The Role of Science in Advising the Decision Making Process: A Pathway for Building Effective Climate Change Mitigation Policies in Mexico at the Local Level.

This study examines a pathway for building urban climate change mitigation policies by presenting a multi-dimensional and transdisciplinary approach in which technical, economic, environmental, social, and political dimensions interact. Now, more than ever, the gap between science and policymaking needs to be bridged; this will enable judicious choices to be made in regarding energy and climate change mitigation strategies, leading to positive social impacts, in particular for the populations at-risk at the local level. Through a case study in Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico, we propose a multidimensional and transdisciplinary approach with the role of scientist as policy advisers to improve the role of science in decision-making on mitigation policies at the local level in Mexico.

Applying the mental models framework to carbon monoxide risk in northern Mexico.

OBJECTIVES: Low-income residents of northern Mexico rely on unvented heaters during the winter, a practice that puts them at elevated risk for carbon monoxide intoxication. The goal of this study is to develop a communication protocol for carbon monoxide intoxication risks among the primarily low socioeconomic status population of Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico. METHODS: The mental models risk communication approach was used to identify important gaps in public understanding. This approach consists of step-by-step assessment of information needs and effectiveness of risk communication efforts by using interviews and surveys. RESULTS: The mental models process uncovered a key technical misunderstanding, the subject population's belief that carbon monoxide can be seen or smelled, which may result in a risk-prone behavior: failure to use a carbon monoxide detector. A communication protocol was designed to address this and other knowledge gaps, and it produced significant improvements in subjects' knowledge in a pretest/posttest evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: The mental models process was successful in developing a communication instrument capable of improving knowledge in the subject population. Future research needs include assessing the extent to which this instrument succeeds in changing behavior and reducing the risk of carbon monoxide intoxication. Future interventional efforts may focus on encouraging people to use carbon monoxide detectors.

Applying the mental models framework to carbon monoxide risk in northern Mexico / Aplicación del enfoque de los modelos mentales al riesgo por monóxido de carbono en el norte de México

OBJECTIVES: Low-income residents of northern Mexico rely on unvented heaters during the winter, a practice that puts them at elevated risk for carbon monoxide intoxication. The goal of this study is to develop a communication protocol for carbon monoxide intoxication risks among the primarily low socioeconomic status population of Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico. METHODS: The mental models risk communication approach was used to identify important gaps in public understanding. This approach consists of step-by-step assessment of information needs and effectiveness of risk communication efforts by using interviews and surveys. RESULTS: The mental models process uncovered a key technical misunderstanding, the subject population's belief that carbon monoxide can be seen or smelled, which may result in a risk-prone behavior: failure to use a carbon monoxide detector. A communication protocol was designed to address this and other knowledge gaps, and it produced significant improvements in subjects' knowledge in a pretest/posttest evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: The mental models process was successful in developing a communication instrument capable of improving knowledge in the subject population. Future research needs include assessing the extent to which this instrument succeeds in changing behavior and reducing the risk of carbon monoxide intoxication. Future interventional efforts may focus on encouraging people to use carbon monoxide detectors.

OBJETIVOS: Los residentes de bajos ingresos del norte de México dependen durante el invierno de calefactores no ventilados, una práctica que los pone en mayor riesgo de intoxicación por monóxido de carbono. Se elaboró un protocolo de comunicación sobre los riesgos de intoxicación por monóxido de carbono en la población fundamentalmente de bajo nivel socioeconómico de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México. MÉTODOS: Se utilizó el enfoque de comunicación de riesgos de los modelos mentales para identificar importantes brechas en la comprensión pública. Este enfoque consiste en la evaluación paso a paso de las necesidades de información y la eficacia de los esfuerzos de comunicación de riesgos, mediante entrevistas y encuestas. RESULTADOS: El proceso basado en los modelos mentales descubrió un malentendido técnico clave: la población estudiada cree que el monóxido de carbono se puede ver u oler. Esto puede llevar a un comportamiento proclive al riesgo: no utilizar detectores de monóxido de carbono. Se diseñó un protocolo de comunicación para atender esta y otras brechas en el conocimiento que, según las evaluaciones previa y posterior, mejoró significativamente el nivel de conocimiento de las personas. CONCLUSIONES: El proceso basado en modelos mentales permitió desarrollar exitosamente un instrumento de comunicación capaz de mejorar el nivel de conocimiento en la población estudiada. Investigaciones futuras deben evaluar en qué grado este instrumento logra modificar el comportamiento y reducir el riesgo de intoxicación por monóxido de carbono. Nuevas intervenciones podrían centrarse en estimular el uso de detectores de monóxido de carbono.

Carbon monoxide exposure in households in Ciudad Juárez, México.

This study assessed exposure to carbon monoxide from gas and wood heater emissions in a sample of 64 households in peri-urban residential areas in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México. Indoor and outdoor carbon monoxide concentrations and temperatures were monitored for a continuous period of 1 week at 1 and 6-min intervals, respectively. The moving average carbon monoxide concentrations were compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for carbon monoxide. Sixty-seven percent of households with gas heaters and 60% of households with wood heaters exceeded a health-based standard at some point during the monitoring. The difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures was modestly correlated with average carbon monoxide exposure (r=0.35, p-value <0.01). Heater type may be a stronger determinant of exposure, as households with a particular heater model (the El Sol FM-210) were significantly more likely to be among the more highly exposed households (odds ratio of 4.8, p-value of 0.02). A variety of health effects were pooled and found at elevated frequency in the households that exceeded the 8-h standard of 9ppm (odds ratio=5.1, p-value=0.031). These results highlight the need for further efforts to identify and mitigate potentially hazardous carbon monoxide exposures, particularly in moderate-income countries with cooler climates.

Síntesis cronológica de la historia de la medicina en Venezuela / Chronological synthesis of the history of medicine in Venezuela

El presente resumen podrá ser bastante útil, principalmente de dos maneras: una para una noción o revisión global sintética de la Medicina venezolana en alguna parte de su historia, y otra para localizar determinados datos en particular. (AU)

Estudio de la infección por rotavirus y calicivirus en neonatos de la Maternidad "Concepción Palacios" de Caracas / Study of rotavirus and calicivirus infections in neonates from the Maternity Hospital "Concepción Palacios", Caracas

En un estudio realizado en 1984 en la Maternidad "Concepción Palacios", Pérez-Schael y col. detectaron excreción asintomática de rotavirus en el 56% de los recién nacidos evaluados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la infección por rotavirus en neonatos de la Maternidad y comparar datos con aquellos obtenidos anteriormente. Además, se investigó la presencia de calicivirus en dicha población. Entre agosto y diciembre de 2004, se recolectaron 307 muestras de heces provenientes de 215 neonatos sanos. Para la detección de los agentes virales se utilizaron ensayos tipo ELISA comerciales y no comerciales. Estos ensayos identificaron como positivas a rotavirus y calicivirus a un total de 14 y 58 muestras, respectivamente. Sin embargo, al realizar pruebas para corroborar la presencia de rotavirus por microscopia electrónica, EGPA y RT-PCR y para calicivirus por RT-PCR, ninguna de las muestras señaladas como positivas pudo ser confirmada. Estos resultados sugieren la no-circulación tanto de rotavirus como de calicivirus dentro de la Maternidad. Es posible que la interrupción de la transmisión de rotavirus dentro de la Institución pueda deberse a cambios en el manejo del par madre-neonato introducidos en la Maternidad desde 1995, promovidos por la OMS y UNICEF.

In a study carried out in 1984 at the "Concepción Palacios" Maternity Hospital, Perez-Schael et al (J Med Virol 1984, 14:127) detected asymptomatic excretion of rotavirus in 56% of the neonates evaluated. The purpose of this work was to study rotavirus infection in neonates at the Maternity Hospital and compare the new data with those previously obtained. We also studied calicivirus presence in said population. Between August and December 2004, 307 feces samples were collected from 215 healthy neonates. Commercial and non commercial ELISA type assays were used for detection of viral agents. These assays identified a total of 14 and 58 samples as rotavirus and calicivirus positive respectively. Nevertheless, when carrying out tests to corroborate rotavirus presence with electron microscopy, EGPA and RT-PCR, and for calicivirus with RT-PCR, none of the samples previously shown as positive could be confirmed. These results suggest the non-circulation of both rotavirus and calicivirus within the Maternity Hospital. It is possible that the interruption of rotavirus transmission within this Institution could be due to changes in the management of the mother-child unit promoted by WHO and UNICEF, and introduced at the Maternity Hospital since 1995.