RESUMO
Lichen planus is a mucocutaneous inflammatory dermatosis characterized by a papular rash; the disease is self-limited, has several clinical subtypes and follows a chronic or subacute clinical course. This article presents some etiological hypotheses: stress, genetic predisposition, systemic diseases, viral infections, materials used in dentistry. Also, medicines or contact allergens can cause lichenoid reactions, which are the main differential diagnosis. Autoimmune hypothesis can be supported by the association with other autoimmune diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, alopecia areata, vitiligo, dermatomyositis, morphea, lichen sclerosus, myasthenia gravis. This disease seems to be mediated through an antigenic mechanism of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation, and production of proinflammatory cytokines, cascade of events that causes apoptosis of basal keratinocytes. A good understanding of the pathogenesis, clinical presentation and early diagnosis of lichen planus is critical in determining the appropriate therapeutic management. This present article aims to present and discuss the various etiopathogenetic concepts of lichen planus.
Assuntos
Líquen Plano/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangue , Citocinas/sangue , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Líquen Plano/diagnóstico , Líquen Plano/etiologia , Líquen Plano/terapia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
En la actualidad las modalidades lúdicas de los niños se han ido modificando. En las últimas décadas, en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires se han producido cambios en los espacios lúdicos, que llevan a los niños a realizar cada vez más actividades en espacios privados o semipúblicos, haciendo variar su manera de jugar. El objetivo del estudio que se informa fue describir y analizar las transformaciones lúdicas, a partir de los juegos de los niños, los espacios y la percepción, y el recuerdo de personas pertenecientes a distintas generaciones. Participaron 516 sujetos de estrato social medio, agrupados en cuatro franjas de edad: niños, adolescentes, jóvenes y adultos y se les administró el Cuestionario Semiestructurado sobre Juegos (Stefani, Andrés & Oanes, 2010). Los datos obtenidos fueron clasificados de acuerdo a los diferentes tipos de juegos y espacios lúdicos, a fin de describir semejanzas y diferencias entre las respuestas dadas por los diferentes grupos de la muestra. Además se calcularon frecuencias y porcentajes de los juegos y de los espacios predominantes por edad. A fin de evaluar la asociación entre las variables tipo de juegos y tipo de espacios con las distintas franjas de edad, se aplicó la prueba de independencia de atributos chi-cuadrado. Los resultados permiten observar que los juegos se fueron transformando junto con los espacios donde se desarrollan, llevando a los niños a realizar sus prácticas cada vez más puertas adentro.(AU)
Nowadays, children’s play culture has changed. Over the last few decades, in Buenos Aires City, there have been many changes in play settings, which lead children to carry out activities in private or semi-public environments, modifying the way in which they play. Children’s play, understood as a space where children formerly trained their different skills, is being increasingly influenced by new technologies. At the same time, these new environments allow children to have new experiences. Children’s play has been changing as time goes by; some games have been passed down, such as traditional games; some others have been modified, for example role-playing, and others have disappeared or tend to do so. Digital options for children, which offer play and interactivity, are fully in line with the logic of consumption and they vary according to social economical level. New generations incorporate these tools since their childhood, modifying childlike habits which held good for decades. We find that some decades ago, children used to play group games outdoors, on the streets around their neighborhood, at parks or at sport centers. Games such as elastics, hide and seek, skipping the rope, etc. were played on a daily basis while an adult was looking after the children. Nowadays, due to insecurity in the streets, children play indoors, in closed environments, or in private or institutional settings, and they play individually. The objective in conducting this study was to describe and analyze the changes in play habits which have been taking place, from information taken from research on children’s play, play settings, and perception and recollection from subjects belonging to different generations. In this study, 516 participants belonging to the middle class in Buenos Aires City (Argentina), who were grouped in four age ranges: young children, adolescents, young adults and adults, were given a semi-structured questionnaire (Stefani, Andrés & Oanes, 2010). About play formats N and A which has been devised to build up knowledge about different types of play and play settings across generations. The constant comparison method was used to classify the obtained data into different types of play and play settings, in order to describe similarities and differences among the answers given by each study group. Furthermore, frequencies, averages, mean, median, and standard deviation prevailing in each age group were drawnfromthat. Statistically significant proof tests were per -ormed: analysis of factor variance for the variable Type of play, and Chi-square Attribute Independence Test for the variable Type of setting. The results allow us to observe that play habits have been changing together with the places where they are developed, leading children to carry out their playful activities primarily indoors. Traditional games are shared by all generations, with slight variations, but without altering their essence, many of them consist of physical play like chase (chasing games), and hide and seek. Pretend / role-play has changed, as children use technology to play, increasingly incorporating electronic devices that grown-ups use for their work and social activities. In this way it is observed that play reflects and reproduces society. We are in a moment of transition, changes in play habits and settings will make an impact on the way new generations build emotional and social skills. This leads us to think that this moment of transition, or experience crisis, comprises new possibilities, but at the same time, new risks such as individualism, isolation, negation of the other as a fellow human being, as the use of technology is basically an individual activity. A new virtual agora has been incorporated, with a new social order in which children are just one click away from socializing and opening the door to go out to play.(AU)
RESUMO
En la actualidad las modalidades lúdicas de los niños se han ido modificando. En las últimas décadas, en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires se han producido cambios en los espacios lúdicos, que llevan a los niños a realizar cada vez más actividades en espacios privados o semipúblicos, haciendo variar su manera de jugar. El objetivo del estudio que se informa fue describir y analizar las transformaciones lúdicas, a partir de los juegos de los niños, los espacios y la percepción, y el recuerdo de personas pertenecientes a distintas generaciones. Participaron 516 sujetos de estrato social medio, agrupados en cuatro franjas de edad: niños, adolescentes, jóvenes y adultos y se les administró el Cuestionario Semiestructurado sobre Juegos (Stefani, Andrés & Oanes, 2010). Los datos obtenidos fueron clasificados de acuerdo a los diferentes tipos de juegos y espacios lúdicos, a fin de describir semejanzas y diferencias entre las respuestas dadas por los diferentes grupos de la muestra. Además se calcularon frecuencias y porcentajes de los juegos y de los espacios predominantes por edad. A fin de evaluar la asociación entre las variables tipo de juegos y tipo de espacios con las distintas franjas de edad, se aplicó la prueba de independencia de atributos chi-cuadrado. Los resultados permiten observar que los juegos se fueron transformando junto con los espacios donde se desarrollan, llevando a los niños a realizar sus prácticas cada vez más puertas adentro.
Nowadays, children’s play culture has changed. Over the last few decades, in Buenos Aires City, there have been many changes in play settings, which lead children to carry out activities in private or semi-public environments, modifying the way in which they play. Children’s play, understood as a space where children formerly trained their different skills, is being increasingly influenced by new technologies. At the same time, these new environments allow children to have new experiences. Children’s play has been changing as time goes by; some games have been passed down, such as traditional games; some others have been modified, for example role-playing, and others have disappeared or tend to do so. Digital options for children, which offer play and interactivity, are fully in line with the logic of consumption and they vary according to social economical level. New generations incorporate these tools since their childhood, modifying childlike habits which held good for decades. We find that some decades ago, children used to play group games outdoors, on the streets around their neighborhood, at parks or at sport centers. Games such as elastics, hide and seek, skipping the rope, etc. were played on a daily basis while an adult was looking after the children. Nowadays, due to insecurity in the streets, children play indoors, in closed environments, or in private or institutional settings, and they play individually. The objective in conducting this study was to describe and analyze the changes in play habits which have been taking place, from information taken from research on children’s play, play settings, and perception and recollection from subjects belonging to different generations. In this study, 516 participants belonging to the middle class in Buenos Aires City (Argentina), who were grouped in four age ranges: young children, adolescents, young adults and adults, were given a semi-structured questionnaire (Stefani, Andrés & Oanes, 2010). About play formats N and A which has been devised to build up knowledge about different types of play and play settings across generations. The constant comparison method was used to classify the obtained data into different types of play and play settings, in order to describe similarities and differences among the answers given by each study group. Furthermore, frequencies, averages, mean, median, and standard deviation prevailing in each age group were drawnfromthat. Statistically significant proof tests were per -ormed: analysis of factor variance for the variable Type of play, and Chi-square Attribute Independence Test for the variable Type of setting. The results allow us to observe that play habits have been changing together with the places where they are developed, leading children to carry out their playful activities primarily indoors. Traditional games are shared by all generations, with slight variations, but without altering their essence, many of them consist of physical play like chase (chasing games), and hide and seek. Pretend / role-play has changed, as children use technology to play, increasingly incorporating electronic devices that grown-ups use for their work and social activities. In this way it is observed that play reflects and reproduces society. We are in a moment of transition, changes in play habits and settings will make an impact on the way new generations build emotional and social skills. This leads us to think that this moment of transition, or experience crisis, comprises new possibilities, but at the same time, new risks such as individualism, isolation, negation of the other as a fellow human being, as the use of technology is basically an individual activity. A new virtual agora has been incorporated, with a new social order in which children are just one click away from socializing and opening the door to go out to play.
RESUMO
Los servicios de Urgencias son una oferta asistencial muy demandada por los ciudadanos, dando lugar a una alta variabilidad tanto en la complejidad como en las necesidades asistenciales y, por ello, han de articularlos recursos necesarios para garantizar una correcta, coordinada y continuada asistencia en los mejores términos de efectividad y eficiencia posible. El Punto de Atención Continuada (PAC) comienza cuando termina el horario habitual de los centros de Atención Primaria, existiendo PAC ubicados en algunos Centros de Salud y en Servicios de Urgencias hospitalarias. La presencia del PAC pediátrico dentro del Servicio de Urgencias permite la utilización de los recursos del hospital, pudiendo garantizar una mejor asistencia a la población infantil dentro de los niveles IV y V de triaje. En este artículo se expone una guía de apoyo y orientacióncon una serie de procedimientos para las enfermeras, fijas o eventuales,que trabajan en el PAC de Pediatría de un Servicio de Urgencias (AU)
Emergency services are a healthcare provision in high demand by the citizens,leading to a high variability in both complexity and health care needs and, therefore. Consequently, the necessary resources have to be put in place to ensure a successful, coordinated and continued assistance on the best possible terms of effectiveness and efficiency. Callpoints (PAC) begin when you finish your regular schedule of the Primary Care centers are located in some health centers and hospital emergency departments. The presence of PAC in the pediatric emergency department allows the use of hospital resources and can ensure better careto children in levels IV and V of triage. This article presents a guide of support and guidance with a series of procedures for nurses, fixed or contingent,working in the PAC Pediatric Emergency service (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Continuidade da Assistência ao Paciente/normas , Tratamento de Emergência/métodos , Serviços de Saúde da Criança/normas , Enfermagem Pediátrica/métodos , Cuidados de Enfermagem/métodos , Processo de Enfermagem/normasRESUMO
Fusarium verticillioides is the most important seed transmitted pathogen that infects maize. It produces fumonisins, toxins that have potential toxicity for humans and animals. Control of F. verticillioides colonisation and systemic contamination of maize has become a priority area in food safety research. The aims of this research were (1) to characterise the maize endorhizosphere and rhizoplane inhabitant bacteria and Fusarium spp., (2) to select bacterial strains with impact on F. verticillioides growth and fumonisin B1 production in vitro, (3) to examine the effects of bacterial inoculum levels on F. verticillioides root colonisation under greenhouse conditions. Arthrobacter spp. and Azotobacter spp. were the predominant genera isolated from maize endorhizosphere and rhizoplane at the first sampling period, whilst F. verticillioides strains showed the greatest counts at the same isolation period. All F. verticillioides strains were able to produce fumonisin B1 in maize cultures. Arthrobacter globiformis RC5 and Azotobacter armeniacus RC2, used alone or in a mix, demonstrated important effects on F. verticillioides growth and fumonisin B1 suppression in vitro. Only Azotobacter armeniacus RC2 significantly reduced the F. verticillioides root colonisation at 10(6) and 10(7) CFU g(-1) levels under greenhouse conditions.
