Prognostic Role of Monocyte Distribution Width, CRP, Procalcitonin and Lactate as Sepsis Biomarkers in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a global pandemic and one group of patients has developed a severe form of COVID-19 pneumonia with an urgent need for hospitalization and intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The aim of our study was to evaluate the prognostic role of MDW, CRP, procalcitonin (PCT), and lactate in critically ill COVID-19 patients. The primary outcome of interest is the 28 day mortality of ICU patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and sepsis (according to Sepsis 3 criteria with acute change in SOFA score ≥ 2 points). Patients were divided into two groups according to survival on the 28th day after admission to the ICU. Every group was divided into two subgroups (women and men). Nonparametric tests (Mann-Whitney) for variables age, PCT, lactate, and MDW were lower than alpha p < 0.05, so there was a significant difference between survived and deceased patients. The Chi-square test confirmed statistically significant higher values of MDW and lactate in the non-survivor group. We found a significant association between MDW, lactate, procalcitonin, and fatal outcome, higher values were reported in the deceased group.

Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in children under 5 years of age at an outpatient healthcare facility in Novi Sad, Serbia during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objectives: To assess whether pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage among children aged 24-60 months reduced during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Novi Sad, Serbia, and to investigate the overall prevalence of carriage, serotype distribution and dominant serotypes 2-3 years after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 10. Design and methods: This prospective, observational study was conducted in February-March 2020, September-November 2020 and April-June 2021, enabling the comparison of results in the pre-pandemic/early pandemic period with two periods during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pneumococci were identified by standard microbiological methods. Serotype identification was performed using conventional multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays. Results: Among 1623 children tested, 515 (31.7%, 95% confidence interval 29.4-34.0%) carried pneumococci. A significant increase in prevalence was found between February-March 2020 and September-November 2020 (P=0.0085), with no difference found between September-November 2020 and April-June 2021 (P=0.0524). Pneumococcal colonization was significantly higher in children who were fully vaccinated and among children who attended day care centres. The dominant serotypes were 15B, 6B, 19F, 11A, 6C, 6A, 3, 23F and 19A, representing 66.4% of all isolates. Conclusions: This study found that pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in children aged 24-60 months was high before the COVID-19 pandemic, and then increased during the pandemic. This rules out a major role of COVID-19 in the suppression of carriage and, probably, transmission.

N-Terminal Prohormone of Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) as a Diagnostic Biomarker of Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD).

INTRODUCTION: Left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) and cardiac decompensation often accompany AECOPD. Differentiation between the two is difficult and mainly relies on clinical and echocardiographic diagnostic procedures. The value of biomarkers, such as NT-proBNP, as diagnostic tools is still insufficiently investigated. The main goals of this trial were to investigate the value of NT-proBNP as a diagnostic tool for LVSD in AECOPD patients and determine its cut-off value which could reliably diagnose LVSD during AECOPD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This trial prospectively enrolled 209 patients with AECOPD. The patients were divided into four groups-AECOPD plus chronic pulmonary heart disease (CPHD) with or without left ventricular compromise (LVSD), and AECOPD patients without CPHD with or without LVSD. NT-proBNP was measured within first 48 h of hospitalization. RESULTS: Majority of patients were male (61%) active smokers (41.6%), average age of 68 years. High quality of echocardiography was obtained in 63.3 and 22.5% of the patients had LVSD. Average value of NT-proBNP in patients with LVSD was 3303.2 vs. 1092.5 pg/mL in patients without LVSD. Significant differences in NT-proBNP value (p = 0.0001) were determined between observed patient groups. At the cut-off value of 1505 pg/mL, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values are 76.6, 83.3, 57.1, and 92.47%, respectively. CONCLUSION: At the cut-off value of 1505 pg/mL NT-proBNP could be used as a diagnostic marker for LVSD in acute exacerbation of COPD.

Frequency of COPD in health care workers who smoke.

OBJECTIVE: COPD is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Health care providers should counsel their smoking patients with COPD to quit smoking as the first treatment step. However, in countries with high prevalences of smoking, health care workers may also be smokers. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and severity of COPD in health care workers who smoke. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. All health care workers who smoke, from nine health care centers in Serbia, were invited to participate in the study and perform spirometry. The diagnosis of COPD was based on a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio of < 0.70. All patients completed the COPD Assessment Test and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. RESULTS: The study involved 305 subjects, and 47 (15.4%) were male. The mean age of the participants was 49.0 ± 6.5 years. Spirometry revealed obstructive ventilatory defect in 33 subjects (10.8%); restrictive ventilatory defect, in 5 (1.6%); and small airway disease, in 96 (31.5%). A diagnosis of COPD was made in 29 patients (9.5%), 25 (86.2%) of whom were newly diagnosed. On the basis of the Global Initiative for COPD guidelines, most COPD patients belonged to groups A or B (n = 14; 48.2%, for both); 1 belonged to group D (3.6%); and none, to group C. Very high nicotine dependence was more common in those with COPD than in those without it (20.7% vs. 5.4%, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of health care workers, the frequency of COPD was comparable with that in the general population. The presence of COPD in health care workers who smoke was associated with higher nicotine dependence.

Frequency of COPD in health care workers who smoke / Frequência de DPOC em profissionais de saúde que fumam

ABSTRACT Objective: COPD is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Health care providers should counsel their smoking patients with COPD to quit smoking as the first treatment step. However, in countries with high prevalences of smoking, health care workers may also be smokers. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and severity of COPD in health care workers who smoke. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. All health care workers who smoke, from nine health care centers in Serbia, were invited to participate in the study and perform spirometry. The diagnosis of COPD was based on a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio of < 0.70. All patients completed the COPD Assessment Test and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. Results: The study involved 305 subjects, and 47 (15.4%) were male. The mean age of the participants was 49.0 ± 6.5 years. Spirometry revealed obstructive ventilatory defect in 33 subjects (10.8%); restrictive ventilatory defect, in 5 (1.6%); and small airway disease, in 96 (31.5%). A diagnosis of COPD was made in 29 patients (9.5%), 25 (86.2%) of whom were newly diagnosed. On the basis of the Global Initiative for COPD guidelines, most COPD patients belonged to groups A or B (n = 14; 48.2%, for both); 1 belonged to group D (3.6%); and none, to group C. Very high nicotine dependence was more common in those with COPD than in those without it (20.7% vs. 5.4%, p = 0.01). Conclusions: In this sample of health care workers, the frequency of COPD was comparable with that in the general population. The presence of COPD in health care workers who smoke was associated with higher nicotine dependence.

RESUMO Objetivo: A DPOC é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo. Os provedores de cuidados de saúde deveriam aconselhar seus pacientes fumantes com DPOC a parar de fumar como primeiro passo de tratamento. Entretanto, em países com altas prevalências de tabagismo, os profissionais de saúde também podem ser fumantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de DPOC e sua gravidade em profissionais de saúde que fumam. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal. Todos os profissionais de saúde fumantes de nove centros de saúde na Sérvia foram convidados a participar do estudo e realizar espirometria. O diagnóstico de DPOC baseou-se em VEF1/CVF pós-broncodilatador < 0,70. Todos os pacientes preencheram o COPD Assessment Test e o Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 305 indivíduos, e 47 (15,4%) eram do sexo masculino. A média de idade dos participantes foi de 49,0 ± 6,5 anos. A espirometria revelou defeito ventilatório obstrutivo em 33 indivíduos (10,8%), defeito ventilatório restritivo em 5 (1,6%) e doença das vias aéreas pequenas em 96 (31,5%). O diagnóstico de DPOC foi feito em 29 pacientes (9,5%), 25 (86,2%) dos quais foram recém-diagnosticados. Com base nas diretrizes da Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, a maioria dos pacientes com DPOC ficou no grupo A ou B (n = 14; 48,2%, para ambos); 1 ficou no grupo D (3,6%) e nenhum ficou no grupo C. Um grau muito alto de dependência de nicotina foi mais comum nos indivíduos com DPOC que naqueles sem a doença (20,7% vs. 5,4%; p = 0,01). Conclusões: Nesta amostra de profissionais de saúde, a frequência de DPOC foi comparável à observada na população geral. A presença de DPOC em profissionais de saúde que fumam relacionou-se com maior dependência de nicotina.

Association Between the Inflammatory Biomarkers and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in Patients with Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. The increased inflammatory biomarker levels predict exacerbations and are associated with cardiovascular diseases in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients but their role in the settings of acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations has not been determined. AIMS: To analyse the association between inflammatory biomarkers and heart failure and also to determine the predictors of mortality in patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational study. METHODS: We analysed 194 patients admitted for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at The Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia. In all patients, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, N-terminal of the pro-hormone brain natriuretic peptide and white blood count were measured and transthoracic echocardiography was performed. RESULTS: There were 119 men (61.3%) and the median age was 69 years (interquartile range 62-74). Left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction <50%) was present in 47 (24.2%) subjects. Patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction had higher C-reactive protein levels (median 100 vs. 31 mg/L, p=0.001) and fibrinogen (median 5 vs. 4 g/L, p=<0.001) compared to those with preserved ejection fraction. The overall hospital mortality was 8.2% (16/178). The levels of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide and ejection fraction predicted hospital mortality in univariate analysis. After adjusting for age, hypoxemia and C-reactive protein, ejection fraction remained significant predictors of hospital mortality (OR 3.89, 95% CI 1.05-15.8). CONCLUSION: Nearly a quarter of patients with the exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease present with left ventricular systolic dysfunction which may be associated with mortality.

Confidence level in venipuncture and knowledge on causes of in vitro hemolysis among healthcare professionals.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess confidence level of healthcare professionals in venipuncture and their knowledge on the possible causes of in vitro hemolysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 94 healthcare professionals (nurses and laboratory technicians) participated in this survey study. A four-section questionnaire was used as a research instrument comprising general information for research participants, knowledge on possible causes of in vitro hemolysis due to type of material used and venipuncture technique and specimen handling, as well as assessment of healthcare professionals' confidence level in their own ability to perform first and last venipuncture. RESULTS: The average score on the knowledge test was higher in nurses' than in laboratory technicians (8.11±1.7, and 7.4±1.5, respectively). The difference in average scores was statistically significant (P=0.035) and Cohen's d in the range of 0.4 indicates that there is a moderate difference on the knowledge test among the health care workers. Only 11/94 of healthcare professionals recognized that blood sample collection from cannula and evacuated tube is method which contributes most to the occurrence of in vitro hemolysis, whereas most risk factors affecting occurrence of in vitro hemolysis during venipuncture were recognized. There were no significant differences in mean score on the knowledge test in relation to the confidence level in venipuncture (P=0.551). CONCLUSION: Confidence level at last venipuncture among both profiles of healthcare staff was very high, but they showed insufficient knowledge about possible factors affecting hemolysis due to materials used in venipuncture compared with factors due to venipuncture technique and handling of blood sample.

Interleukin-6 and procalcitonin as biomarkers in mortality prediction of hospitalized patients with community acquired pneumonia.

INTRODUCTION: Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) may present as life-threatening infection with uncertain progression and outcome of treatment. Primary aim of the trial was determination of the cut-off value of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and procalcitonin (PCT) above which, 30-day mortality in hospitalized patients with CAP, could be predicted with high sensitivity and specificity. We investigated correlation between serum levels of IL-6 and PCT at admission and available scoring systems of CAP (pneumonia severity index-PSI, modified early warning score-MEWS and (Confusion, Urea nitrogen, respiratory rate, Blood pressure, ≥65 years of age-CURB65). METHODS: This was prospective, non-randomized trial which included 101 patients with diagnosed CAP. PSI, MEWS and CURB65 were assessed on first day of hospitalization. IL-6 and PCT were also sampled on the first day of hospitalization. RESULTS: Based on ROC curve analysis (AUC ± SE = 0.934 ± 0.035; 95%CI(0.864-1.0); P = 0.000) hospitalized CAP patients with elevated IL-6 level have 93.4% higher risk level for lethal outcome. Cut-off value of 20.2 pg/ml IL-6 shows sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 87% in mortality prediction. ROC curve analysis confirmed significant role of procalcitonin as a mortality predictor in CAP patients (AUC ± SE = 0.667 ± 0.062; 95%CI(0.546-0.789); P = 0.012). Patients with elevated PCT level have 66.7% higher risk level for lethal outcome. As a predictor of mortality at the cut-off value of 2.56 ng/ml PCT shows sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 61.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Both IL-6 and PCI are significant for prediction of 30-day mortality in hospitalized patients with CAP. Serum levels of IL6 correlate with major CAP scoring systems.

Detection of premalignant bronchial lesions can be significantly improved by combination of advanced bronchoscopic imaging techniques.

BACKGROUND: The search for the most efficient bronchoscopic imaging tool in detection of early lung cancer is still active. The major aim of this study was to determine sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of each bronchoscopic technique and their combination in detection of premalignant bronchial lesions. METHODS: This was a prospective trial that enrolled 96 patients with indication for bronchoscopy. Lesions were classified as visually positive if pathological fluorescence was observed under autofluorescence imaging (AFI) videobronchoscopy or dotted, tortuous, and abrupt-ending blood vessels were identified under narrow band imaging (NBI) videobronchoscopy. Squamous metaplasia, mild, moderate, or severe dysplasia, and carcinoma in situ (CIS) were regarded as histologically positive lesions. RESULTS: Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of white light videobronchoscopy (WLB) in detection of premalignant lesions were 26.5%, 63.9%, 34.4%, and 54.9%, respectively; the corresponding values for AFI were 52%, 79.6%, 64.6%, and 69.9% respectively, for NBI were 66%, 84.6%, 75.4%, 77.7%, respectively, while the values for combination of NBI and AFI were 86.1%, 86.6%, 84.6%, and 88%, respectively. Combination of NBI and AFI significantly improves sensitivity when compared to each individual technique (P < 0.001). When specificity is of concern, combination of techniques improves specificity of WLB (P < 0.001) and specificity of AFI (P = 0.03), but it does not have significant influence on specificity of NBI (P = 0.53). CONCLUSION: Combination of NBI and AFI in detection of premalignant bronchial lesions increases both sensitivity and specificity of each technique. However, it seems that NBI is most sufficient and effective in detection of these lesions.

Relation between vascular patterns visualized by Narrow Band Imaging (NBI) videobronchoscopy and histological type of lung cancer.

Narrow Band Imaging (NBI) videobronchoscopy is a new technique for visualization of microvascular changes in bronchial mucosa. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate relation between vascular patterns visualized by NBI and histology of lung cancer. We prospectively evaluated 65 patients with suspected lung cancer scheduled for bronchoscopy. NBI followed conventional WL videobronchoscopy. After identification of endoscopically visible tumor, NBI was used to determine predominant type of pathological vascular pattern (dotted, tortuous, abrupt-ending blood vessels-Shibuya descriptors). All the lesions were biopsied and histologically confirmed. There were 81.5 % male and 18.5 % female patients evaluated in the study. Lung cancer was confirmed in all patients; 63.1 % were diagnosed with squamous cell lung cancer (SCC), 24.6 % had adenocarcinoma, 9.2 % had small-cell (SCLC) and 3.1 % large-cell lung cancer (LC). Dotted blood vessels were significantly (p < 0.000) associated with adenocarcinoma, identified in 68.4 % adenocarcinoma and 31.6 % SCC. Tortuous blood vessels were identified in 72 % SCC, 8 % adenocarcinoma, 12 % SCLC and 8 % of LC. Tortuous blood vessels were significantly (p < 0.000) associated with SCC. Abrupt-ending vessels were identified in 81 % SCC, 14.3 % SCLC and 4.8 % adenocarcinoma and were significantly associated (p < 0.000) with SCC. Dotted visual pattern of blood vessels identified during NBI videobronchoscopy is highly suggesting adenocarcinoma histology of lung cancer. Tortuous and abrupt-ending blood vessels visualized under NBI videobronchoscopy significantly suggest squamous cell histology of lung cancer. Large-scale studies should be designed in order to determine true relation between visual appearance and histology in lung cancer.

Diagnostic value of autofluorescence bronchoscopy in lung cancer.

The role of autofluorescence bronchoscopy (AFB) was primarily investigated in regard to the detection of precancerous lesions of bronchial mucosa. Most of the results confirmed higher sensitivity for the detection of precancerous bronchial lesions, when compared to white light bronchoscopy (WLB) alone. However, it is commonly known that the specificity of AFB remains low. Our findings agree in terms of the detection of premalignant bronchial lesions and early lung cancer, but regarding the detection of synchronous lesions or in the evaluation of lung cancer extension, the specificity of AFB is significantly higher. There is still an ongoing debate in the scientific community whether or not autofluorescence should be used as a screening tool for lung cancer. Results of the majority of published series did not support the general use of AFB as a screening tool for lung cancer; however, these results suggest its use in groups of patients with a high risk of lung cancer. Despite this, some authors still do not recommend its use even in high-risk cases. In recent years, the indications for AFB have been widening and this tool may find its place in routine bronchoscopy. With new indications for AFB, such as the evaluation of tumor extension or follow up after surgical resection, bronchoscopists may make use of this tool more often. A sharp learning curve and a clear distinction between healthy and pathologically altered mucosa make this technology acceptable for inexperienced bronchoscopists. We also investigate new hardware and software improvements in AFB. The addition of backscattered light analysis, ultraviolet spectra, fluorescence-reflectance or dual digital systems could improve the diagnostic yield of this technology.

Relation of functional characteristics and serum alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) concentration in patients with PiMM phenotype and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

INTRODUCTION: The relation of AAT phenotype and COPD still raises lots of controversy. In this study we aimed to investigate relation lung function characteristics, AAT serum level and COPD in smoking and non smoking population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective non-randomized study in which we evaluated 45 patients with severe (stage IV) COPD. In all patients we determined AAT phenotype, serum AAT levels and lung function tests. We correlated findings in relation to the smoking status. RESULTS: All patients were MM type homozygotes. Serum AAT concentrations were within the reference values, amounting to 1.66g/l in smokers and 1.80g/l in nonsmokers. There was no significant correlation between serum AAT concentrations and lung function parameters. We have observed the higher mean values of ITGV, RV, TLC and RV/TLC in smokers and a statistically significant difference only in ITGV. CONCLUSION: All of the investigated patients with severe COPD were MM type homozygotes with normal plasma level of AAT. There was no significant correlation between the phenotype and severity of COPD. We did not find significant relation of plasma AAT level and lung function impairment.

[Treatment effects of co-amoxiclav (Amoxiclav 2x) in acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: clinical evaluation].

INTRODUCTION: The exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is most often induced by an infection of bacterial origin in over 50% of the cases (or mixed bacterial and viral infection). This study was aimed at evaluating clinical effects of antibiotics co-amoxiclav. Amoxiicillin with clavulanic acid in the treatment of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The investigation included 38 patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation hospitalized at the Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica. The patients were randomly selected for the antibiotic treatment with Amoxiclav twice a day in 12 hour intervals. The clinical effects of the applied treatment were evaluated by analyzing certain laboratory findings, microbiological sputum findings and improvement of subjective symptoms. RESULTS: Of the examined subjects, 65% were males and 35% were females, their mean age being 66.4 +/- 8.86, and who were mostly smokers (73%). After the completion Of Applied antibiotic treatment, a significant reduction and normalization of all inflammation markers were recorded, as well as a significant improvement of the patients' subjective symptoms. The positive microbiological sputum findings (Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae) were recorded in 13.58% of the patients. The bacterial agent was eradicated on the third day of the applied treatment. The mean length of the treatment was 7.07 +/- 0.91 days, with no undesirable treatment side effects observed CONCLUSION The antibiotic therapy is justifiable as the initial treatment regimen of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation and amoxicillin with clavulanic acid is reported as the first-line antibiotic drug in most pharmacotherapy guidelines.

Improvement of teamwork in health care through interprofessional education.

INTRODUCTION: Collaboration, within and between healthcare teams, facilitates effective healthcare. Internationally, the development of interprofessional education, as a means to facilitate more effective teamwork in health care, has been recognized for over forty years. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to evaluate students' attitudes toward the influence of interprofessional education on improvement of collaboration and teamwork. METHODS: The research was conducted by interviewing students at the Medical Faculty in Novi Sad in the form of cross-sectional study. The study sample included students from two undergraduate programmes: School of Nursing (n=52) and Integrated Studies of Medicine (n=53). Students admitted to the research had to be exposed to clinical experience. The instrument used in this study was the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS). RESULTS: As many as 93.3% of students indicated that basics of teamwork skills should be obtained prior to graduation, whereas 96.2% considered that interprofessional education would enable them to improve mutual trust and respect. The majority of interviewees indicated that patients would ultimately benefit if healthcare students worked together to solve patient problems. Multivariate procedures MANOVA p < 0.05 and discriminative analysis p < 0.05 of students' attitudes toward teamwork and collaboration showed significant differences between the students of medicine and nursing. CONCLUSION: The students of the Integrated Studies of Medicine and School of Nursing had a positive attitude toward the influence of interprofessional education on the improvement of collaboration and teamwork.

[Severe form of Legionnaires' disease in an immunocompetent patient].

BACKGROUND: Legionnaires' disease (LD) is a pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila (LP). The disease occurs more often in immunocompromised persons and can be manifested by severe pneumonia, multiple organ failure and has a high mortality. CASE REPORT: Immunocompetent patient, male, 53-year old, with severe form of LB had fever, cough, weakness and diarrhea as the initial symptoms of the disease. Laboratory results showed increased number of leukocytes, increased values of acute phase proteins, liver enzymes and hyponatremia. Computed tomography of the chest showed the marked inflammatory lessions on both sides. Pathohistological analysis of the samples retrieved by bronchoscopy pointed to a pneumonia, and diagnosis of LD was confirmed by positive urine test for LP antigen. Later, the disease was complicated by acute adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Treatment with antibiotics (erythromycin, rifampicin, azithromycin) combined with ARDS treatment led to a clinical recovery of the patient together with complete resolution of inflammatory lesions seen on chest radiography. CONCLUSION: In severe pneumonias it is necessary to consider LD in differential diagnosis, perform tests with aim of detecting LP and apply adequate antibiotic treatment in order to accomplish positive outcome of the therapy and prevent complications.