Application of the QuEChERS method combined with UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS for the determination of isoprocarb and carbaryl pesticides in Indonesian coffee.

The performance of the QuEChERS method in this study, as indicated by a high percentage (>90%) of recovery observations falling within the range of 60-140% and a sample replicate deviation (% RSD) of <20%, for the routine analysis of isoprocarb and carbaryl pesticides, has been evaluated over a 14-month period for the export of Indonesian coffee. Following a seven-day observation of the stability of these pesticides in coffee extract, it was found that the added standard calibration solution remained stable and useable for seven days when stored at 4 °C and -20 °C. This validated method, with high sensitivity (a LOQ of 0.001 mg kg-1 for isoprocarb and carbaryl), has been employed to monitor residues in Indonesian coffee exports to comply with maximum residue limits (MRLs). The samples with higher contamination levels were predominantly from robusta coffee (57.76%), followed by arabica coffee (6.17%). The detection rates for residues decreased by more than 90% in the last two months of the method's application. In the observation of coffee processing, it was found that isoprocarb residues in contaminated samples could be transferred to the processed coffee (roasted and its infusion) to a limited extent, while residues from the carcinogenic carbaryl were not detected due to evaporation. Additionally, chronic dietary risk assessment showed that contaminated samples of robusta and arabica coffees should not be considered a significant public health concern (hazard index HI < 1). However, continuous monitoring of pesticide residues in Indonesian coffee is still recommended, not only to conform to the MRLs of importing countries but also to ensure food trade.

Identification of antioxidant and flavour marker compounds in Kalosi-Enrekang Arabica brewed coffee processed using different postharvest treatment methods.

This research aims to predict the presence of marker compounds that differentiate tubruk brew from coffee beans with different postharvest processing. This research also aims to predict compounds correlating with antioxidant activity and sensory flavour attributes. This research used Kalosi-Enrekang Arabica coffee beans, which were processed with three different postharvest processing (honey, full-washed and natural), roasted at medium level, and brewed using the tubruk method. Each brew was analyzed for chemical profiles using LC-MS and GC-MS, antioxidant analysis using the DPPH IC50 and FRAP methods, and sensory analysis for flavour using the QDA and SCAA methods for cupping scores. OPLS-DA analysis revealed the presence of marker compounds from each brew, and the dried fruit flavour attribute was to be an inter-process marker. After that, OPLS analysis showed marker compounds that correlate to antioxidant activity and flavour attributes. Rhaponticin is thought to be one of the marker compounds in natural coffee brews and is one of the compounds that correlates to the antioxidant activity of the DPPH method (IC50); prunin is thought to be one of the marker compounds for full-washed coffee brews and is one of the compounds that correlates to the activity antioxidants of FRAP method. Triacetin, which is thought to be a marker compound in natural brewed coffee, correlates with fruity flavour. 3-acetylpyridine, as a marker in honey-brewed coffee, correlates with nutty flavour. Even though there are differences in dominant flavours, the cupping score shows the brew is categorized as a specialty. This research shows that different post-harvest processing processes influence the compound profile, antioxidant activity and flavour attributes of Tubruk brewed coffee. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-024-05948-8.

Synthesis of Effect Sizes on Dose Response from Ultra-Processed Food Consumption against Various Noncommunicable Diseases.

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs), according to the NOVA classification food system, are food products that are processed using advanced processing technology, which improves palatability and sensory quality. However, UPFs increase the daily intake of energy, sodium, sugar, and total fat (including saturated fat), and decrease the intake of fiber. This might trigger overweight and obesity, the initial stages of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). However, the effect of UPF consumption on NCDs remains under debate. This study aimed to synthesize the effect size of UPF dose response on various NCDs by using a meta-analysis method. The main output was a hazard ratio (HR) and a 95% confidence interval (CI). Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) selection guidelines, 18 research articles were chosen for further effect size synthesis. The results showed that UPF consumption significantly increased the daily intake of carbohydrates, added sugar, saturated fat, sodium, energy, cholesterol, and total fat; increases of 49.64, 40.78, 30.00, 27.76, 26.67, 25.69, and 15.77%, respectively, were observed. Moreover, with UPF consumption, the fiber intake was way below the daily dietary recommendation (DR), at -38.55%. Further, a 10% increment in UPF consumption significantly affects diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and cancer (HR ± 95% CI: 1.115 ± 0.044, 1.096 ± 0.053, 1.068 ± 0.050, and 1.020 ± 0.020, respectively). Thus, limiting daily UPF consumption could help prevent obesity and various NCDs.

Detection of Markers in Green Beans and Roasted Beans of Kalosi-Enrekang Arabica Coffee with Different Postharvest Processing Using LC-MS/MS.

Our study is aimed at evaluating the effect of postharvest processing (natural, honey, and fully washed) on the compounds profile in green beans and roasted beans of Kalosi-Enrekang Arabica coffee and determining the marker compounds for each process. These beans were extracted using boiling water, and the extract was analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The results of this work confirmed the significant impact of postharvest processing on compounds in the coffee beans, and each process has a marker compound. Green beans by natural processing have 3 marker compounds, honey processing has 6 marker compounds, and fully washed processing has 2 marker compounds. Meanwhile, roasted beans by natural processing have 4 marker compounds, honey processing has 5 marker compounds, and fully washed processing has 7 marker compounds. In addition, our research identified caffeoyl tyrosine in green beans from natural and honey processing, which was previously only identified in Robusta coffee. These marker compounds can differentiate postharvest processing (natural, honey, and fully washed). These results can also help understand the effect of postharvest processing on the chemical composition of green and roasted beans.

Identification and characterization of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) candidate from Gonggong Sea Snail (Leavistrombus turturella) extract.

This study aimed to explore the potency of Gonggong sea snail's (GSS) extract as an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) source. The results showed that the GSS meat extracts exhibited potential antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. A peptide band with a molecular weight < 5 kDa was obtained for the characterization of AMP candidates after separating the selected extract using SDS-PAGE, and the sequences were acquired by LC-ESI-MS analysis. The results of the bioinformatics analysis showed that the AMP candidate had a molecular weight of 1.4 kDa, which consisted of 12 amino acid residues (RHPDYSVALLLR), with an α-helix structure, isoelectric point pH (pI) of 9.53, net charge + 1, a total hydrophobic ratio at 49.9%, protein-binding potential (Boman index) of 2.17 kcal/mol, and hydrophobicity of + 13.67 kcal/mol. Furthermore, MIC and MBC values of the extract and the < 10 kDa fraction on both bacteria ranged from 0.50-1.03 mg/ml. The GSS meat extract could reach the intracellular site of E. coli, while in S. aureus, it was localized in the cell membrane. These results can be baseline information for developing AMPs in natural bio-preservative exploration as food additives and pharmaceuticals.

Profile of Bioactive Compounds, Aromas, and Cup Quality of Excelsa Coffee (Coffea liberica var. dewevrei) Prepared from Diverse Postharvest Processes.

The study is aimed at evaluating bioactive compounds, volatile compounds, and cup quality of Excelsa coffee (Coffea liberica var. dewevrei) from different postharvest processing procedures, i.e., natural, honey, semiwashed, and wine. The green beans from each procedure were roasted at light to medium levels. Sample analysis was performed using HPLC and GC-MS instruments for bioactive compounds and volatile compounds, respectively, followed by a cupping test. As the results, postharvest processing significantly altered content of bioactive compounds (caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) and alkaloids) in Excelsa green beans; the lowest quantity of CQAs and alkaloids was found in wine and semiwashed green beans, respectively. Significant degradation of 5-CQA and its transformation to 3-CQA and 4-CQA occurred in all light-medium roasting levels. In general, alkaloids were stable during roasting, and only trigonelline was slightly declined. Roasting process also generated 17 potent volatile compounds in Excelsa beans including 2-ethylpyrazine, 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethyl-3-ethylpyrazine, guaiacol, 4-vinyl-guaiacol, and isovaleric acid and its esters. Furthermore, cupping test revealed that Excelsa coffee samples obtained from different postharvest processing were categorized as very good coffee (cupping score > 80). This finding may encourage the commercialization of all observed Excelsa coffee beans.

Food Consumption Pattern and the Intake of Sugar, Salt, and Fat in the South Jakarta City-Indonesia.

The excessive consumption of sugar, salt, and fat is associated with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases. Therefore, a study on estimating the added sugar, salt, and fat intake in certain populations is important for establishing specific recommendations aiming at improving diet quality, and thus public health. This study aimed to determine the food consumption pattern and the intakes of added sugar, salt, and fat from different food groups and food sources among the residents of South Jakarta, Indonesia. The study was conducted with a cross-sectional design, involving 323 respondents. Data on socio-economic conditions, health and nutritional status, and food consumption were collected. Food consumption data were acquired through the 2-day weighed food record. Results showed that the daily food consumption in the observed population reached 1868-2334 g/capita/day. The total added sugar intake in different groups of respondents ranged between 34.9 and 45.9 g/capita/day, with the highest values observed in school-age boys. Beverages and snacks were identified as the main added sugar sources in the respondents' diet. The total salt intake ranged from 5.46 to 7.43 g/capita/day, while the observed fat intake reached 49.0-65.1 g/capita/day. The major food source contributing to the salt and fat intake included street/restaurant/fast food. Male subjects tended to consume a higher amount of salt and fat than female subjects. These findings can be used as baseline information for providing a strategy for reducing sugar, salt, and fat intakes, with strong implications for improving public health.

Antioxidants Such as Flavonoids and Carotenoids in the Diet of Bogor, Indonesia Residents.

Due to the strong antioxidant activity of flavonoids and carotenoids, daily consumption of these bioactive compounds has the potential for reducing the risk of many chronic and degenerative diseases caused by or contributed to by oxidative stress. Currently, the available research results related to the flavonoid and carotenoid intake in Asian countries are very limited, especially for Indonesian population. The present study was conducted in Bogor City and Bogor District, West Java, Indonesia. Food consumption data was obtained through the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) method, involving 200 respondents aged 25-65 years old. Flavonoids and carotenoids contents of the consumed food items were determined by referring to the databases developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), scientific journals, and calculation based on the recipes recorded in the survey. The total flavonoid intake of Bogor adults was estimated as 149.5 mg/day, consisting of 49.4% isoflavones, 24.0% flavonols, 9.4% flavanones, 7.0% flavan-3-ols, 6.0% flavones, and 4.2% anthocyanidins, and was contributed to mainly by legumes (70.7%), vegetables (10.1%), and fruits (7.3%). At the same time, the estimated total carotenoid intake reached 7.6 mg/day, and was contributed to mainly by vegetables (53.9%), fruits (20.2%), and snacks (14.4%), with ß-carotene consumed in the highest proportion (49.9%), followed by lycopene (19.9%), lutein and zeaxanthin (13.5%), α-carotene (6.9%), and ß-cryptoxanthin (2.6%). The effects of different respondents' characteristics, such as area of residence (city vs. district), gender (male vs. female), and age (25-40, 41-55, and 56-65 years old) on the flavonoid and carotenoid intake varied widely, due to the differences in the overall consumption patterns of the respective respondents' groups.

Screening of In-Vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Sargassum ilicifolium Crude Lipid Extracts from Different Coastal Areas in Indonesia.

Sargassum brown seaweed is reported to exhibit several biological activities which promote human health, such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of crude lipid extracts of Sargassum ilicifolium obtained from four different coastal areas in Indonesia, namely Awur Bay-Jepara (AB), Pari Island-Seribu Islands (PI), Sayang Heulang Beach-Garut (SHB), and Ujung Genteng Beach-Sukabumi (UGB). Results showed that treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells with UGB and AB crude lipid extracts (12.5-50 µg/mL) significantly suppressed the nitric oxide production after lipopolysaccharide stimulation, both in pre-incubated and co-incubated cell culture model. The anti-inflammatory effect was most marked in the pre-incubated cell culture model. Both two crude lipid extracts showed 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and high ferric reducing antioxidant power, which were amounted to 36.93-37.87 µmol Trolox equivalent/g lipid extract and 681.58-969.81 µmol FeSO4/g lipid extract, respectively. From this study, we can conclude that crude lipid extract of tropical S. ilicifolium can be further developed as a source of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent.

Cross-Sectional Study of Plant Sterols Intake as a Basis for Designing Appropriate Plant Sterol-Enriched Food in Indonesia.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the leading causes of mortality in many low-income and middle-income countries, including Indonesia, with elevated blood cholesterol level being one of significant risk factors for this condition. The problem should be addressed by combining healthy lifestyle and diet, where functional foods having a cholesterol-lowering activity could play a significant role. A group of compounds that had been proven to show cholesterol-lowering ability are plant sterols. To develop more suitable functional foods that could substantially contribute to hypercholesterolemia prevention in Indonesian population, up-to-date data about plant sterols dietary intake are required, and were not available until this research was done. This study aimed to estimate daily plant sterols intake and to determine the consumption pattern of foods containing plant sterols in rural and urban area of Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. The research was conducted with a cross-sectional design, with 200 respondents. The study revealed that the level of plant sterols intake in Bogor reached on average 229.76 mg/day and was not significantly different between urban and rural area. Cereals, vegetables, and fruit products were the main food sources of plant sterols in both areas. In addition, a list of several surveyed food items possible to be enriched with plant sterols was developed within the study. These results provide baseline data to develop functional foods fortified with plant sterols suitable for the Indonesian needs and taste. However, further studies are needed to confirm efficacy and safety of introducing such phytosterol-enriched products into a habitual diet, especially considering possible long-term side effects of plant sterol treatment.

Enzymatic Synthesis of Human Milk Fat Substitute - A Review on Technological Approaches.

Human milk fat substitute (HMFS) is a structured lipid designed to resemble human milk fat. It contains 60-70% palmitic acid at the sn-2 position and unsaturated fatty acids at the sn-1,3 positions in triacylglycerol structures. HMFS is synthesized by the enzymatic interesterification of vegetable oils, animal fats or a blend of oils. The efficiency of HMFS synthesis can be enhanced through the selection of appropriate substrates, enzymes and reaction methods. This review focuses on the synthesis of HMFS by lipase-catalyzed interesterification and provides a detailed overview of biocatalysts, substrates, synthesis methods, factors influencing the synthesis and purification process for HMFS production. Major challenges and future research in the synthesis of HMFS are also discussed. This review can be used as an information for developing future strategies in producing HMFS.

In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity, free radical (DPPH) scavenging, and ferric reducing ability (FRAP) of Sargassum cristaefolium lipid-soluble fraction and putative identification of bioactive compounds using UHPLC-ESI-ORBITRAP-MS/MS.

Sargassum brown seaweed is well-known to contain several bioactive compounds which exhibit various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Lipophilic extracts and fractions of Sargassum were reported to possess promising anti-inflammatory activity. This study, therefore, aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of Sargassum cristaefolium crude lipid extract and its fractions. The brown seaweed was obtained from Awur Bay, Jepara - Indonesia. Crude lipid fractionation was performed using normal phase column chromatography, and three different fractions (dichloromethane, acetone, methanol) were produced. The results showed that treatment of acetone fraction exerted strongest nitric oxide inhibition in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells, both in pre-incubated and co-incubated cell culture models. This outcome was in accordance with its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Metabolite profiling of lipid fractions was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry, while the orthogonal projection to latent structures analysis was conducted to determine some features with significant correlation to the bioactivity. There were 14 feature candidates considered from both positive and negative ionization mode datasets. Seven out of them were putatively identified as pheophytin a (1), all-trans fucoxanthin (2), 132-hydroxy-pheophytin a (3), pheophorbide a (4), 1-hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-3-O-ß-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol (6), 1-(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoyl)-2-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-3-O-ß-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol (10), and 1-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)-2-(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatetraenoyl)-3-O-ß-D-galactosyl-sn glycerol (12).

Water and Lipid-Soluble Component Profile of Sargassum cristaefolium from Different Coastal Areas in Indonesia with Potential for Developing Functional Ingredient.

Sargassum brown seaweed is known to have many health benefits and therapeutic effects. Preliminary chemical characterization of this seaweed is important as a bioprospecting strategy for seaweed industry development. This study aimed to evaluate chemical composition differences, both water and lipidsoluble component, of Sargassum cristaefolium from four different coastal areas in Indonesia, namely Pari Island/PI, Awur Bay/AB, Ujung Genteng Beach/UGB, and Sayang Heulang Beach/SHB. Principal component analysis (PCA) on water-soluble component made samples from different origins to be clearly distinguished (variance: 80.37%). SHB and UGB samples were characterized by a high content of ash, alginate, fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (FCSPs), and fucose content of FCSPs, while samples of AB and PI had a high amount of total sugar and crude fiber. PCA result on lipid-soluble components showed a different tendency that SHB and AB samples were located at close proximity and characterized by larger blade size, higher content of chlorophyll, fucoxanthin, carotenoid, PUFA, total n-3 fatty acids, total n-6 fatty acids, and also a lower ratio of n-6 to n-3 (variance: 75.42%). The overview of each samples' chemical characteristics can be valuable knowledge for further development, especially for developing functional ingredients.

Sargassum Seaweed as a Source of Anti-Inflammatory Substances and the Potential Insight of the Tropical Species: A Review.

Sargassum is recognized both empirically and scientifically as a potential anti-inflammatory agent. Inflammation is an important response in the body that helps to overcome various challenges to body homeostasis such as microbial infections, tissue stress, and certain injuries. Excessive and uncontrolled inflammatory conditions can affect the pathogenesis of various diseases. This review aims to explore the potential of Sargassum's anti-inflammatory activity, not only in crude extracts but also in sulfated polysaccharides and purified compounds. The tropical region has a promising availability of Sargassum biomass because its climate allows for the optimal growth of seaweed throughout the year. This is important for its commercial utilization as functional ingredients for both food and non-food applications. To the best of our knowledge, studies related to Sargassum's anti-inflammatory activity are still dominated by subtropical species. Studies on tropical Sargassum are mainly focused on the polysaccharides group, though there are some other potentially bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, terpenoids, fucoxanthin, fatty acids and their derivatives, typical polar lipids, and other groups. Information on the modulation mechanism of Sargassum's bioactive compounds on the inflammatory response is also discussed here, but specific mechanisms related to the interaction between bioactive compounds and targets in cells still need to be further studied.

Critical roasting level determines bioactive content and antioxidant activity of Robusta coffee beans.

Indonesian Lampung Robusta coffee green beans were roasted at eight roasting levels (green bean, early yellow, brown, 1st crack done, very light, light, medium, and dark), followed by grinding and brewing. The physical properties of ground coffee and chemical properties of brewed coffee were analyzed. The resulting data were mapped in order to investigate the critical roasting level. It was observed that major alterations for physicochemical properties of coffee happened after "first crack" roasting level (when water activity (Aw) of bean decreased from 0.22 to 0.15). This cracking is defined as popping sound of the bean during roasting. Continuous formation of melanoidins under low Aw (< 0.15) was followed by slow degradation of chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) and total phenolic compounds. Caffeine was stable during roasting, while antioxidant activity slightly decreased. The "first crack" was determined to be the critical roasting level to produce roasted coffee beans containing high concentrations of phenolics.

Dietary exposure to sulfites in Indonesians.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Information on dietary exposure to sulfites as preservative in consumer is needed as a scientific base for food safety policy making. The objective of this research was to conduct dietary exposure assessment to sulfites in consumers by using a deterministic method. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: The scope of work was identification of food products containing sulfites, determination of food consumption data from the individual food consumption survey report of 2014, determination of sulfite concentration in food, and calculation of sulfite exposure. RESULTS: 3,428 (9%) of 37,613 food products registered in National Agency of Drug and Food Control (2012-2015) may contain sulfite. The most used sulfite in food products was sodium metabisulfite. The mean of food containing sulfite consumption in all age groups was 131.4 g/person/day. The estimation of total exposure for all age groups were 0.27 mg/kgBW/day (38.6% ADI), 0.25 mg/kgBW/day (35.7% ADI) and 0.08 mg/kgBW/day (11.4% ADI) by using concentrations of Maximum Permitted Limit, reported maximum used level and reported maximum product test result, respectively. Food category contributed to the highest exposure in all age groups was spices, condiments, vinegar, powder or mixture for soups and broths, and other soy sauce category. CONCLUSIONS: The highest total exposure to sulfites was found in 0-59 month age group. The highest total exposure for the MPL (0.79 mg/kgBW/day) and the reported maximum used level (0.73 mg/kgBW/day) exceeded 112.9% ADI and 104.3% ADI, respectively while the exposure using reported maximum test result was still below ADI (0.25 mg/kgBW/day or 35.7% ADI).

Processed and ultraprocessed food consumption pattern in the Jakarta Individual Food Consumption Survey 2014.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Dietary patterns are undergoing a major shift worldwide. This study analysed the consumption of processed and ultraprocessed foods in Jakarta and its contribution to the energy and nutrient intake based on the Individual Food Consumption Survey 2014. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Food consumption data were based on 24-hour dietary recall. Foods were grouped into four food groups: nonprocessed foods, processed ingredients, processed foods, and ultraprocessed foods and subsequently categorised according to the Indonesian Food Category System. Energy and nutrient intake were calculated using Nutrisurvey 2007 software. RESULTS: Nonprocessed food, processed ingredient, processed food, and ultraprocessed food consumption contributed to 57.2%, 21.6%, 1.7%, and 19.5% of total weight consumption, respectively. Ultraprocessed foods contributed to 15.7%, 16.7%, 14.2%, 12.6%, 18.4%, and 31.3% of daily energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, sodium, and sucrose intake, respectively, and the respective contributions of nonprocessed foods were 52.2%, 58.7%, 65.8%, 32.6%, 7.9%, and 11.1%; of processed ingredients were 30.0%, 22.7%, 16.4%, 53.6%, 68.9%, and 57.6%; and of processed foods were 2.1%, 2.0%, 3.6%, 1.2%, 4.8%, and 0%. Linear regression analysis between the amount of food consumption and nutrient intake showed that at the same weight consumption, processed ingredients provided a higher intake of energy, fat, sodium, and sucrose than the other food groups. CONCLUSIONS: Processed and ultraprocessed foods still have a lower contribution to energy and nutrient intake in Jakarta than nonprocessed foods and processed ingredients.

The colour degradation of anthocyanin-rich extract from butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) petal in various solvents at pH 7.

A spectroscopic study was conducted to evaluate the colour degradation mechanism of anthocyanin-rich extract from butterfly pea petal. The extract was diluted in four different solvent systems, which were buffer solution pH 7 (AQ7) and the mixture of organic solvent with buffer solution pH 7 (4:1 v/v). The organic cosolvent involved were methanol (ME7), ethanol (ET7) and acetone (AC7). The samples were stored in containers with 0% and 50% headspace, and their colour intensity, total anthocyanin and hypsochromic shift were evaluated periodically. The rank of colour and anthocyanin degradation from the biggest was AQ7 > ME7 > ET7 > AC7. The longest hypsochromic shift was AQ7 > ME7 > ET7, while in AC7 the shift was absent. There was evidence that the volume of package headspace provoked colour stability. The colour degradation in AC7 was proposed to occur through hydrophobic interaction unfolding, and in AQ7 was through the deacylation, while in ME7 and ET7 was due to both mechanisms.

Metabolomic approach for understanding phenolic compounds and melanoidin roles on antioxidant activity of Indonesia robusta and arabica coffee extracts.

Our experiments investigated roles of phenolic compounds and melanoidins on antioxidant activity of Indonesia robusta and arabica coffee extracts. The 2,2,-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and a ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method were used to determine the antioxidant activity. An increase in the roasting degree (green, light, medium, and dark) reduced phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of coffee extracts, but enhanced melanoidin content. Principle component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that phenolic compounds showed stronger effects on antioxidant activity of coffee extracts in comparison with melanoidins. This finding was supported by the results of metabolomic fingerprint by partial least square (PLS), which describes the correlation of functional groups of coffee extracts on antioxidant activity. Based on the PLS analysis, hydroxyl groups (O-H) were observed to show a positive correlation, but carbonyl (C=O) and amine (N-H) groups were attributed to a negative correlation on antioxidant activity of coffee extracts.

HPLC-based metabolomics to identify cytotoxic compounds from Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng against human breast cancer MCF-7Cells.

The objective of this study was to identify the active compounds in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng which play a role to inhibit viability of breast cancer MCF-7 cells using HPLC-based metabolomics approach. Five fractions of the plant extract were observed including ethanol, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water fraction. There were 45 HPLC chromatograms resulted from 5 fractions with 3 replications and 3 wavelengths detection. The chromatograms were compared to the data of IC50 from MTT assay of each fraction against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells using metabolomics. The OPLS analysis result promptly pointed towards a chloroform fraction at retention time of 40.16-41.28min that has the greatest contribution to the cytotoxic activity. The data of mass spectra indicated that an abietane diterpene namely 7-acetoxy-6-hydroxyroyleanone was the main compound that contributed to the cytotoxic activity. This metabolomics application method can be used as a quick preliminary guideline to uncover the most dominant compound related to the bioactivity.