Underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minority groups in gynecologic oncology: An analysis of over 250 trials.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the participation of racial and ethnic minority groups (REMGs) in gynecologic oncology trials. METHODS: Gynecologic oncology studies registered on ClinicalTrials.gov between 2007 and 2020 were identified. Trials with published results were analyzed based on reporting of race/ethnicity in relation to disease site and trial characteristics. Expected enrollment by race/ethnicity was calculated and compared to actual enrollment, adjusted for 2010 US Census population data. RESULTS: 2146 gynecologic oncology trials were identified. Of published trials (n = 252), 99 (39.3%) reported race/ethnicity data. Recent trials were more likely to report these data (36% from 2007 to 2009; 51% 2013-2015; and 53% from 2016 to 2018, p = 0.01). Of all trials, ovarian cancer trials were least likely to report race/ethnicity data (32.1% vs 39.3%, p = 0.011). Population-adjusted under-enrollment for Blacks was 7-fold in ovarian cancer, Latinx 10-fold for ovarian and 6-fold in uterine cancer trials, Asians 2.5-fold in uterine cancer trials, and American Indian and Alaska Native individuals 6-fold in ovarian trials. Trials for most disease sites have enrolled more REMGs in recent years - REMGs made up 19.6% of trial participants in 2007-2009 compared to 38.1% in 2016-2018 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Less than half of trials that published results reported race/ethnicity data. Available data reveals that enrollment of REMGs is significantly below expected rates based on national census data. These disparities persisted even after additionally adjusting for population size. Despite improvement in recent years, additional recruitment of REMGs is needed to achieve more representative and equitable participation in gynecologic cancer clinical trials.

Fetal growth disorders in twin gestations.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Twin gestations account for approximately 3% of all births. Although there appear to be physiologic differences in the third trimester growth of twins compared with singleton gestations, reasons for this remain unclear. As growth-restricted fetuses and neonates are at increased risk for adverse outcomes, there is a clinical need to optimize our ability to delineate normally from pathologically grown twins. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies have addressed current limitations in the way growth restriction is diagnosed in twin gestations. Twin-specific fetal and neonatal growth charts have been shown to decrease the number of cases inappropriately labeled as growth restricted compared with singleton nomograms. In addition, individual growth assessment (IGA) is a promising method of diagnosing pathological growth using each fetus's growth potential rather than a comparison of the estimated fetal weight with population nomograms. SUMMARY: There is a recent focus on improving our understanding of physiologic and pathologic twin growth. The increased use of twin-specific growth curves is likely to result in a decrease in the incidence of FGR diagnosis among twin gestations and could improve the outcomes of twins currently misclassified as FGR. Future research will hopefully clarify the reasons behind differences seen in twin versus singleton third trimester twin growth.

Race and Ethnicity Reporting and Representation in Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinical Trials and Publications From 2007-2020.

Importance: Clinical trials guide evidence-based obstetrics and gynecology (OB-GYN) but often enroll nonrepresentative participants. Objective: To characterize race and ethnicity reporting and representation in US OB-GYN clinical trials and their subsequent publications and to analyze the association of subspecialty and funding with diverse representation. Design and Setting: Cross-sectional analysis of all OB-GYN studies registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (2007-2020) and publications from PubMed and Google Scholar (2007-2021). Analyses included logistic regression controlling for year, subspecialty, phase, funding, and site number. Data from 332 417 studies were downloaded. Studies with a noninterventional design, with a registration date before October 1, 2007, without relevance to OB-GYN, with no reported results, and with no US-based study site were excluded. Exposures: OB-GYN subspecialty and funder. Main Outcomes and Measures: Reporting of race and ethnicity data and racial and ethnic representation (the proportion of enrollees of American Indian or Alaskan Native, Asian, Black, Latinx, or White identity and odds of representation above US Census estimates by race and ethnicity). Results: Among trials with ClinicalTrials.gov results (1287 trials with 591 196 participants) and publications (1147 trials with 821 111 participants), 662 (50.9%) and 856 (74.6%) reported race and ethnicity data, respectively. Among publications, gynecology studies were significantly less likely to report race and ethnicity than obstetrics (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.54; 95% CI, 0.38-0.75). Reproductive endocrinology and infertility trials had the lowest odds of reporting race and ethnicity (aOR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.07-0.27; reference category, obstetrics). Obstetrics and family planning demonstrated the most diverse clinical trial cohorts. Compared with obstetric trials, gynecologic oncology had the lowest odds of Black representation (ClinicalTrials.gov: aOR, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.02-0.09; publications: aOR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.03-0.11) and Latinx representation (ClinicalTrials.gov: aOR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.02-0.14; publications: aOR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.10-0.48), followed by urogynecology and reproductive endocrinology and infertility. Urogynecology (ClinicalTrials.gov: aOR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.05-0.39; publications: aOR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.09-0.58) had the lowest odds of Asian representation. Conclusions and Relevance: Race and ethnicity reporting and representation in OB-GYN trials are suboptimal. Obstetrics and family planning trials demonstrate improved representation is achievable. Nonetheless, all subspecialties should strive for more equitably representative research.

How many US obstetrical trials reach publication? A cross-sectional analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed from 2007 to 2019.

BACKGROUND: Obstetrical clinical trials are the foundation of evidence-based medicine during pregnancy. As more obstetrical trials are conducted, understanding the publication characteristics of these trials is of utmost importance to advance obstetrical health. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize the frequency of publication and trial characteristics associated with publication among obstetrical clinical trials in the United States. We additionally sought to examine time from trial completion to publication. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional analysis of completed obstetrical trials with an intervention design and at least 1 site in the United States registered to ClinicalTrials.gov from 2007 to 2019. Trial characteristics were cross-referenced with PubMed to determine publication status up to 2021 using the National Clinical Trial identification number. Bivariable analyses were conducted to determine trial characteristics associated with publication. Multivariable logistic regression models controlling for prespecified covariates were generated to estimate the relationship between funding, primary purpose, and therapeutic foci with publication. Additional exploratory analyses of other trial characteristics were conducted. Time to publication was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models. RESULTS: Of the 1879 obstetrical trials with registered completion, a total of 575 (30.6%) had at least 1 site in the United States, were completed before October 1, 2019, and were included in this analysis. Between October 2007 and October 2019, fewer than two-thirds (N=348, 60.5%) of trials reached publication. Annual rates of publication ranged from 46.4% in 2018 to 70.0% in 2007. No difference was observed in publication by funding, primary purpose, or therapeutic foci (all P>.05). Trials with characteristics indicating high trial quality-including randomized allocation scheme, ≥50 participants enrolled, ≥2 sites, and presence of a data safety monitoring committee-had increased odds of publication compared with those without such characteristics (all P<.05). For example, studies with randomized allocation of intervention had 2-fold greater odds of publication than nonrandomized studies (adjusted odds ratio, 2.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-3.37). Studies with ≥150 participants had nearly 8-fold odds of publication (adjusted odds ratio, 7.90; 95% confidence interval, 3.78-17.49) relative to studies with <50 participants. Temporal analysis demonstrated variability in time to publication among obstetrical trials, with a median time of 20.1 months after trial completion, and with most trials that reached publication having been published by 40 months. No difference was observed in time to publication by funding, primary purpose, or therapeutic foci (all P>.05). CONCLUSION: Publication of obstetrical trials remains suboptimal, with significant differences observed between trials with indicators of high quality and those without. Most trials that reach publication are published within 2 years of registered completion on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Early Discontinuation, Results Reporting, and Publication of Gynecology Clinical Trials From 2007 to 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize gynecology clinical trials over time, compare gynecology subspecialties, and analyze factors associated with early discontinuation, results reporting, and publication. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of all gynecology trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov between 2007 and 2020 and their resulting publications. Trials were analyzed with descriptive, multivariable logistic, and Cox regression analyses. Primary exposure variables were trial funding and subspecialty. The three primary outcomes included early discontinuation, results reporting to ClinicalTrials.gov, and publication in a peer-reviewed journal indexed on PubMed. RESULTS: Of 223,690 trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov between October 2007 and March 2020, only 3.7% focused on gynecology (n=8,174, approximately 3,759,086 participants). Subspecialties included reproductive endocrinology and infertility (n=1,428, 17.5%), gynecologic oncology (n=2,063, 25.2%), urogynecology (n=1,118, 13.7%), family planning (n=648, 7.9%), and other benign gynecology (n=2,917, 35.7%). Only 42.0% of completed trials disseminated results through results reporting and publication. Of all funding types, industry-funded trials were the most likely to be discontinued early (P<.001). Academic-funded trials were the least likely to report results (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.38, 95% CI 0.30-0.50) but the most likely to publish (aOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.24-2.12). The number of reproductive endocrinology and infertility trials increased the most of any subspecialty between 2007 and 2020 (6.4% growth rate). Reproductive endocrinology and infertility and family planning trials were the most likely to be stopped early (reproductive endocrinology and infertility: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.08, 95% CI 1.59-2.71; family planning: aHR 1.55 95% CI 1.06-2.25). When completed, reproductive endocrinology and infertility trials were the least likely to report results (aOR 0.58, 95% CI 0.38-0.88). No significant differences were seen between subspecialties with respect to publication. CONCLUSION: Gynecology trials comprise only 3.7% of all clinical trials. The paucity of gynecology clinical trials aligns with decades of female underrepresentation in research. When completed, gynecology trials have poor dissemination. Our findings raise concern about bias in the performance, reporting, and publication of gynecology clinical trials.

Plasma Microbial Cell-free DNA Next-generation Sequencing in the Diagnosis and Management of Febrile Neutropenia.

BACKGROUND: Standard testing fails to identify a pathogen in most patients with febrile neutropenia (FN). We evaluated the ability of the Karius microbial cell-free DNA sequencing test (KT) to identify infectious etiologies of FN and its impact on antimicrobial management. METHODS: This prospective study (ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT02912117) enrolled and analyzed 55 patients with FN. Up to 5 blood samples were collected per subject within 24 hours of fever onset (T1) and every 2 to 3 days. KT results were compared with blood culture (BC) and standard microbiological testing (SMT) results. RESULTS: Positive agreement was defined as KT identification of ≥1 isolate also detected by BC. At T1, positive and negative agreement were 90% (9/10) and 31% (14/45), respectively; 61% of KT detections were polymicrobial. Clinical adjudication by 3 independent infectious diseases specialists categorized Karius results as: unlikely to cause FN (N = 0); definite (N = 12): KT identified ≥1 organism also found by SMT within 7 days; probable (N = 19): KT result was compatible with a clinical diagnosis; possible (N = 10): KT result was consistent with infection but not considered a common cause of FN. Definite, probable, and possible cases were deemed true positives. Following adjudication, KT sensitivity and specificity were 85% (41/48) and 100% (14/14), respectively. Calculated time to diagnosis was generally shorter with KT (87%). Adjudicators determined real-time KT results could have allowed early optimization of antimicrobials in 47% of patients, by addition of antibacterials (20%) (mostly against anaerobes [12.7%]), antivirals (14.5%), and/or antifungals (3.6%); and antimicrobial narrowing in 27.3% of cases. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT02912117. CONCLUSION: KT shows promise in the diagnosis and treatment optimization of FN.

Postpartum depression in mothers with pregnancies complicated by fetal cardiac anomaly.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate factors associated with positive postpartum depression (PPD) screen in pregnancies complicated by fetal congenital cardiac anomaly. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed all records of pregnancies complicated by fetal congenital cardiac anomaly receiving prenatal, intrapartum and postpartum care at our single center, October 2016-October 2019. Maternal, obstetric, and neonatal data were compared between women with and without a positive PPD screen at the 6-week postpartum visit. RESULTS: Out of 415 women referred for fetal congenital cardiac anomaly, 86 women had complete inclusion criteria. Twenty-four women (28%) had a positive PPD screen. The frequencies of planned future infant surgery (73.9 vs. 26.2%, p = 0.01) and neonatal death prior to postpartum visit (12.5 vs. 0%, p = 0.02) were significantly higher among women with a positive PPD screen. CONCLUSION: In pregnancies complicated by fetal congenital cardiac anomaly, mothers of infants with planned future surgery or neonatal death are at significant risk for postpartum depression.

Obstetric and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by fetal lung masses: does final histology matter?

PURPOSE: Fetal lung masses complicate approximately 1 in 2000 live births. Our aim was to determine whether obstetric and neonatal outcomes differ by final fetal lung mass histology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of all pregnancies complicated by a prenatally diagnosed fetal lung mass between 2009 and 2017 at a single academic center was conducted. All cases included in the final analysis underwent surgical resection and histology diagnosis was determined by a trained pathologist. Clinical data were obtained from review of stored electronic medical records which contained linked maternal and neonatal records. Imaging records included both prenatal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Fisher's exact test was used for categorical variables and the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for continuous variables. The level of significance was p<.05. RESULTS: Of 61 pregnancies complicated by fetal lung mass during the study period, 45 cases underwent both prenatal care and postnatal resection. Final histology revealed 10 cases of congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) type 1, nine cases of CPAM type 2, and 16 cases of bronchopulmonary sequestration. There was no difference in initial, maximal, or final CPAM volume ratio between groups, with median final CPAM volume ratio of 0.6 for CPAM type 1, 0.7 for CPAM type 2, and 0.3 for bronchopulmonary sequestration (p = .12). There were no differences in any of the maternal or obstetric outcomes including gestational age at delivery and mode of delivery between the groups. The primary outcome of neonatal respiratory distress was not statistically different between groups (p = .66). Median neonatal length of stay following delivery ranged from 3 to 4 days, and time to postnatal resection was similar as well, with a median of 126 days for CPAM type 1, 122 days for CPAM type 2, and 132 days for bronchopulmonary sequestration (p = .76). CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort, there was no significant association between histologic lung mass subtypes and any obstetric or neonatal morbidity including respiratory distress.

The obstetrical research landscape: a cross-sectional analysis of clinical trials from 2007-2020.

Background: Obstetrical complications affect more than a third of women globally, but are underrepresented in clinical research. Little is known about the comprehensive obstetrical clinical trial landscape, how it compares with other fields, or factors associated with the successful completion of obstetrical trials. Objective: This study aimed to characterize obstetrical clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov with the primary objective of identifying features associated with early discontinuation and results reporting. Study Design: This is a cross-sectional study with descriptive, logistic regression and Cox regression analyses of clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. Our primary exposure variables were trial focus (obstetrical or nonobstetrical) and trial funding (industry, United States government, or academic). We conducted additional exploratory analyses of other trial features including design, enrollment, and therapeutic focus. We examined the associations of exposure variables and other trial features with 2 primary outcomes: early discontinuation and results reporting. Results: We downloaded data for all studies (N=332,417) registered on ClinicalTrials.gov from October 1, 2007, to March 9, 2020, from the Aggregate Analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov database. We excluded studies with a noninterventional design (n=63,697) and those registered before October 1, 2007 (n=45,209). A total of 4276 obstetrical trials (1.9%) (ie, interventional studies) and 219,235 nonobstetric trials (98.1%) were compared. Among all trials, 2.8% of academic-funded trials, 1.9% of United States government-funded trials, and 0.4% of industry-funded trials focused on obstetrics. The quantity of obstetrical trials increased over time (10.8% annual growth rate). Compared with nonobstetrical trials, obstetrical trials had a greater risk of early discontinuation (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-1.62; P<.0001) and similar odds of results reporting (adjusted odds ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.72-1.10; P=.19). Among obstetrical trials funders after controlling for confounding variables, United States government-funded trials were at the lowest risk of early discontinuation (United States government, adjusted hazard ratio, 0.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.07-0.69; P=.009; industry reference; academic, adjusted hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.62-1.74; P=.88). Academic-funded trials had the lowest odds of results reporting after controlling for confounding variables (academic institutions, adjusted odds ratio, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.22-0.68; P=.0009; industry reference; United States government, adjusted odds ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 0.53-2.09; P=.87). Conclusion: Obstetrical trials represent only 1.9% of all clinical trials in ClinicalTrials.gov and have comparatively poor completion. All stakeholders should commit to increasing the number of obstetrical trials and improving their completion and dissemination to ensure clinical research reflects the obstetrical burden of disease and advances maternal health.

Cytokine signature associated with disease severity in chronic fatigue syndrome patients.

Although some signs of inflammation have been reported previously in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), the data are limited and contradictory. High-throughput methods now allow us to interrogate the human immune system for multiple markers of inflammation at a scale that was not previously possible. To determine whether a signature of serum cytokines could be associated with ME/CFS and correlated with disease severity and fatigue duration, cytokines of 192 ME/CFS patients and 392 healthy controls were measured using a 51-multiplex array on a Luminex system. Each cytokine's preprocessed data were regressed on ME/CFS severity plus covariates for age, sex, race, and an assay property of newly discovered importance: nonspecific binding. On average, TGF-ß was elevated (P = 0.0052) and resistin was lower (P = 0.0052) in patients compared with controls. Seventeen cytokines had a statistically significant upward linear trend that correlated with ME/CFS severity: CCL11 (Eotaxin-1), CXCL1 (GROα), CXCL10 (IP-10), IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17F, leptin, G-CSF, GM-CSF, LIF, NGF, SCF, and TGF-α. Of the 17 cytokines that correlated with severity, 13 are proinflammatory, likely contributing to many of the symptoms experienced by patients and establishing a strong immune system component of the disease. Only CXCL9 (MIG) inversely correlated with fatigue duration.

The timeliness of the US military response to the 2014 Ebola disaster: a critical review.

In the face of an unprecedented epidemic of Ebola Virus Disease, in September 2014, the US military began sending thousands of personnel to Liberia and supporting areas in Senegal in its largest deployment to the African continent in over two decades. In this review, media reports, published photographs and official statements are evaluated and summarized to identify and describe key time points in the US military response. Specific events include the initial establishment of the Monrovia Medical Unit and the buildup of forces for the expanded mission, which involved enhancement of laboratory testing capacity, construction of Ebola Treatment Units, and training of health care workers. The review concludes with a discussion and critical evaluation of the timeliness of this US military response in the context of the original expectations of the humanitarian community and government officials.