LF-free milk was studied. The results showed that the intestinal density, maturity, and barrier integrity of mice drinking LF-free milk were lower than those of mice drinking normal milk. Therefore, the importance of adding lactoferrin to the human formula is considered. Human lactoferrin (HLF), bovine lactoferrin (BLF), and recombinant HLF (RHLF) were used to compare their functional impact on Caco-2 cell lines. Cell proliferation, differentiation, the establishment of the intestinal barrier, and protective effects on lipopolysaccharide injury were detected. Our results showed that RHLF exhibited more similar functions to HLF than BLF and showed the combined advantages of HLF and BLF in promoting the establishment of the intestinal barrier. This study emphasizes the important role of LF in neonatal intestinal development and provides a theoretical basis for the availability of RHLF.