Isoflavone composition, phenol content, and antioxidant activity of soybean seeds from India and Bulgaria.

Isoflavone levels and isoflavone chemical composition in 11 cultivars of soybean, including 4 Indian and 7 genotypes of soybean grown in Bulgaria, were analyzed as determined by C 18 reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector. Antioxidant activity of soybean extracts was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and total phenolic compounds (TPC) were determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The range of total isoflavones (TI) was 558.2-1048.6 microg g (-1) of soy in Indian cultivars, and it was 627.9-1716.9 microg g (-1) of soy in the case of Bulgarian cultivars. The highest and lowest total isoflavone contents were observed for Maus-2 (1048.6 microg g (-1) of soy) and Hardee (558.2 microg g (-1) of soy), respectively, for the Indian cultivars, and they were observed for Boryara (1716.9 microg g (-1) of soy) and Line 5 (627.9 microg g (-1) of soy) for the Bulgarian genotypes. DPPH radical scavenging activity did not differ significantly among the cultivars and did not correlate with TI, whereas TPC correlated well with TI and weakly with DPPH. Malonylglucoside of all the aglycones, total genistein (TGin), and total daidzein (TDin) showed strong correlation with total isoflavones, whereas acetylglucoside and aglycone levels did not significantly correlate with total isoflavone. Profiling of soybean isoflavone is helpful in understanding the regulation of isoflavone biosynthesis for greater improved resistance of crops to disease and greater health benefits for humans. This comparative study of soybean cultivars grown in India and Bulgaria throws light on their composition and nutraceutical value.

[Paraclinical indices in experimental damage to the renal parenchyma]. / Izsledvane na niakoi paraklinichni pokazateli pri eksperimentalno uvrezhdane na bubrechniia parenkhim.

A model was developed of the experimental injury of kidney parenchyma with the use of potassium bichromate with six calves. Studied was the activity of ChE, LAP, ALD, APh, GOT, GPT, OKT, and guanase as well as the level of blood sugar, calcium, and inorganic phosphorus. It was found that ALD, ChE, and LAP formed a good enzyme constellation to follow up the functional status of the kidney parenchyma. The results obtained needed further clinical processing.

[Enzyme constellation in cows of the Simmental crossbreed and Black Pied breed during the dry period and lactation]. / Enzima konstelatsiia pri kravi ot porodata Simentalski melez i Chernoshareno govedo pri sukhostoini i laktirashti kravi.

Studied was the enzyme constellation, resp., activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP), glutamate-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), aldolase (ALD), leucin-aminopeptidase (LAP), cholinesterase (CE), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT), and guanase (G) in a total of 360 clinically normal and lactating and dry cows of the Black-and-White and Simmental crossbreeds. Characteristic quantitative changes were found with GOT, GPT, ALD, LDH, and CPK both over the dry period and over the entire period of lactation. The activity of LAP, AP, OCT, and G was not influenced by the functional status of the animals. In the course of the analyses there were changes in the serum ALD, CE, and GOT, associated with the breed. The enzymes referred to were studied with a view to establishing their normal parameters needed for the practice as the base to demonstrate preclinical disturbances in individual organs and tissues of the cows during pregnancy and the puerperium.

[Acid-base equilibrium in calves with enteritis]. / Kiselinno-alkalno ravnovesie pri teleta s enterit.

Studied were the indices of the acid-alkaline balance and the lactate level in a total of 19 Black-and-white calves manifesting clinical forms of enteritis as well as in 10 clinically normal calves that belonged to the same breed. In most of the calves affected with enteritis the blood pH values proved essentially lower than those found in normal calves. Differences were established between the normal and the diseased animals with regard to ABE, HCO-3, and pCO2, the ABE values with some of the animals with enteritis reaching -9.2 mmol/l, and the HCO-3 values--up to 16.5 mmol/l. Enteritis animals also showed higher pCO2 values than normal ones. The differences observed in the acid-alkaline balance pointed to the presence of metabolic respiratory acidosis in calves with clinical enteritis.

[Changes in the activity of serum enzymes and other paraclinical indices in experimental liver damage in calves]. / Promeni v aktivnostta na niakoi serumni enzimi i drugi paraklinichni pokazateli pri eksperimentalno uvrezhdane na cherniia drob pri teleta.

Six calves were used to formulate a model of liver injury, following up the activity of the serum enzymes LAP, ALD, AP, GPT, GOT, OKT, and guanase. Studied were also the contents of blood sugar, calcium, phosphorus as well as some indices of the lipid metabolism. It was found that even with the least severe injuries of the liver there was a considerable rise of the OKT, guanase, GOT, GPT, and LAP activity. It is believed that the enzyme changes alone could serve as a specific index to detect the earliest injury of the liver.

[Potentials of enzyme tests and radioisotope hepatography in detecting early functional changes in the liver]. / Vozmozhnosti nekotorykh fermentativnykh testov i radioizotopnoi gepatografii pri vyiavlenii rannikh funktsional'nykh izmenenii v pecheni.

The enzymic tests and radionuclide hepatography were used to study and compare liver function after rabbits were exposed to tetrachloromethane poisoning. The activity of serum enzymes of cholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase, aldolase and leucine aminopeptidase was determined. Hepatography was made with the use of 198Au-colloid with an activity 0.74 MBC. The enzymic tests were demonstrated to be more sensitive than radionuclide hepatography in detecting the earliest parenchymatous lesions in the liver. The data obtained correlate with the data of the pathohistological examinations, which demonstrated the presence of marked vacuole parenchymatous fatty dystrophy. The authors recommend that the enzymic tests should be used for detecting early hepatic lesions induced by tetrachloromethane.

[Effect of environmental factors on the body response reactions in newborn calves]. / Vliianie na niakoi faktori na vunshnata sreda vurkhu otvetnite reaktsii na organizma na novorodenite teleta.

Studied was the role of the general state and the adaptability of newborn calves under the effect of some environmental factors (temperature and relative humidity) that had no optimal values in the onset of diseases caused by occasionally pathogenic agents. It was found that under conditions that were one and the same for all calves the metabolic and functional responses were varying. Those of the animals with which the nervous-and-hormonal system was more unstable manifested a specific biochemical-and-functional response through which no'equilibration' was achieved with the environment, and they got sick. Others, exhibiting metabolic processes that were stronger and more stable as the result of the involvement of more powerful regulatory mechanisms inherent to a 'neuro-functional' animal organism could adapt successfully to the nonoptimal factors of the environment. Such animals were not shown to be susceptible to the effects of conditionally pathogenic agents.

[Age-related dynamics of blood biochemical indices in Black Pied calves]. / Vuzrastova dinamika na niakoi biokhimichni pokazateli na kruvta na teletata ot chernozharenata poroda.

The level of a number of blood indices was followed up in Black-and-white calves from the first day after birth up to the sixth month such as hemoglobin, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, blood sugar, phosphorus, and total, ionized, and protein-bound calcium, with total protein. The calves were clinically normal and were raised in various regions under routinely adopted zoohygiene, technologic, and microclimatic conditions and parameters, and were offered rations that were currently adopted in this country. The dynamic established with the changes of the indices investigated disclosed possibilities of obtaining additional information concerning the state of the animal's organism which proved instrumental in choosing the right prophylaxis in compliance of the respective age period.

[Effect of E. coli endotoxin on the amount of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in rabbits]. / Vliianie na endotoksin ot E. coli vurkhu kolichestvoto na 2,3-difos-foglitserata pri zaitsi.

Fifteen rabbits were injected i/p with an endotoxin at the rate of 6 mg each. Studied were the amounts of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG), hemoglobin, and erythrocytes in the blood 1, 2, 2.5, and 3 hours following treatment. A clearly manifested lowering trend was observed with the level of hemoglobin up to the 3rd hr. The changes concerning DPG and the erythrocytes also consisted in lowering their values, which was more strongly expressed with DPG than with Hb, reaching its lowest values 2.5 hours following treatment. From that moment on a rise was noted with the values of DPG and erythrocytes. The changes that set in with the latter had no effect on the DPG/Hb coefficient, their being a lowering of its values up to the 2nd hour, whereas from the 2nd to the 3rd hour there followed a rise. The rise of the DPG and the DPG/Hb values after the 2.5 and the two hours respectively, was referred to as a compensatory mechanism through which the body lowered the level of hypoxia, developing under the effect of the E. coli endotoxin.

[Nomograms developed for determining the acid-base and oxygen status of cattle]. / Razrabotvane nomogrami za opredeliane na alkalno-kiselinniia i kislorodniia status pri govedoto.

Investigations were carried out on a total of 66 lactating cows in order to work out an Octane nomogram for the direct recording of the PO2/HbO2 interrelationship and determine the normal alkali-acidic range in cattle. It is stated that these studies have made it possible to speculate on the clinical veterinary normal values of each particular index of the alkali-acidic balance and its prompt calculation.

[Enzymatic and radioisotopic methods of studying the liver functional state in rabbits]. / Enzimologichni i radioisotopni metodi za proslediavane funktsionalnoto sustoianie na cherniia drob u zaitsi.

Ten rabbits were used to carry out comparative investigations into the functional state of the liver, employing enzyme tests and radioisotope hepatography. It was found that the enzyme tests were more sensitive as compared to the radioisotope hepatography method in detecting the earliest and more slightly expressed parenchymal lesions of the liver.