Outcomes of apexification in immature traumatised necrotic teeth and risk factors for premature tooth loss: A 20-year longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND/AIM: To evaluate the long-term survival of immature traumatized incisors with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis after endodontic treatment with two apexification techniques (calcium hydroxide apexification and MTA-apical plug) and to identify major factors affecting the survival of these teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records of 2400 children and adolescents were screened for presence of traumatic dental injuries to immature incisors where endodontic treatment with the two apexification techniques was performed during January 2003 and December 2022, compared to a control group of mature teeth treated with conventional endodontic techniques. The studied variables were age; sex; apexification technique, presence of luxation and hard tissue injuries; preoperative root development stage (RDS), preoperative and postoperative periapical index (PAI), the time-point for tooth loss, and overall survival time in years. Kaplan-Meier estimates were used to graphically present the survival functions and Cox proportional hazard model to calculate hazard ratios (HR, 95% CI). RESULTS: The median survival time was 10 years for calcium hydroxide apexification, 16.1 for MTA-apexification, for luxation injuries other than intrusions and avulsions 15.5 years, for intrusions 12.5 years and for avulsions 6.8 years. The variables with significant negative impact on tooth survival were calcium hydroxide apexification, avulsion and postoperative PAI 3-5. No significant relationships were found for the variables MTA apexification, concussion; subluxation; lateral luxation; extrusion, intrusion, hard tissue injuries, preoperative RDS and PAI scores and postoperative PAI 1-2. After adjustment, the risk for premature tooth loss was 13.5 times higher in calcium hydroxide apexification, approximately 2 to 4 times higher in PAI 3-5, and 5.6 times higher in avulsions. CONCLUSIONS: Calcium hydroxide apexification, avulsion, and postoperative PAI 3-5 were identified as prognostic variables with significant negative impact on the risk for premature tooth loss.

Exploring the neuroprotective role of physical activity in cerebral small vessel disease.

Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) is a common neurological finding characterized by abnormalities of the small blood vessels in the brain. Previous research has established a strong connection between cSVD and stroke, as well as neurodegenerative disorders, notably Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias. As the search for effective interventions continues, physical activity (PA) has emerged as a potential preventative and therapeutic avenue. This review synthesizes the human and animal literature on the influence of PA on cSVD, highlighting the importance of determining optimal exercise protocols, considering aspects such as intensity, duration, timing, and exercise type. Furthermore, the necessity of widening the age bracket in research samples is discussed, ensuring a holistic understanding of the interventions across varying pathological stages of the disease. The review also suggests the potential of exploring diverse biomarkers and risk profiles associated with clinically significant outcomes. Moreover, we review findings demonstrating the beneficial effects of PA in various rodent models of cSVD, which have uncovered numerous mechanisms of neuroprotection, including increases in neuroplasticity and integrity of the vasculature and white matter; decreases in inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction; and alterations in amyloid processing and neurotransmitter signaling. In conclusion, this review highlights the potential of physical activity as a preventive strategy for addressing cSVD, offering insights into the need for refining exercise parameters, diversifying research populations, and exploring novel biomarkers, while shedding light on the intricate mechanisms through which exercise confers neuroprotection in both humans and animal models.

Material-Sparing Feasibility Screening for Hot Melt Extrusion.

Hot melt extrusion (HME) offers a high-throughput process to manufacture amorphous solid dispersions. A variety of experimental and model-based approaches exist to predict API solubility in polymer melts, but these methods are typically aimed at determining the thermodynamic solubility and do not take into account kinetics of dissolution or the associated degradation of the API during thermal processing, both of which are critical considerations in generating a successful amorphous solid dispersion by HME. This work aims to develop a material-sparing approach for screening manufacturability of a given pharmaceutical API by HME using physically relevant time, temperature, and shear. Piroxicam, ritonavir, and phenytoin were used as model APIs with PVP VA64 as the dispersion polymer. We present a screening flowchart, aided by a simple custom device, that allows rapid formulation screening to predict both achievable API loadings and expected degradation from an HME process. This method has good correlation to processing with a micro compounder, a common HME screening industry standard, but only requires 200 mg of API or less.

PRESTO: Promoting Engagement for the Safe Tapering of Opioids.

ABSTRACT: Twenty-four percent of all U.S. opioid overdose deaths involve a prescription opioid. Changing prescribing practices is considered a key step in reducing opioid overdoses. Primary care providers (PCPs) commonly lack the patient engagement skills needed to address patient resistance to taper or end opioid prescriptions. We developed and evaluated a protocol aimed at improving PCP opioid-prescribing patterns and modeled on the evidence-based Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) approach. We conducted a time series trial comparing provider opioid prescribing 8 months before and 8 months after training with the PRomoting Engagement for Safe Tapering of Opioids (PRESTO) protocol. The 148 Ohio PCPs who completed PRESTO training gained confidence in their ability to engage their patients on the topics of opioid overdose risk and potential opioid tapering. Promoting Engagement for Safe Tapering of Opioids participants had decreased opioid-prescribing over time, but this was not significantly different from Ohio PCPs who had not received PRESTO training. Participants completing PRESTO training had small, but significant increased buprenorphine prescribing over time compared with Ohio PCPs who had not received PRESTO training. The PRESTO approach and opioid risk pyramid warrant further study and validation.

Extended caries prevention programme with biannual application of fluoride varnish for toddlers: prevalence of dental fluorosis at ages 7-9 years and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of and factors associated with dental fluorosis in children living in areas of high caries risk in Stockholm and who had participated in a prospective, parallel, cluster-randomized, controlled caries prevention trial between ages 1 and 3 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group comprised a random sample of the children who had completed the 2-year prevention trial (n = 2536) in 2011-2014. All children were instructed to use fluoride toothpaste; the test group received fluoride varnish applications twice a year. Dental fluorosis prevalences in the reference (n = 220) and the test (n = 234) groups were compared. Presence of fluorosis was determined using the Thylsturp & Fejerskov (TF) index on photos of the permanent maxillary incisors. RESULTS: No significant difference in dental fluorosis was observed between the two groups. Nearly one-third (29.7%) of the children in the study cohort exhibited dental fluorosis (TF index ≥ 1). Associations with use of fluoride toothpaste at age 1 year and with socioeconomic status factors were found. CONCLUSIONS: Biannual applications of fluoride varnish in toddlers was not associated with dental fluorosis, which when found was rarely of aesthetic concern. Parental education in tooth-brushing routines is recommended.

First-In-Human Phase I Study of the OX40 Agonist MOXR0916 in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors.

PURPOSE: OX40, a receptor transiently expressed by T cells upon antigen recognition, is associated with costimulation of effector T cells and impairment of regulatory T-cell function. This first-in-human study evaluated MOXR0916, a humanized effector-competent agonist IgG1 monoclonal anti-OX40 antibody. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible patients with locally advanced or metastatic refractory solid tumors were treated with MOXR0916 intravenously once every 3 weeks (Q3W). A 3+3 dose-escalation stage (0.2-1,200 mg; n = 34) was followed by expansion cohorts at 300 mg (n = 138) for patients with melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and triple-negative breast cancer. RESULTS: MOXR0916 was well tolerated with no dose-limiting toxicities observed. An MTD was not reached. Most patients (95%) experienced at least one adverse event (AE); 56% of AEs, mostly grade 1-2, were related to MOXR0916. Most common treatment-related AEs included fatigue (17%), diarrhea (8%), myalgia (7%), nausea (6%), decreased appetite (6%), and infusion-related reaction (5%). Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were dose proportional between 80 and 1,200 mg and supported Q3W administration. The recommended expansion dose based on PK and OX40 receptor saturation was 300 mg Q3W. Immune activation and upregulation of PD-L1 was observed in a subset of paired tumor biopsies. One renal cell carcinoma patient experienced a confirmed partial response. Overall, 33% of patients achieved stable disease. CONCLUSIONS: Although objective responses were rarely observed with MOXR0916 monotherapy, the favorable safety profile and evidence of tumor immune activation in a subset of patients support further investigation in combination with complementary agents such as PD-1/PD-L1 antagonists.

Entrecruzamento de desigualdades: gênero e maternidade na carreira de médicas de família e comunidade / Intercrossing inequalities: gender and maternity in the career of family and community physicians

O estudo da crescente feminização da área da Medicina de Família e Comunidade coloca na agenda de estudiosos a preocupação com os fatores e impactos dessa tendência nas trajetórias das carreiras das médicas, principalmente daquelas que estão exercendo suasatividades em áreas periféricas. O objetivo do estudo do qual resulta este artigo foi compreender como as médicas justificam suas escolhas e permanências no exercício da Medicina de Família e Comunidade, mesmo em contextos considerados potencialmente violentos. Realizamos uma investigação de caráter qualitativo, que dialogou com aspectos da cartografia, a partir de entrevistas realizadas com oito médicas de família que se fixaram em áreas de alta vulnerabilidade social em uma capital brasileira. A análise dos enunciados apontou para o gênero como o eixo marcador de diferença, destacando o empuxo exercido pela maternidade, o conceito gênero em sua dinâmica interseccional. Identificamos que a responsabilização pelo cuidado permanece impactando o processo decisório das mulheres, (re)definindo o equilíbrio entre vida pessoal/familiar e trabalho e (de)limitando as trajetórias de suas carreiras.

The growing trend of feminization of family practice raises scholars' concerns about the factors and effects of this trend on the trajectories of female medical careers, particularly those working in outlying areas. The aim of the study, from which this article results, was to understand how medical women justify their choices and permanence in the family practice career while working in contexts considered potentially violent. We carried out a qualitative study with cartographic aspects, based on interviews with eightfamily doctors who are settled in areas of high social vulnerability in a large city in Brazil. The analysis of the statements pointed to gender, in its intersectional dynamics, as the major axis of difference in the practice. Motherhood is highlighted ashaving a major impact on female professionals. Our study identified that the duty of care persists in impacting women's decision-making, (re) defining the balance between personal and family life and (de) limiting their career trajectories.

Medicina de Família e Comunidade e Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade: quem somos nós, 45 e 40 anos depois? / Family and Community Medicine and Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade: who are we 45 and 40 years later? / Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria y Sociedad Brasileña de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria: ¿quiénes somos, 45 y 40 años después?

Neste ano de 2021, comemorativo dos 40 anos da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade (SBMFC) e dos 45 anos da especialidade no Brasil desde os primeiros programas de residência médica na área, lançamos este número especial da Revista Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade (RBMFC). Ele está composto por três entrevistas, trazendo a visão de pessoas que, de alguma forma, representam o passado, o presente e o futuro da especialidade. Naturalmente haveria muitas e muitos médicas/médicos de Família e Comunidade para consultarmos, mas seria impossível colocar a todas e todos neste espaço. Nossos convidados e convidadas estão listados e apresentados ao fim deste editorial.

45 anos de Medicina de Família e Comunidade e 40 anos da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade: papel, desafios e perspectivas no processo de fortalecimento e qualificação da Atenção Primária e do Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil / 45 years of Family and Community Medicine and 40 years of the Brazilian Society of Family and Community Medicine: role, challenges and perspectives in the process of strengthening and qualifying primary care and the Unified Health System in Brazi / 45 años de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria y 40 años de la Sociedad Brasileña de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria: rol, desafíos y perspectivas en el proceso de fortalecimiento y calificación de la Atención Primaria y del Sistema Único de Salud en Brasil

No ano comemorativo dos 40 anos da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade (SBMFC) e dos 45 anos da Medicina de Família e Comunidade (MFC) como especialidade no Brasil, este artigo, na forma de entrevistas, traz visões e percepções sobre os programas de residência em MFC e a participação da especialidade na graduação, na pesquisa na gestão em saúde. Os entrevistados e entrevistadas, aqui, estão representando o passado, o presente e o futuro da MFC e da SBMFC1. São profissionais que se relacionam com sua história nestes 40/45 anos, considerando algumas de suas funções na MFC e da SBMFC nesse período. Suas relações com a MFC e a SBMFC podem ser lidas no Editorial desta edição comemorativa. Neste bloco, respondem a perguntas que abrangem os desafios enfrentados, os avanços e as perspectivas da MFC e da SBMFC no fortalecimento e na qualificação da Atenção Primária e do Sistema de Saúde como um todo.

Formação, Ensino e Pesquisa na Medicina de Família e Comunidade e na Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil: situação atual, desafios e perspectivas / Training, Teaching, and Research in Family and Community Medicine and Primary Health Care in Brazil: current situation, challenges, and perspectives / Formación, Docencia e Investigación en Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria y Atención Primaria de Salud en Brasil: situación actual, desafíos y perspectivas

No ano que marca os 40 anos da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade (SBMFC) e os 45 anos da Medicina de Família e Comunidade (MCF) como especialidade no Brasil, este artigo traz ­ por meio de entrevistas ­ pensamentos e percepções sobre Programas de residência em MFC e a participação desta especialidade em cursos de graduação, pesquisa e gestão em saúde. Esses entrevistados representam o passado, presente e futuro da FCM e da SBMFC [1]. Sua história se confunde com a da SBMFC e da FCM nestes 40/45 anos, considerando alguns cargos ocupados por esses profissionais na FCM e na SBMFC nesse período. Sua relação com a FCM e a SBMFC pode ser encontrada no Editorial desta edição comemorativa. As entrevistas exploram aspectos relacionados aos desafios, avanços e perspectivas da MFC e da SBMFC no processo de qualificação docente, de ampliação do número de especialistas e de ampliação da formação em pesquisa e gestão na área de MFC e atenção primária à saúde (APS).

Mensagens sobre a Medicina de Família e Comunidade e a Atenção Primária à Saúde dirigida a Médicas e Médicos de Família e Comunidade, residentes, estudantes de Medicina, gestores e gestoras de saúde e educação / Messages on family and community medicine and primary care directed at family doctors, residents, medical students and health and education managers / Mensajes sobre Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria y Atención Primaria de Salud dirigidos a Médicos y Médicas Familiares, residentes, estudiantes de medicina, gerentes y de salud y educación

No ano comemorativo dos 40 anos da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade (SBMFC) e dos 45 anos da Medicina de Família e Comunidade (MFC) como especialidade no Brasil, este artigo, na forma de entrevistas, traz mensagens de convidados e convidadas ­ profissionais que aqui representam a história passada, presente e futura da MFC e da SBMFC.[1] São profissionais que se relacionam com essa história nestes 40/45 anos, considerando algumas de suas funções na MFC e da SBMFC nesse período. Suas relações com a MFC e a SBMFC podem ser lidas no Editorial desta edição comemorativa. As mensagens sobre a MFC e a Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) são dirigidas aos e às residentes de MFC, aos e às Médicos e Médicas de Família e Comunidade (MFC), aos médicos e médicas que atuam na APS; aos estudantes de Medicina, aos gestores de saúde e educação e à população geral.

Dental trauma in toddlers 1-3 years of age living in multicultural areas of Stockholm, Sweden: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Traumatic dental injuries are common and affect many children. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of dental trauma as well as the costs and resource use in a cohort of children aged 1-3 years in low socioeconomic areas (low income and educational level) of Stockholm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were extracted from a larger intervention trial and analyzed for the prevalence and other characteristics of dental trauma as well as patient characteristics of children (n = 1346) from six dental clinics in low-income, multicultural areas. Variables describing the trauma, socioeconomic status, direct and indirect costs, and time spent at the emergency visit for the dental trauma were retrieved from the dental records. The study also recorded which healthcare profession handled the first and follow-up visits. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental trauma in the study cohort was 8.2%, and higher among boys (n = 71) than girls (n = 39). Boys exhibited a significantly higher risk for dental trauma (OR, 1.76; 95% CI = 1.17-2.65). Maxillary incisors were the teeth most often traumatized, and lateral luxation was the most common diagnosis. The mean time spent per child during the first year following the dental trauma was 36 min, and the mean costs per child were EUR 878. The total average per-child cost (direct and indirect costs) for dental trauma was EUR 2107. Dental visits due to traumatic injuries were significantly less common among children with an immigrant background and in families with an income ≤EUR 2000 per month. CONCLUSIONS: Toddlers in families who have a low socioeconomic status, a foreign background, and live in multicultural areas of Stockholm visit dental clinics for traumatic dental injuries less often than non-immigrant children living in families with a high socioeconomic status.

Environmental Enrichment: Disentangling the Influence of Novelty, Social, and Physical Activity on Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy in a Transgenic Mouse Model.

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is the deposition of amyloid protein in the cerebral vasculature, a common feature in both aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the effects of environmental factors, particularly cognitive stimulation, social stimulation, and physical activity, on CAA pathology are poorly understood. These factors, delivered in the form of the environmental enrichment (EE) paradigm in rodents, have been shown to have beneficial effects on the brain and behavior in healthy aging and AD models. However, the relative importance of these subcomponents on CAA pathology has not been investigated. Therefore, we assessed the effects of EE, social enrichment (SOC), and cognitive enrichment (COG) compared to a control group that was single housed without enrichment (SIN) from 4 to 8 months of age in wild-type mice (WT) and Tg-SwDI mice, a transgenic mouse model of CAA that exhibits cognitive/behavioral deficits. The results show that individual facets of enrichment can affect an animal model of CAA, though the SOC and combined EE conditions are generally the most effective at producing physiological, cognitive/behavioral, and neuropathological changes, adding to a growing literature supporting the benefits of lifestyle interventions.

Envelhecimento, finitude e morte: narrativas de idosos de uma unidade básica de saúde / Envejecimiento, finitud y muerte: narrativas de ancianos de una unidad básica de salud / Aging, finitude and death: narratives of the elderly of a basic health unit

O presente estudo, de caráter qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, teve como objeto central estudar, através das suas narrativas, a percepção de idosos ativos, com idade de sessenta anos ou mais, sobre aspectos relacionados ao envelhecimento, à finitude e à morte. O objetivo principal foi explorar como estas temáticas poderiam ser abordadas por médicos de família e comunidade e outros profissionais de saúde na Atenção Primária (AP), e desta forma contribuir para um cuidado mais adequado às pessoas e às famílias, em relação à vivência destas últimas etapas da vida. Foram realizadas e gravadas 10 entrevistas com uma amostra de idosos acompanhados em uma Clínica da Família do Rio de Janeiro. A seguir, foram transcritas para estudo por análise de conteúdo segundo Bardin, tendo por base categorias previamente definidas conforme estruturação do questionário aplicado nas entrevistas. Percebeu-se uma necessidade de os idosos conversarem sobre esses temas, mas há carência de espaços para reflexões sobre morte e, principalmente, sobre envelhecimento. Em relação a este, foram obtidos relatos interessantes sobre a diferenciação entre envelhecer e ficar velho. Avalia-se que este estudo trouxe reflexões relevantes sobre a temática além de contribuições para a formação de profissionais e o desenvolvimento de atividades no âmbito da AP e dos Cuidados Paliativos em assuntos relacionados à abordagem de pessoas e famílias passando por situações de envelhecimento, finitude, proximidade da morte e da própria morte, em si.

The purpose of this qualitative, descriptive and exploratory work was to study, through the narrative of people with sixty years or older, how the active elderly perceive aging, finitude and death. The main goal was to explore how these issues could be dealt by family doctors, and other professionals in Primary Health Care (PHC). Therefore, it is expected that this work should contribute for a better health care of people and families in those subjects related with the last stages of life already mentioned. In this context, it was explored the knowledge of the Vital Testament and Early Directives as well, both still not well established in Brazil. Interviews were conducted and recorded with a sample of accompanied elderly people at a Family Clinic in Rio de Janeiro. They were then transcribed for study, using the content analysis. It was observed an elderly people necessity to talk on these issues. But there is a lack of room for reflections about death and, mainly, on aging. In this sense, interesting accounts have been obtained on the differentiation between the aging and be elder. This study has brought relevant thoughts on the subject, beyond the contribution to the professionals' formation. Also, about the activity's development in the scope for the Primary Health Care and Palliative Care, concerning the treatment of people and families experiencing aging, finitude, period of decline and death itself

El presente estudio, de carácter cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio, tuvo como objetivo central estudiar, a través de sus narrativas, la percepción de ancianos activos, de sesenta años o más, sobre aspectos relacionados con el envejecimiento, con la finitud y con la muerte. El objetivo principal fue explorar cómo estas temáticas podrían ser abordadas por médicos de familia y comunidad y otros profesionales de la salud en la Atención Primaria (AP), y de esta forma contribuir a un cuidado más adecuado de las personas y las familias, con relación a las vivencias en estas últimas etapas de la vida. Se realizaron y registraron 10 entrevistas en una muestra de ancianos acompañados, en una Clínica de Familia de Rio de Janeiro. A continuación, fueron transcritas para el estudio por análisis de contenido, basado en las preguntas como categorías preliminares del análisis. Se percibió una necesidad de los ancianos a conversar sobre estos temas, pero existe una carencia de espacios para reflexiones sobre la muerte y, principalmente, sobre el envejecimiento. En relación con éste, fueron obtenidos interesantes relatos sobre la diferencia ente envejecer y estar viejo. Se valora que este estudio trajo reflexiones relevantes sobre la temática, asimismo sobre la formación de profesionales; también para el desarrollo de actividades en el ámbito de la AP y de los Cuidados Paliativos en assuntos relacionados con el abordaje de personas y familias pasando por situaciones de envejecimiento, finitud, proximidad de la muerte y de la propia muerte en sí.

Sobrecarga de trabalho e estresse: relato sobre um grupo de apoio à saúde do trabalhador em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família / Burnout and stress: report about a worker health support group in a Family Health Unit / Burnout y estrés: relato acerca de un grupo de apoyo a la salud del trabajador en una Unidad de Salud Familiar

Estudos identificam que metade dos trabalhadores da Atenção Primária à Saúde apresentam risco moderado a alto de desenvolver sofrimentos mentais associados ao trabalho, entre eles a Síndrome de Burnout. Desde 2016, profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde na cidade do Rio de Janeiro vêm sofrendo grandes desafios em relação ao seu crescimento, valorização e estabilidade, com aumento da violência na cidade e da sobrecarga de trabalho, após a diminuição no número de equipes. Devido a isso, vêm relatando um maior nível de estresse, tanto na vida social quanto no ambiente de trabalho. Os grupos terapêuticos são uma estratégia de abordagem de situações emocionalmente complicadas, utilizada desde o início do século XX. Este trabalho relata a experiência de um grupo terapêutico voltado para funcionários de uma unidade de Atenção Primária à Saúde no Rio de Janeiro. O objetivo da atividade grupal foi: constituir um espaço de suporte, diálogo, reflexão, escuta ativa e elaboração de estratégias que auxiliassem os profissionais de saúde a se sentir mais empoderados e resilientes. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório e descritivo de abordagem qualitativa, com registros das reuniões e entrevista semiestruturada aplicada aos participantes depois do desenvolvimento do grupo. Durante as reuniões, foi identificada uma autopercepção de elevado nível de estresse e de sobrecarga de trabalho. Houve uma boa aceitação e aproveitamento do grupo e, pelo relato dos participantes, foram alcançados os objetivos de diminuição do estresse e de suporte mútuo. Atividades de grupos nesse modelo podem contribuir para melhorar o ambiente de trabalho e a saúde dos funcionários, levando a uma melhor oferta dos serviços de saúde.

Studies have identified that half of Primary Health Care workers have a moderate to high risk of developing work-related mental illnesses, including Burnout Syndrome. Since 2016, primary health care professionals in the city of Rio de Janeiro have faced great challenges regarding their growth, recovery and stability, with the increase in violence in the city and work overload, after the decrease in the number of teams. Because of this, they have been reporting a higher level of stress both in social life and in the workplace. Therapeutic groups are a strategy to deal with emotionally complicated situations, used since the early twentieth century. This article reports on the experience of a therapeutic group focused on the employees of a Primary Health Care unit in Rio de Janeiro. The objectives of the group activity were to provide a space for support, dialogue, reflection, active listening and the development of strategies that would help health professionals feel more empowered and resilient. It is an exploratory and descriptive study of qualitative approach, with records of meetings and semi-structured interviews applied to the participants, after the development of the group. During the meetings, a high level of stress self-perception and work overload was identified. There was a good acceptance and enjoyment of the group and, according to the participants' report, the objectives of stress reduction and mutual support among the participants were achieved. Group activities in this model can contribute to improving the work environment, the health of employees and a better provision of health services.

Estudios han identificado que la mitad de los trabajadores de Atención Primaria de Salud tienen un riesgo moderado a alto de desarrollar enfermedades mentales relacionadas con el trabajo, incluido el Síndrome de Burnout. Desde 2016, los profesionales de atención primaria de salud en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro se han enfrentado a grandes desafíos con respecto a su crecimiento, valorización y estabilidad, con el aumento de la violencia en la ciudad y la sobrecarga de trabajo, después de la disminución en el número de equipos. Debido a esto, han estado reportando un mayor nivel de estrés tanto en la vida social como en el lugar de trabajo. Los grupos terapéuticos son una estrategia para lidiar con situaciones emocionalmente complicadas, utilizadas desde principios del siglo XX. Este artículo informa sobre la experiencia de un grupo terapéutico centrado en los empleados de una unidad de Atención Primaria de Salud en Río de Janeiro. Los objetivos de la actividad grupal fueron: proporcionar un espacio para el apoyo, el diálogo, la reflexión, la escucha activa y la elaboración de estrategias que ayudarían a los profesionales de la salud a sentirse más capacitados y resistentes. Es un estudio exploratorio y descriptivo de enfoque cualitativo, con registros de reuniones y entrevistas semiestructuradas aplicadas a los participantes, después del desarrollo del grupo. Durante las reuniones, se identificó un alto nivel de autopercepción del estrés y la sobrecarga de trabajo. Hubo una buena aceptación y disfrute del grupo y, según el informe de los participantes, se lograron los objetivos de reducción del estrés y apoyo mutuo entre los participantes. Las actividades grupales en este modelo pueden contribuir a mejorar el ambiente de trabajo, la salud de los empleados y una mejor prestación de servicios de salud.

Voluntary Wheel Running Reduces Amyloid-ß42 and Rescues Behavior in Aged Tg2576 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Exercise has been shown to be protective against the risk of dementias, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Intervention studies have demonstrated its ability to mitigate cognitive and behavioral impairments and reduce disease in both humans and animals. However, information is lacking in regard to the volume and intensity, as well as timing of exercise onset with respect to disease stage, which produces optimal benefits. Here, utilizing the Tg2576 mouse, a model of AD-like parenchymal amyloid pathology and cognitive impairment, we sought to understand the effects of different lengths of daily access to a running wheel on advanced stage disease. This study is the first to determine the benefits of long-term exercise (4 months of voluntary running) and different periods of daily access to a running wheel (0 h, 1 h, 3 h, and 12 h running wheel access) beginning in 14-month-old Tg2576 mice, an age with significant amyloid pathology. We found that exercising Tg2576 animals showed lower levels of some aspects of AD pathology and reduced behavioral dysfunction compared to sedentary Tg2576 animals. High intensity exercise, rather than high volume exercise, was generally most beneficial in reducing amyloid pathology. Our results suggest that engaging in vigorous exercise programs, even after living a sedentary life, may lead to a measurable reduction in AD pathology and preservation of some cognitive abilities.

Long-term voluntary wheel running does not alter vascular amyloid burden but reduces neuroinflammation in the Tg-SwDI mouse model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular exercise (CVE) has been shown to be protective against cognitive decline in aging and the risk for dementias, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD). CVE has also been shown to have several beneficial effects on brain pathology and behavioral impairments in mouse models of AD; however, no studies have specifically examined the effects of CVE on cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), which is the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aß) in the cerebral vasculature. CAA may be uniquely susceptible to beneficial effects of CVE interventions due to the location and nature of the pathology. Alternatively, CVE may exacerbate CAA pathology, due to added stress on already compromised cerebral vasculature. METHODS: In the current study, we examined the effects of CVE over many months in mice, thereby modeling a lifelong commitment to CVE in humans. We assessed this voluntary CVE in Tg-SwDI mice, a transgenic mouse model of CAA that exhibits behavioral deficits, fibrillar vascular Aß pathology, and significant perivascular neuroinflammation. Various "doses" of exercise intervention (0 h ("Sedentary"), 1 h, 3 h, 12 h access to running wheel) were assessed from ~ 4 to 12 months of age for effects on physiology, behavior/cognitive performance, and pathology. RESULTS: The 12 h group performed the greatest volume of exercise, whereas the 1 h and 3 h groups showed high levels of exercise intensity, as defined by more frequent and longer duration running bouts. Tg-SwDI mice exhibited significant cerebral vascular Aß pathology and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines as compared to WT controls. Tg-SwDI mice did not show motor dysfunction or altered levels of anxiety or sociability compared to WT controls, though Tg-SwDI animals did appear to exhibit a reduced tendency to explore novel environments. At all running levels, CAA pathology in Tg-SwDI mice was not significantly altered, but 12-h high-volume exercise showed increased insoluble Aß burden. However, CVE attenuated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and was generally effective at enhancing motor function and reducing anxiety-like behavior in Tg-SwDI mice, though alterations in learning and memory tasks were varied. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results suggest that CAA can still develop regardless of a lifespan of substantial CVE, although downstream effects on neuroinflammation may be reduced and functional outcomes improved.

Médicos pelo Brasil e as políticas de saúde para a Estratégia Saúde da Família de 1994 a 2019: caminhos e descaminhos da Atenção Primária no Brasil / Médicos pelo Brasil and the health policies for the Family Health Strategy from 1994 to 2019: paths and deviations of Primary Care in Brazil / Médicos pelo Brasil y las políticas de salud para la Estrategia Salud de la Familia de 1994 a 2019: caminos y descaminos de la Atención Primaria en Brasil

No dia 1 de agosto de 2019, o presidente Bolsonaro e seu Ministro da Saúde lançam o Programa Médicos pelo Brasil como aquele que, segundo os mesmos, substituirá o Programa Mais Médicos. O propósito deste artigo é contribuir para uma análise desta mais recente proposta de política de saúde no âmbito da Atenção Primária à Saúde no contexto do Mais Médicos e das demais políticas de desenvolvimento e qualificação da ESF no país no período de 1994 a 2019

On August 1, 2019, President Bolsonaro and his Minister of Health launched the Program Doctors throughout Brazil (Programa Médicos pelo Brasil) that will replace the Program More Doctors (Programa Mais Médicos). The purpose of this article is to contribute to an analysis of that latest primary care policy proposal in the context of the Program More Doctors and other development and qualification of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in the country from 1994 to 2019.

El 1 de agosto de 2019, el Presidente Bolsonaro y su Ministro de Salud lanzaron el Programa Médicos pelo Brasil (Programa Médicos por el Brasil) que reemplazará al Programa Más Médicos (Programa Mais Médicos). El propósito de este artículo es contribuir a un análisis de esta última propuesta de política de salud de la Atención Primaria de Salud en el contexto del Mais Médicos y otras políticas de desarrollo y calificación de la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia (ESF) en el país, desde 1994 hasta 2019.

Economic evaluation of an expanded caries-preventive program targeting toddlers in high-risk areas in Sweden.

OBJECTIVE: To economically evaluate a caries-preventive program "Stop Caries Stockholm" (SCS) where a standard program is supplemented with biannual applications of fluoride varnish in toddlers and compared it with the standard preventive program. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from the cluster randomized controlled field trial SCS including 3403 children, conducted in multicultural areas with low socioeconomic status was used. The difference in mean caries increment between the examinations; when the toddlers were 1 and 3 years old, was outcome measure of the intervention. The program was evaluated from a societal as well as a dental health care perspective. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated as the incremental cost for each defs prevented. RESULTS: Average dental health care costs per child at age 3 years were EUR 95.77 for the supplemental intervention and EUR 70.52 for the standard intervention. The ICER was EUR 280.56 from a dental health care perspective and EUR 468.67 and considered high. CONCLUSIONS: The supplemental caries intervention program was not found to be cost-effective. The program raised costs without significantly reducing caries development. A better alternative use of the resources is recommended. TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.controlled-trials.com (ISRCTN35086887).