Job satisfaction and absenteeism among Brazilian teachers.

Introduction: Teachers, especially those in primary education, face unfavorable working conditions, which lead to job dissatisfaction and affect their physical and mental health, thus contributing to absenteeism. Objectives: To verify the association between lower job satisfaction and absenteeism due to short and long term health problems in elementary and hight school teachers. Methods: This observational, analytical, individual, cross-sectional, retrospective cohort study included 899 elementary and high school teachers. Absenteeism was determined by self-reported absences in the last 12 months for health reasons, categorized as short term (1-7 days) or long term (≥8 days). Job satisfaction was measured by the Occupational Stress Indicator scale, categorized as lower satisfaction (≤25th percentile) or higher satisfaction (>25th percentile). Multinomial logistic regression was used, and the odds ratio was calculated as a measure of association. Results: The majority of the teachers were women (68.3%) and were permanently employed (69.1%); the mean age was 42 (SD, 10) years. Women, younger teachers, permanent employees, those reporting chronic pain or illness, and those reporting a moderate/poor level of physical or mental work capacity had a higher risk of absenteeism. Lower job dissatisfaction was associated with short-term and long-term absenteeism. Job satisfaction was only related to short-term absenteeism after the adjustments made. Conclusions: There was an association between absenteeism and lower job satisfaction, which indicates that measures to improve job satisfaction are necessary.

Introdução: Professores, especialmente os da educação básica, têm enfrentado inúmeras condições desfavoráveis de trabalho, o que gera insatisfação no trabalho, com prejuízo à sua saúde física e mental, contribuindo para o absenteísmo. Objetivos: Verificar a associação entre menor satisfação no trabalho e absenteísmo por problema de saúde de curto e longo prazos em professores do ensino fundamental e médio. Métodos: Estudo observacional, analítico, individual, transversal, retrospectivo de coorte com professores do ensino fundamental e médio (n = 899). O absenteísmo foi determinado pelo relato de falta nos últimos 12 meses por motivo de saúde, categorizado em curto prazo (1 a 7 dias) e longo prazo (8 dias ou mais). A satisfação no trabalho foi mensurada pela escala Occupational Stress Indicator, categorizada em menor satisfação (até o percentil 25) e maior satisfação (acima do percentil 25). Foi utilizada a regressão logística multinomial, com cálculo da odds ratio como medida de associação. Resultados: Dos professores avaliados, a maioria era do sexo feminino (68,3%), tinham média de idade de 42 ± 10 anos e apresentavam vínculo estatutário (69,1%). As chances de absenteísmo foram maiores entre os professores do sexo feminino, mais jovens, com vínculo estatutário, que referiram dor ou doença crônica e que relataram capacidade física ou mental para o trabalho moderada/baixa. Professores menos satisfeitos apresentaram maiores chances de absenteísmo de curto e de longo prazo. Após os ajustes realizados, a satisfação no trabalho associou-se apenas ao absenteísmo de curto prazo. Conclusões: Houve associação entre absenteísmo e menor satisfação no trabalho, tornando-se necessárias medidas para melhorar a satisfação no trabalho.

Increased Consumption of Ultra-Processed Food Is Associated with Poor Mental Health in a Nationally Representative Sample of Adolescent Students in Brazil.

The objective of this study was to analyze the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and mental health symptoms in a nationally representative sample of the Brazilian adolescent student population. Cross-sectional analyses with data from the National School-Based Health Survey (PeNSE 2019) were performed. Self-reported information was obtained for the frequency of five mental health symptoms in the last month and the consumption of thirteen UPFs in the last 24 h. Generalized linear models adjusting for the main confounders were performed for each sex. Of the 94,767 adolescent students (52.4% girls) included, 8.1% of the boys and 27.2% of the girls reported "almost always" or "always" having at least four of the five mental health symptoms. In the fully adjusted models, compared to the boys who consumed ≤3 UPF, those consuming ≥6 UPF reported more frequent symptoms of poor mental health (ß-coefficient = 0.27 [0.03, 0.51]; p-for-trend = 0.005). A similar association was observed in girls (ß-coefficient = 0.31 [0.13, 0.50]; p-for-trend = 0.001). In conclusion, in this large sample of adolescent students from an entire country, the higher the consumption of UPF was, the higher the frequency of reported symptoms of poor mental health. These findings remained significant regardless of sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, self-perceived body image, and bullying victimization.

Schoolteachers with voice handicap are twice as likely to report depressive symptoms.

This study aimed to examine the association between voice disorder and depressive symptoms in schoolteachers. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with elementary and secondary schoolteachers. Voice disorders and depressive symptoms were assessed with the Voice Handicap Index-10 and the Beck Depression Inventory-II, respectively. Logistic and linear regressions models were adjusted for confounding variables. In the 389 schoolteachers studied, the prevalence of voice handicap and depressive symptoms was 18.8 and 38.8%, respectively. Voice handicap was associated with depressive symptoms on all models tested. The logistic regression showed an odds ratio of 2.21 (95% confidence interval: 1.19, 4.08; p value < 0.05), while in the linear regression each point increase on the voice disorder scale increased the Beck Depression Inventory-II score by 0.39 points (95% confidence interval: 0.26, 0.54; p value < 0.05). This study showed that teachers of public schools with voice handicap are twice as likely to report depressive symptoms.

[Occupational factors and physical activity among public school teachers: a prospective cohort study]. / Fatores ocupacionais e atividade física em professores da educação básica da rede pública: uma coorte prospectiva.

The association between self-reported changes in working conditions and the incidence of recommended levels of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) among middle and high school teachers of the public school network was analyzed. It is a prospective cohort in which 298 teachers from the public middle and high school network in Londrina, State of Paraná, were monitored for 24 months. The incidence of recommended LTPA levels (≥150 minutes/week) was the study outcome. The analysis included adjusted Poisson regression models, using those who had the worst working conditions in the baseline, and remained unchanged in the follow-up, as a reference group. The incidence of recommended levels of LTPA was 23.2%, being higher among those who maintained a good balance between their personal and professional lives (RR=3.50; 95%CI=1.26-9.72), frequently became exhausted at work (RR=2.47; 95%CI=1.10-5.56), infrequently became exhausted at work (RR=2.42; 95%CI=1.09-5.36), rarely became exhausted at work (RR=2.78; 95%CI=1.30-5.95), rarely began to work too hard (RR=2.69; 95%CI=1.24-5.87) and those who rarely needed to work too much (RR=3.25; 95%CI=1.46-7.26). These results indicate the importance of improving working conditions in the promotion of AFTL.

Analisou-se a associação entre mudanças autorreferidas nas condições de trabalho e a incidência de níveis recomendados de atividade física no tempo livre (AFTL) em professores da educação básica da rede pública. Trata-se de uma coorte prospectiva em que 298 professores da educação básica da rede pública de Londrina, Paraná, foram seguidos por 24 meses. A incidência de níveis recomendados de AFTL (≥150 minutos/semana) foi o desfecho do estudo. A análise incluiu modelos de regressão de Poisson ajustados, sempre tendo como grupo referência aqueles que tinham a pior condição de trabalho na linha de base e assim permaneceram no seguimento. A incidência de níveis recomendados de AFTL foi de 23,2%, sendo maior naqueles que se mantiveram com bom equilíbrio entre vida pessoal e profissional (RR=3,50; IC95%=1,26-9,72), passaram a ficar frequentemente desgastados no trabalho (RR=2,47; IC95%=1,10-5,56), passaram a ficar raramente desgastados no trabalho (RR=2,42; IC95%=1,09-5,36), mantiveram-se raramente desgastados no trabalho (RR=2,78; IC95%=1,30-5,95), passaram a raramente trabalhar demais (RR=2,69; IC95%=1,24-5,87) e mantiveram-se raramente trabalhando demais (RR=3,25; IC=1,46-7,26). Estes resultados indicam a importância da melhoria das condições de trabalho na promoção da AFTL.

Fatores ocupacionais e atividade física em professores da educação básica da rede pública: uma coorte prospectiva / Occupational factors and physical activity among public school teachers: a prospective cohort study

Resumo Analisou-se a associação entre mudanças autorreferidas nas condições de trabalho e a incidência de níveis recomendados de atividade física no tempo livre (AFTL) em professores da educação básica da rede pública. Trata-se de uma coorte prospectiva em que 298 professores da educação básica da rede pública de Londrina, Paraná, foram seguidos por 24 meses. A incidência de níveis recomendados de AFTL (≥150 minutos/semana) foi o desfecho do estudo. A análise incluiu modelos de regressão de Poisson ajustados, sempre tendo como grupo referência aqueles que tinham a pior condição de trabalho na linha de base e assim permaneceram no seguimento. A incidência de níveis recomendados de AFTL foi de 23,2%, sendo maior naqueles que se mantiveram com bom equilíbrio entre vida pessoal e profissional (RR=3,50; IC95%=1,26-9,72), passaram a ficar frequentemente desgastados no trabalho (RR=2,47; IC95%=1,10-5,56), passaram a ficar raramente desgastados no trabalho (RR=2,42; IC95%=1,09-5,36), mantiveram-se raramente desgastados no trabalho (RR=2,78; IC95%=1,30-5,95), passaram a raramente trabalhar demais (RR=2,69; IC95%=1,24-5,87) e mantiveram-se raramente trabalhando demais (RR=3,25; IC=1,46-7,26). Estes resultados indicam a importância da melhoria das condições de trabalho na promoção da AFTL.

Abstract The association between self-reported changes in working conditions and the incidence of recommended levels of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) among middle and high school teachers of the public school network was analyzed. It is a prospective cohort in which 298 teachers from the public middle and high school network in Londrina, State of Paraná, were monitored for 24 months. The incidence of recommended LTPA levels (≥150 minutes/week) was the study outcome. The analysis included adjusted Poisson regression models, using those who had the worst working conditions in the baseline, and remained unchanged in the follow-up, as a reference group. The incidence of recommended levels of LTPA was 23.2%, being higher among those who maintained a good balance between their personal and professional lives (RR=3.50; 95%CI=1.26-9.72), frequently became exhausted at work (RR=2.47; 95%CI=1.10-5.56), infrequently became exhausted at work (RR=2.42; 95%CI=1.09-5.36), rarely became exhausted at work (RR=2.78; 95%CI=1.30-5.95), rarely began to work too hard (RR=2.69; 95%CI=1.24-5.87) and those who rarely needed to work too much (RR=3.25; 95%CI=1.46-7.26). These results indicate the importance of improving working conditions in the promotion of AFTL.

Free-time physical activity and pain perception: An analysis of daily records from Brazilian teachers.

The sensation of pain is frequent in teachers and its relationship with the practice of free-time physical activity still needs more scientific evidence. This study analyzed the association between free-time physical activity and pain symptoms experienced by teachers during the day and at bedtime. In this cross-sectional study, data were obtained through individual interviews and the fulfillment of an activity diary by teachers from a city located in southern Brazil. Statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle and health variables. Among the 141 teachers included, pain perception was reported during the day by 66.7% and at bedtime by 66.0%. Analyses adjusted for sex, age, body mass index and time spent watching television indicated that practicing more than 240 minutes/week of free-time physical activity was associated with a lower likelihood of reported pain during the day (odds ratio, OR=0.18; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.06-0.54) and at bedtime (OR=0.28; 95% CI: 0.10-0.79) compared to practicing ≤60 minutes/week of free-time physical activity. These associations lost statistical significance after the additional adjustment for depressive symptoms. In summary, this study showed that teachers who practiced more than 240 minutes/week of physical activity in free-time were less likely to report pain during the day and at bedtime. Depressive symptoms had an important confounding effect on this association. A multidisciplinary approach can optimize preventive strategies for pain prevention and management through health education programs in the workplace.

Chronic musculoskeletal pain and occupational aspects among Brazilian teachers.

Objectives. This study aimed to determine the association between working conditions and chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) in regions of the body in teachers. Methods. A cross-sectional study was performed with 958 teachers from Brazil. Outcomes were chronic pain in the upper limbs, lower back and lower limbs. Independent variables were characteristics and perceptions about the work. Poisson regression models were adjusted by socio-demographic, lifestyle and co-morbidity variables. Results. After adjustments, strong associations were observed between a negative perception regarding writing on the board and pain in the upper limbs (prevalence ratio [PR] = 4.65; 95% confidence interval [CI] [2.02, 10.70]) and lower back pain (PR = 2.10; 95% CI [1.06, 4.15]) and between a negative perception of standing duration and pain in the lower limbs (PR = 3.98; 95% CI [1.54, 10.26]). Additionally, the number of workplaces, number of students and conditions for carrying teaching material were associated with pain in the upper limbs. Time in the profession and a negative perception of work-life balance were associated with pain in the lower limbs. Conclusions. Different work conditions were associated with CMP in different body regions. Policies to improve teachers' working conditions, such as providing furniture that meets teachers' ergonomic needs, are needed to reduce CMP.

The association of continuous-use medications and sleep parameters in a sample of working adults.

PURPOSE: Although polypharmacy is linked to health outcomes in the elderly, the use of multiple medications is increasing in middle-aged adults. This study analyzed whether or not the increased number of continuous-use medications (C-UM) is associated with objective and subjective sleep parameters in a working population. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with schoolteachers from public schools in Londrina, Brazil. The participants were classified according to the self-reported number of C-UM. Sleep data were obtained with actigraphy and a concomitant sleep diary for 7 days. The analyses were adjusted for socio-demographic, lifestyle, and morbidity variables. RESULTS: A total of 17% of the participants were classified as using ≥3C-UM. In fully adjusted analyses, the use of ≥3C-UM was associated with lower actigraphic sleep duration (<6 h) (odds ratio [OR] = 2.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01,6.21), higher actigraphic sleep onset latency (SOL) (OR = 2.65; 95%CI = 1.00,7.02), and with a higher number of awakenings during sleep measured by actigraphy (OR = 3.30; 95%CI = 1.32,8.28). The use of ≥3 C-UM was also associated with higher SOL (OR = 3.76; 95%CI = 1.36,10.5) and lower sleep efficiency (OR = 11.6; 95%CI = 2.92,46.1), as measured with the sleep diary. A 1-unit increment in the number of continuous-use medications was associated with higher self-reported SOL and lower subjective sleep efficiency. CONCLUSION: The continuous use of ≥3 medications is associated with worse objective and subjective parameters of sleep duration and quality in schoolteachers.

Job strain is prospectively associated with a lower frequency of fruit consumption in schoolteachers.

OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to analyse the prospective association between perceived work demand and changes in eating behaviours in schoolteachers. DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort study with self-reported information obtained on the Demand Control Support Questionnaire and eating behaviours at baseline and after a 2-year follow-up. The analyses were performed using mixed-effects models adjusted for the main confounders. SETTING: The setting consisted of elementary and secondary schools located in a large city in southern Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: The participants were 502 schoolteachers (65·9 % females, median age of 42·7 years [interquartile range 34·2, 49·4]). RESULTS: A total of 39·2 % of the schoolteachers were classified at baseline with job strain, 28·9 % with passive job, 12·2 % with active job and 19·7 % with low-strain job. In the fully adjusted models, compared with teachers who reported low-strain job, those with higher levels of job strain were more likely to reduce (coefficient = 0·064; 95 % CI 0·018, 0·109) and less likely to increase (coefficient = -0·066; 95 % CI -0·115, -0·016) their frequency of fruit consumption regardless of sociodemographic, lifestyle, health conditions and social support at work. CONCLUSION: Job strain plays a relevant role in the frequency of fruit consumption over time in schoolteachers. The balance between demand and control at work must be considered in strategies for promoting healthy eating despite perceived social support.

Work-related rumination and worry at bedtime are associated with worse sleep indicators in schoolteachers: a study based on actigraphy and sleep diaries.

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Work-related rumination and worry are indicators of occupational stress which can impact sleep when they occur close to bedtime. This study examined the relationship between these repetitive thoughts before sleep with objective and subjective sleep parameters. METHODS: A microlongitudinal study was carried out with schoolteachers who answered questions on rumination and worry before sleep, wore a wrist actigraph, and completed a sleep diary for 5 to 7 consecutive days. Analysis used mixed-effects repeated measures linear models adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health status. RESULTS: Among the 134 schoolteachers studied, 64.9% were women and were aged 41.9 ± 9.5 years. In the fully adjusted analysis, actigraphy indicated that a wake-up time <6:30 a.m. was associated with both rumination (relative risk (RR) = 1.67; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.21-2.31) and worry (RR = 2.44; 95%CI = 1.63-3.64). Moreover, actigraphy-measured nighttime sleep duration <7 h (RR = 1.23; 95%CI = 1.03-1.47) and self-reported sleep latency >15 min (RR = 1.43; 95%CI = 1.02-2.02) were associated with work-related worry. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of work-related repetitive thoughts before sleep, particularly worry about next-day issues, is associated with an increased risk of impaired objective and subjective sleep indicators. These findings suggest that these cognitive processes related to work should be addressed in strategies aimed at preventing and treating sleep disturbances and their individual and occupational consequences.

Recurrence of Violence Against Teachers: Two-Year Follow-Up Study.

The objective of this study was to analyze whether the experience of violence by teachers in the school environment increases the risk of teachers suffering violence again within a 2-year period. This longitudinal study included 430 primary and secondary public school teachers from a city in the south of Brazil, with data collected at two time points: T1 (2012-2013) and T2 (2014-2015). The data were obtained via face-to-face interviews and the completion of a questionnaire. The forms of violence investigated included reports of insults from students, humiliation or embarrassment by colleagues or superiors, and threats and physical violence from any member of the school occurring in the 12 months prior to the study. McNemar's test and the Poisson regression with robust error variance were used in the analyses, and the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated. After 2 years, there was a reduction in violence reported by the teachers from 65.4% (T1) to 56.9% (T2) (p = .003). Teachers who suffered a certain form of violence had three times the risk of suffering that type of violence again. Those who reported three or four forms of violence at T1 had an RR of 2.23 of suffering any form of violence at T2 (95% CI [1.70, 2.93]) compared with those who did not report violence at T1. Psychological violence at T1 was not associated with physical violence at T2, nor was physical violence at T1 associated with psychological violence at T2. Despite the reduction in violence against teachers reported at T2, some forms of violence remained stable after 2 years. Suffering more forms of violence increases the risk of suffering any future violence.

[Teachers on temporary employment contracts reveal more frequent consumption of pre-prepared food]. / Professores com vínculo temporário apresentam maior frequência de consumo de alimentos pré-preparados.

The scope of this article is to analyze the eating behavior of schoolteachers according to the type of employment contract. Interviews were conducted at 20 public state schools in Londrina, State of Paraná, between 2012 and 2013. Of the 978 teachers interviewed, 672 (68.7%) had permanent employment contracts and 306 (31.3%) were on temporary employment contracts. High frequencies of recommended eating behaviors - consumption of fruit, vegetables and/or vegetables and removing visible fat from red meat - were observed in teachers with a permanent employment contract. On the other hand, teachers with temporary employment contracts revealed a high frequency of non-recommended eating behaviors with consumption of pre-prepared foods and packaged drinks or sodas. It was highlighted that a high frequency of consumption of pre-prepared foods was statistically associated with the type of employment contract irrespective of sociodemographic, lifestyle and health status factors.

O artigo tem por objetivo analisar as condutas alimentares de professores segundo os vínculos de trabalho. As entrevistas foram realizadas em 20 escolas da rede estadual de Londrina entre 2012 e 2013. Dos 978 professores entrevistados, 672 (68,7%) tinham vínculo efetivo e 306 (31,3%) temporário. Altas frequências de condutas alimentares recomendadas - consumo de frutas, verduras e/ou legumes e retirada da gordura visível da carne vermelha - foram observadas em professores com vínculo efetivo. Em contrapartida, professores com vínculo temporário apresentaram altas frequências de condutas alimentares não recomendadas - consumo de alimentos pré-preparados e de bebidas industrializadas ou refrigerantes. Destaca-se que o consumo em alta frequência de alimentos pré-preparados esteve estatisticamente associado ao tipo de vínculo independentemente de fatores sociodemográficos, de estilo de vida e da condição de saúde.

Professores com vínculo temporário apresentam maior frequência de consumo de alimentos pré-preparados / Teachers on temporary employment contracts reveal more frequent consumption of pre-prepared food

Resumo O artigo tem por objetivo analisar as condutas alimentares de professores segundo os vínculos de trabalho. As entrevistas foram realizadas em 20 escolas da rede estadual de Londrina entre 2012 e 2013. Dos 978 professores entrevistados, 672 (68,7%) tinham vínculo efetivo e 306 (31,3%) temporário. Altas frequências de condutas alimentares recomendadas - consumo de frutas, verduras e/ou legumes e retirada da gordura visível da carne vermelha - foram observadas em professores com vínculo efetivo. Em contrapartida, professores com vínculo temporário apresentaram altas frequências de condutas alimentares não recomendadas - consumo de alimentos pré-preparados e de bebidas industrializadas ou refrigerantes. Destaca-se que o consumo em alta frequência de alimentos pré-preparados esteve estatisticamente associado ao tipo de vínculo independentemente de fatores sociodemográficos, de estilo de vida e da condição de saúde.

Abstract The scope of this article is to analyze the eating behavior of schoolteachers according to the type of employment contract. Interviews were conducted at 20 public state schools in Londrina, State of Paraná, between 2012 and 2013. Of the 978 teachers interviewed, 672 (68.7%) had permanent employment contracts and 306 (31.3%) were on temporary employment contracts. High frequencies of recommended eating behaviors - consumption of fruit, vegetables and/or vegetables and removing visible fat from red meat - were observed in teachers with a permanent employment contract. On the other hand, teachers with temporary employment contracts revealed a high frequency of non-recommended eating behaviors with consumption of pre-prepared foods and packaged drinks or sodas. It was highlighted that a high frequency of consumption of pre-prepared foods was statistically associated with the type of employment contract irrespective of sociodemographic, lifestyle and health status factors.

Longitudinal associations of changes in physical activity and TV viewing with chronic musculoskeletal pain in Brazilian schoolteachers.

This study analyzed the longitudinal association of changes in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) practice and television viewing (TV viewing) with chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP). The data about LTPA, TV viewing, and CMP were obtained in 2012 and after 24 months through individual interviews with schoolteachers from elementary and secondary education public schools in a large city in the southern region of Brazil. The statistical analysis was performed using generalized estimating equation regression models adjusted for sex, age, body mass index and depression. A total of 527 schoolteachers were studied, among which 66.6% were women, and the median age was 42 years (interquartile range: 34 to 49). A total of 170 (32.3%) participants reported CMP at baseline and 130 (24.7%) at follow-up. Both LTPA and TV viewing were independently and significantly associated with CMP regardless of all adjustment variables. Concretely, increasing LTPA by 60 minutes/week was associated with a 6.2% lower likelihood of CMP, and increasing TV viewing by 30 minutes/day was associated with a 5.1% higher likelihood of having CMP among the participants. In summary, this study showed that LTPA and TV viewing have independent and opposite relationships with the longitudinal risk of CMP, which suggests that the potential benefits obtained from practicing more LTPA are insufficient to compensate for the potential detrimental effect of viewing TV for longer with respect to the CMP.

Prospective association between burnout and road traffic accidents in teachers.

We investigated whether burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced professional efficacy) is a risk factor for traffic accidents. A prospective cohort study was conducted with 509 school teachers. The teachers were interviewed in 2012-2013, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory was applied. After 2 years, the teachers were interviewed again to determine the occurrence of traffic accidents. Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to adjust the analyses. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated to assess changes in c-units in the scores of each Burnout dimension, with c equal to 1, 5 and 10 units. The incidence rate of road traffic accidents at follow-up was 10.8%. After adjustments for sex, age, high workload/exposure to the traffic environment, daily consumption of alcoholic beverages and the other dimensions of burnout, depersonalization was a risk factor for traffic accidents. For each 1- and 10-point increase in the depersonalization score, the risk increased by 8 and 119%, respectively. Emotional exhaustion was not associated with these accidents. Increases in the professional efficacy score increased the risk of traffic accidents. The association of depersonalization with future road traffic accidents reinforces the need for measures to improve teachers' work conditions to reduce burnout.

[Unhealthy eating habits and associated risk factors among truck drivers]. / Comportamentos alimentares de risco à saúde e fatores associados entre motoristas de caminhão.

The scope of this article is to identify risk factors associated with unhealthy eating habits among truck drivers. It involved a cross-sectional study carried out with truck drivers individually interviewed at the Port of Paranaguá in the State of Paraná, Brazil. Information was obtained on the consumption of fruit, vegetables, fried salted food, sweetened beverages, and the removal of visible fat from red meat and of skin from chicken meat. Hierarchical Poisson regression models were applied to identify factors associated with unhealthy eating habits. Of those interviewed (n = 670), 53.1% had four or more unhealthy eating habits. This condition was associated with age less than 40 years (prevalence ratio, PR = 1.49; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.28-1.73), moderate, low or very low ability to exercise the profession (PR 1.28; 95% CI 1.08-1.52), not taking physical exercise in free time (PR = 1.66; 95%CI = 1.38- 2.00), overall self-reported eating habits as poor or very poor (RP = 1.25; IC95% = 1.05-1.49) and body mass index < 25 Kg/m2 (PR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.05-1.43). More than half of the truck drivers revealed unhealthy eating habits, highlighting the need for strategies to rectify these habits.

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar fatores associados aos comportamentos alimentares de risco à saúde entre motoristas de caminhão. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com motoristas de caminhão entrevistados no Porto de Paranaguá. Foram obtidas informações sobre o consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes, salgados fritos, bebidas açucaradas industrializadas e doces, e retirada de gordura visível de carne vermelha e da pele de carne de frango. Modelos hierarquizados foram construídos para identificar fatores associados aos comportamentos alimentares de risco à saúde. Dos entrevistados (n = 670), 53,1% apresentaram quatro ou mais comportamentos alimentares de risco à saúde. Tal condição associou-se com idade inferior a 40 anos (RP = 1,49; IC95% = 1,28-1,73), capacidade para exercer a profissão referida como moderada/baixa/muito baixa (RP 1,28; IC 95% 1,08-1,52), não praticar atividade física no tempo livre (RP = 1,66; IC95% = 1,38-2,00), qualidade da alimentação referida como ruim/muito ruim (RP = 1,25; IC95% = 1,05-1,49) e índice de massa corporal (IMC) < 25 Kg/m2 (RP = 1,22; IC95% = 1,05-1,43). Mais da metade dos motoristas de caminhão apresentaram comportamentos alimentares de risco à saúde, reforçando a necessidade de estratégias de incentivo à redução desses hábitos.

Comportamentos alimentares de risco à saúde e fatores associados entre motoristas de caminhão / Unhealthy eating habits and associated risk factors among truck drivers

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é identificar fatores associados aos comportamentos alimentares de risco à saúde entre motoristas de caminhão. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com motoristas de caminhão entrevistados no Porto de Paranaguá. Foram obtidas informações sobre o consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes, salgados fritos, bebidas açucaradas industrializadas e doces, e retirada de gordura visível de carne vermelha e da pele de carne de frango. Modelos hierarquizados foram construídos para identificar fatores associados aos comportamentos alimentares de risco à saúde. Dos entrevistados (n = 670), 53,1% apresentaram quatro ou mais comportamentos alimentares de risco à saúde. Tal condição associou-se com idade inferior a 40 anos (RP = 1,49; IC95% = 1,28-1,73), capacidade para exercer a profissão referida como moderada/baixa/muito baixa (RP 1,28; IC 95% 1,08-1,52), não praticar atividade física no tempo livre (RP = 1,66; IC95% = 1,38-2,00), qualidade da alimentação referida como ruim/muito ruim (RP = 1,25; IC95% = 1,05-1,49) e índice de massa corporal (IMC) < 25 Kg/m2 (RP = 1,22; IC95% = 1,05-1,43). Mais da metade dos motoristas de caminhão apresentaram comportamentos alimentares de risco à saúde, reforçando a necessidade de estratégias de incentivo à redução desses hábitos.

Abstract The scope of this article is to identify risk factors associated with unhealthy eating habits among truck drivers. It involved a cross-sectional study carried out with truck drivers individually interviewed at the Port of Paranaguá in the State of Paraná, Brazil. Information was obtained on the consumption of fruit, vegetables, fried salted food, sweetened beverages, and the removal of visible fat from red meat and of skin from chicken meat. Hierarchical Poisson regression models were applied to identify factors associated with unhealthy eating habits. Of those interviewed (n = 670), 53.1% had four or more unhealthy eating habits. This condition was associated with age less than 40 years (prevalence ratio, PR = 1.49; 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.28-1.73), moderate, low or very low ability to exercise the profession (PR 1.28; 95% CI 1.08-1.52), not taking physical exercise in free time (PR = 1.66; 95%CI = 1.38- 2.00), overall self-reported eating habits as poor or very poor (RP = 1.25; IC95% = 1.05-1.49) and body mass index < 25 Kg/m2 (PR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.05-1.43). More than half of the truck drivers revealed unhealthy eating habits, highlighting the need for strategies to rectify these habits.

Poor Relationships and Physical Violence at School Are Associated With More Forms of Psychological Violence Among Brazilian Teachers: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Our purpose was to identify individual and work-related factors that are associated with psychological violence (PV) and are related to a higher number of PV forms among teachers. This cross-sectional study included 789 elementary and high school teachers in a municipality in southern Brazil. Data were obtained through interviews and a self-administered questionnaire. PV was characterized by reports of insults from students, humiliation by colleagues or teachers, and threats in the 12 months preceding the study. Factors associated with the number of PV forms were also investigated. Poisson regression models were used for the analyses. More than half (64.1%) of the teachers reported at least one event of PV, 38.3% reported only one form, 21.5% reported two forms, and 4.3% reported all three surveyed forms. After adjustments, poor relationships with superiors or students and having suffered physical violence at school remained associated with at least one PV episode. The same variables were associated with the number of forms of PV, as were age (inverse relationship) and violence outside of school. The higher the number of aggregated factors, the more estimated forms of PV, particularly among the younger teachers. These results highlight the importance of adopting strategies that promote a nonviolent and safe school environment for teachers, which will in turn improve work conditions, the quality of education, and teachers' health.

Working conditions and sleepiness while driving among truck drivers.

Objective: The objective of this study is to identify the role of working conditions as predictors of sleepiness while driving among truck drivers. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out among truck drivers who transported grains to Paranaguá Port, Paraná, Brazil. The truck drivers were interviewed and completed a self-administered questionnaire to collect data on sociodemographic and behavioral variables, working conditions, consumption of illicit psychoactive substances, and sleep patterns. Drivers were considered to be sleepy while driving if they reported a medium or high probability of napping while driving at night, during the daytime, or while stopped in traffic. The statistical analysis used logistic regression models progressively adjusted for age, behavioral variables, sleep duration, and other working conditions. Results: In total, 670 male drivers, with a mean age of 41.9 (±11.1) years, were enrolled. The prevalence of sleepiness while driving was 31.5%. After model adjustments, the following working conditions were associated with sleepiness while driving: Distance from the last shipment of more than 1,000 km (odds ratio [OR] = 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-2.23) and a formal labor contract with a productivity-based salary (OR = 2.65; 95% CI, 1.86-3.78). Consumption of illicit psychoactive substances (OR = 1.99; 95% CI, 1.14-3.47) was also associated with sleepiness while driving. Conclusions: Distance traveled and a formal labor contract with productivity-based earnings were the working conditions associated with sleepiness while driving, regardless of other working or behavioral characteristics, age, consumption of illicit psychoactive substances, and sleep duration.

Job strain among teachers: associations with occupational factors according to social support. / Trabalho de alta exigência entre professores:associações com fatores ocupacionais conforme o apoio social.

This study aimed to ascertain the occupational factors associated with job strain among elementary school teachers and whether the associations varied according to social support. This was a cross-sectional study with 842 teachers from the state school system of a municipality in southern Brazil. Occupational information was obtained by means of interviews. Sociodemographic data and the Demand Control Support Questionnaire were included in a self-reported questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was performed with the calculation of odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The following were associated with job strain: > 40 working hours/week, having suffered violence at school, negative perceptions about the work-personal life balance, remuneration and number of students in the classroom. A stratified analysis revealed that workload and negative perceptions about the number of students per class were significant only in the lower social support group. Job strain is associated with specific teaching conditions, and social support can provide a moderating effect on some of these associations.

Objetivou-se verificar fatores ocupacionais associados ao trabalho de alta exigência entre professores da educação básica e se as associações variavam conforme o apoio social. Estudo transversal com 842 professores da rede estadual de ensino de um município do Sul do Brasil. Informações ocupacionais foram obtidas por meio de entrevistas. Dados sociodemográficos e o Demand Control Support Questionnaire faziam parte de um questionário autorrespondido. Realizou-se análise de regressão logística com cálculo das razões de odds e intervalos de confiança de 95%. Associaram-se ao trabalho de alta exigência a carga horária > 40 horas/semana, ter sofrido violência na escola e percepções negativas quanto ao equilíbrio entre a vida profissional e pessoal, remuneração e quantidade de alunos em sala de aula. Após análise estratificada, carga horária e percepção negativa quanto à quantidade de alunos por sala foram significativas apenas no grupo de menor apoio social. Trabalho de alta exigência está associado a condições específicas de trabalho docente e o apoio social pode atuar como moderador de efeito em algumas dessas associações.