Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865), Joseph Lister (1827-1912) and the Link Between Their Works Toward the Development of Antisepsis: A Narrative Review.

Infection control remains a significant burden for healthcare systems. The irrational use of antibiotics in the fight against microbial diseases has led to the fast development of antimicrobial resistance. Considering how the latter can adversely influence the effectiveness of modern treatments and the way medicine is practiced, we should revise the events that led to the establishment of the general principles of antisepsis and pay special tribute to the people who contributed to their formation, bearing in mind that they remain unmodified to a great extent until today. Without Semmelweis' conceptualization of the idea of direct transmission of sepsis, Pasteur's emblematic figure that helped promote the idea even further, and Lister's methodology structuring, the scientific community would have significantly delayed winning the battle against germs.

Hospital Agios Dimitrios: The General Public Hospital of Thessaloniki.

The purpose of this article is to highlight the history of Hospital Agios Dimitrios, the General Hospital of Thessaloniki. During the early 20th century, many refugees settled in the Greek city of Thessaloniki. To address the growing public health needs of the city's inhabitants, the Greek government established a health agency to offer medical care and respond to infectious disease outbreaks and epidemics. This initiative resulted in the construction or renovation of various hospitals. The Hospital Agios Dimitrios in Thessaloniki was completed in 1903. Its innovative architecture includes kiosks and wards designed to provide better ventilation and prevent the transmission of infectious diseases.

Antoine Ferrein (1693-1769)-His Life and Contribution to Anatomy and Physiology: The Description of the Vocal Chords and Their Function.

The purpose of this study is to summarize the life and work of the French anatomist and surgeon Antoine Ferrein (1693-1769). Ferrein made an impact in the history of anatomy and physiology through his work and especially with the description of phonation, renal anatomy, and liver and biliary structure. He also made an impact on ophthalmology with the description of the eyelid and its diseases. After a thorough review of the literature, we present in this review his life and his main discoveries with special emphasis on the anatomic description of the vocal chords resembling the chords of a violin tempered by the air exhaled from the lungs and how the physiology of phonation and the surgery of the larynx were revolutionized after that.

Pierre Franco (1505-1578): An Innovative Surgeon of the 16th Century in the Treatment of Hernia and Lithotomy.

Pierre Franco (1505-1578) was a brilliant surgeon of the Renaissance, a contemporary of Ambroise Paré. He made an impact on the history of surgery with his innovative approaches in the treatment of hernia, lithotomy, and the use of the suprapubic incision. The purpose of this study is to present a detailed account of his work, innovations, and achievements as well as the impact he made on the surgery of the Renaissance.

Spine deformities and trauma in Avicenna's Canon of Medicine.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this historic review is to summarize the life and work of Avicenna (980-1037) and his contribution to the diagnosis and treatment of spinal deformities and trauma. METHOD: We conducted an extensive search in libraries as well as online in Pubmed and Google Scholar. RESULTS: Avicenna in his work Canon of Medicine combines the knowledge of ancient Greek and Roman physicians and surgeons and he combines them with the extensive of Arabic medicine and pharmacology. CONCLUSION: Avicenna made an impact with his medical writings in which he summarized the works of ancient Greek and Roman physicians like Hippocrates and Galen with the influence of medieval authors and the knowledge of the Arabic medicine and pharmacology. His descriptions and comments in his work Canon of Medicine summarize and comment the work of his predecessors and it remained a work of reference until at least the sixteenth century.

Pycnodysostosis: the disease of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.

Pycnodysostosis or Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome is a genotypic bone disorder, with autosomal recessive inheritance, individualized by Lamy and Maroteaux in 1962. It is characterized by diffuse condensation of the skeleton with thickening of the cortex and narrowing of the medullary cavity. This condensation is reminiscent of the one observed in Albers-Schönberg disease, which differs essentially in dysmorphism of the skull (no closure of fontanelles, gaping sutures, hypoplasia of the lower jaw with open mandibular angle) and extremities (hypoplasia or osteolysis of the phalanges). The patients have a short stature, short hands and feet, and malformed nails. The first scientifically correct diagnosis was made by Dr. G. Séjournet who, under the guidance of his teacher Professor J.-A. Lièvre, performed extensive research and diagnosed Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec with achondroplasia-related dwarfism. This article describes pycnodysostosis and reports the life of the painter Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec who died from the disease.

Jean-Louis Petit (1674-1750): a pioneer anatomist and surgeon and his contribution to orthopaedic surgery and trauma surgery.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this review is to summarize the life and work of Jean-Louis Petit, his inventions, his discoveries, and his impact on the evolution of surgery of his era. METHOD: A thorough search of the literature was undertaken in PubMed and Google Scholar as well as in physical books in libraries to summarize current and classic literature on Petit. RESULTS: Jean-Louis Petit (1674-1750) was an eminent anatomist and surgeon of his era with an invaluable contribution to clinical knowledge, surgical technique, and instrumentation as well as innovative therapeutic modalities and basic scientific discoveries. CONCLUSION: Jean-Louis Petit was an innovative anatomist and surgeon as well as an excellent clinician of his era. He revolutionized the surgical technique of his era with a significant contribution to what would later become orthopaedic surgery.

The death of the Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos (1087-1143).

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to give a brief account of the life of John II Komnenos, his reign and to clarify the events and causes surrounding his death. METHODS: A thorough search of the literature was undertaken in PubMed and Google Scholar as well as in history books through the internet and in History and Medical University libraries. RESULTS: The death of the king cannot be attributed to poisoning from an injured hand by arrow poison. The long period of time before the presentation of symptoms should be attributed to their being caused by an infection. The failure of both conservative anti-inflammatory treatment and surgical drainage point towards an anaerobic infection or a septic inflammation. CONCLUSION: The death of the emperor John Komnenos was caused by a severe infection of the hand of unknown agent leading to septicaemia. This conclusion is based on the fact that death came a week or more after the injury of the hand and it was not caused by the poison of the arrow which would have been fatal within several hours.

Apollonius of Citium (first century BC) and his work on the treatment of joint dislocations.

The purpose of this study was to summarise the life and work of the Cypriot physician Apollonius of Citium (first century BC). His overall work on medicine is presented, and special emphasis is given to his work on the treatment of joint dislocations. The most famous work of Apollonius is Treatise On Joints, which was preserved on the whole in a manuscript of the tenth century AD. In that manuscript, Apollonius is obviously influenced by the Hippocratic Corpus of Medicine. His description, diagnostic methods and reduction techniques are all based on those described by Hippocrates in his work "On Joints". Apollonius' contribution to this subject concerns accurate depiction in images of the reduction techniques he proposes. His simplifications describe the techniques of Hippocrates in a way they can be understood and used by athletes and nonphysicians in the Greek gymnasia. Perhaps his treatise is one of the earliest works of popularised medicine and surgery in the history of human civilisation.

Correction to: Ambroise Paré (1510-1590): on the diagnosis and treatment of shoulder dislocations.

The original version of this article was revised: The published online version contain mistake in author list. The corrected name is shown above.

Ambroise Paré (1510-1590) and His Innovative Work on the Treatment of War Injuries.

The purpose of this study is to summarize the innovations of Ambroise Paré (1510-1590) on the treatment of war wounds and improving amputation technique through ligature in arteries and veins. Ambroise Paré debunked the widely accepted idea that gun powder was poisonous for wounds. He also minimized the use of cautery of wounds by his dressing methods and the application of ligature during amputations. All these innovative rationales revolutionized the practice of war surgery during the Renaissance and paved the way for the introduction of modern surgery. Nevertheless, although his wound dressing innovations became widely accepted, the same did not happen with ligature and amputation; those techniques could become widely applicable if one could somehow control bleeding until the blood vessels had been tied. This became possible much later in the 18th century when Jean Louis Petit invented the first useful and efficient tourniquet.

Ambroise Paré (1510-1590): on the diagnosis and treatment of shoulder dislocations.

AIM OF STUDY: This article aims to summarize the treatment methods for shoulder dislocations supported by Ambroise Paré, and his clinical and academic contribution to this subject. INTRODUCTION: Ambroise Paré (1510-1590) was one of the most prominent surgeons of his time, and one of the most significant innovators of the Renaissance in the fields of military operation, bandages, wound healing, bloodletting, close blood vessels techniques and cesarean section. For many, he is considered "the Father of Modern Surgery". METHODS: In our search we went through the literature in Pubmed and Google Scholar as well as the works of Hippocrates and Galen and several other ancient and medieval authors. RESULTS: His work on shoulder injuries and dislocations is outstanding. In this work, he uses the classifications of Hippocrates (460-377 BC) and Galen (130-201 BC). He also uses the reduction techniques, ointments, bandages, cooling creams and treatment options described by the ancient medical authors. DISCUSSION: Paré is heavily based on the work of previous authors on shoulder dislocations. He uses the work of Hippocrates and Galen as well as the additions made in the Cannon of Medicne of Avicenna. CONCLUSION: Ambroise Paré in his excellent work on shoulder dislocations uses the classifications of Hippocrates and Galen and the reduction techniques, cooling ointments, bandages and post-reduction management options as previously described by Hippocrates himself.

Paul of Aegina (625-690): His Work and His Contribution to Neurologic Surgery: Trephinations and Laminectomies in the Dark Ages.

The purpose of this historical review is to summarize the work of Paul of Aegina, especially his contribution to the treatment of neurosurgical disorders and trauma. Paul performed trephinations for head injuries in the tradition of the Egyptian and the Greek schools of medicine. However, he was an innovator in the treatment of several spine injuries, as his choice to perform laminectomies and his description of them as safe and successful is unprecedented in the history of the recorded medicine and surgery. Our search of the literature shows that Paul was the first to include in his practice such a surgical technique, and, in this way, he is an innovator, since Hippocrates described the results of spine surgery as disastrous for the patient. Thus, he may be considered the historic father of spine surgery for his pioneering surgical innovations. This shows clearly that innovation in science and medicine was significantly increased through the rise of Islam and the Arabic conquest of the Middle East. The so-called "Dark Ages" were not so dark after all.

Juan Valverde de Amusco (1525-1588): an eminent anatomist of the renaissance or a plagiarist of Vesalius? His work and its impact in renaissance anatomy.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to review and summarize the life and work of Juan Valverde de Amusco (1525-1588), his impact on the anatomy of the sixteenth century and focus on his controversy with Andreas Vesalius. METHODS: A thorough search of the literature was undertaken in PubMed and Google Scholar as well as in history books through the internet and in History and Medical University libraries. RESULTS: Valverde took almost directly from Andreas Vesalius 38 pictures. Occasionally, however, Valverde corrected Vesalius' images, as in his depictions of the muscles of the eyes, nose and larynx. CONCLUSION: Valverde copied the work of Vesalius in many instances. Nevertheless, he had his fair share of contribution in the history of Anatomy; he managed to popularize and spread the new anatomy of the Rennaissance through his work which was far more cheaper than that of Vesalius; furthermore, his anatomic discoveries like the first depiction of the intracranial course of the carotid arteries (several decades before Willis's description), the extrinsic ocular muscles and the middle ear bones contribute to the spirit of the Scientific Revolution.

Henry II of France (1519-1559) and His Death From Meningoencephalitis Following Cranial Trauma.

This historical review summarizes the most significant theories regarding the cause of death of King Henry II of France (1519-1559) and the circumstances under which it occurred. Although the historical testimonies are inconclusive and vague, postmortem analysis has shown that the King died of meningoencephalitis, caused by hematoma of a cerebral contusion, with effusion in the cerebral laminae and its surrounding tissue initiated by a periorbital fracture.

A Cranial Trauma was the Cause of Death of Charles VIII of France (1470-1498).

This article summarizes the reign, life and death, of Charles VIII of France. Also we intend to investigate current views on his cause of death, contradictions and opinions of his biographers. Poisoning, disease, and injury are the possible causes of his death but, according to the literature, cranial trauma was the most probable cause of death of the King Charles VIII of France.

Gerard Blaes (Blasius) (1627-1682): The Dutch Physician and Chemist, His Work and Description of the Spinal Cord.

In this historical review we summarize the work of the Dutch physician, chemist, and anatomist Gerard Blaes (Blasius). A detailed account of his life and work is presented with emphasis on his contribution to anatomy. In particular, special reference is made to his innovative description of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. Blasius's contributions to neuroanatomy are remarkable when taking into account the limited technology of his era. As a true man of his era, he made significant contributions in research and teaching of anatomy, botany, and chemistry. He published a detailed description of the spinal cord with its gray and white matter and the spinal nerve roots, which significantly increased the knowledge of neuroanatomy in his era. He also is considered one of the founders of comparative anatomy through his work in both humans and animals.