Prevalencia y caracterización de la sobrecarga del cuidador primario de pacientes al final de la vida / Prevalence and characterization of overload of the primary caregiver of patients at the end of life

Introducción: El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de la sobrecarga del cuidador primario de pacientes al final de la vida que acuden al servicio de urgencias de este hospital y determinar sus características sociodemográficas. Pacientes y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo; se incluyeron 264 cuidadores principales de pacientes que se encontraban en la fase final de la vida, quienes recibieron atención médica por complicaciones de su patología de base en el servicio de urgencias del Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, en un periodo de 6 meses, del 1 de abril de 2021 al 31 de septiembre de 2021, con los siguientes criterios de inclusión: ser el cuidador principal, tener un lazo familiar con un enfermo, con participación voluntaria, tener más de 18 años de edad. Los participantes, previa firma del consentimiento informado, contestaron los cuestionarios de datos demográficos, escala de Zarit abreviada, escala de Katz. Dentro de la valoración multidimensional del paciente con enfermedad terminal, la valoración biológica es fundamentada por la situación funcional del enfermo; para valorar la dependencia para las actividades de la vida diaria se puede emplear el índice de Katz. Resultados: Se incluyeron 264 cuidadores primarios, 187 (70,8 %) fueron del género femenino y 77 (29,2 %) del género masculino; la edad mínima fue de 18 años y máxima de 80 años, con una mediana de 44 años. Del total de cuidadores analizados 219 (83 %) presentaban sobrecarga del cuidador en el momento de la entrevista. De los sujetos estudiados, 138 (52,3 %) eran cuidadores únicos, de los cuales más de la mitad (57 %) padecían sobrecarga del cuidador. (AU)

Introduction: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of overload among the primary caregivers of patients at the end of life who attended the emergency department of this hospital, and to determine their sociodemographic characteristics. Patients and methods: An observational, descriptive and prospective study was carried out, including 264 main caregivers of patients who were in the final phase of life, who received medical care for complications of their underlying condition in the emergency department of the General Hospital of Mexico “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga” over a period of 6 months, from April 1, 2021 to September 31, 2021, with the following inclusion criteria: being the main caregiver, having a family relationship with the patient, voluntary participation, being more than 18 years old. The participants, after signing an informed consent, completed the demographic data questionnaires, the abbreviated Zarit scale, and the Katz scale. Within the multidimensional assessment of the terminally ill patient, the biological assessment is based on the patient’s functional status; to assess dependence on activities of daily living, the Katz index can be used. Results: A total of 264 primary caregivers were included, 187 (70,8%) were female and 77 (29,2%) were male; the minimum age was 18 years and the maximum age was 80 years, with a median of 44 years. Of the total number of caregivers analyzed, 219 (83%) presented caregiver collapse syndrome at the time of the interview. Of the subjects studied, 138 (52,3%) were sole caregivers, of which more than half (57%) suffered from caregiver collapse syndrome. (AU)

Perioperative ultrasound neuromonitoring: transcraneal Doppler and optic nerve.

Monitoring of the neurocritical in the perioperatory is in constant evolution. There are essentially two ultrasonographic application of neuromonitoring: the diameter of the sheath of the optic nerve and transcranial Doppler. Ultrasound-guided neuromonitoring can detect stenosis or occlusion of intracranial arteries, monitor the evolution of patients with vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage, detect cerebral embolism, evaluate the cerebral collateral system, determine brain death, calculate indirectly Intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion and helps in clinical decisions and early therapeutic interventions in neurocritical care. The purpose of this review is to present the applications of ultrasonography to the head of the patient in neuromonitoring.

El monitoreo del paciente neurocrítico en el perioperatorio se encuentra en constante evolución. Existen fundamentalmente dos evaluaciones ultrasonográficas de neuromonitoreo: el diámetro de la vaina del nervio óptico y el Doppler transcraneal. En la actualidad, el neuromonitoreo guiado por ultrasonido permite detectar estenosis u oclusión de arterias intracraneales, monitorizar la evolución de los enfermos que presentan vasoespasmo tras una hemorragia subaracnoidea, detectar embolias cerebrales, evaluar el sistema colateral cerebral, determinar la muerte cerebral, calcular de manera indirecta la presión intracraneana y la perfusión cerebral, entre otras, y de esta manera poder tomar decisiones terapéuticas tempranas en el manejo del paciente neurocrítico. El motivo de esta revisión es dar a conocer las aplicaciones de la ultrasonografía a la cabecera del enfermo en neuromonitoreo.

[Nuevos conceptos de la reanimación hídrica intravenosa]. / New concepts in intravenous fluid therapy.

ANTECEDENTES: La reanimación hídrica intravenosa es esencial en el manejo de los pacientes hospitalizados, en especial en aquellos con enfermedad aguda o crítica. En la actualidad se proponen cuatro premisas con cuatro indicaciones, cuatro preguntas y cuatro fases para la reanimación hídrica intravenosa. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de esta revisión es dar a conocer esta propuesta de manejo en la reanimación hídrica intravenosa. CONCLUSIONES: Estas premisas de reanimación hídrica intravenosa coexisten de manera continua y con una variabilidad observada en el balance hídrico que se da a entender como un proceso dinámico, sin un patrón fijo temporal ni una escala de tiempo, el cual debe ser individualizado según el contexto clínico del paciente. BACKGROUND: Intravenous fluid therapy is essential in the management of hospitalized patients, especially in those with acute or critical illness. It has been proposed four premises, four indications, four questions, and four phases for guidance of this fluid therapy. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this manuscript is to review these new concepts of intravenous fluid therapy. CONCLUSION: These phases of intravenous fluid resuscitation coexist continuously and with a variability observed on fluid balance, is meant as a dynamic process, not as a temporary fixed pattern or a time scale and which must be individualized to the clinical context of patient.

Point-of-care gastrointestinal and urinary tract sonography in daily evaluation of gastrointestinal dysfunction in critically ill patients (GUTS Protocol).

There is currently a lack of universally accepted criteria for gastrointestinal (GI) failure or dysfunction in critical care. Moreover, the clinical assessment of intestinal function is notoriously difficult and thus often goes unrecognized, contributing to poor outcomes. A recent grading system has been proposed to define acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI) in conjunction with other organ function scores (e.g., SOFA). Ultrasonography has become widely accepted as a diagnostic tool for GI problems and pathology. We propose a sonographic examination of the abdomen, using the GUTS protocol (gastrointestinal and urinary tract sonography) in critically ill patients as part of the point-of-care ultrasound evaluation in patients with AGI. This article reviews possible applications of ultrasonography that may be relevant to monitor the GI function in critically ill patients. The GI ultrasound protocol (GUTS) focuses on four gastrointestinal endpoints: gastrointestinal diameter, mucosal thickness, peristalsis, and blood flow. Moreover, it is possible to examine the urinary tract and kidney function. Real-time ultrasound with the GUTS protocol is a simple, inexpensive, bedside imaging technique that can provide anatomical and functional information of the GI tract. Further studies are needed to investigate the utility of GUTS with other parameters, such as GI biomarkers, AGI class, and clinical outcomes.

Hallazgos histopatológicos en síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda / Histopathological findings in acute distress respiratory syndrome / Padrões histopatológicos na síndrome da angústia respiratória aguda

Resumen: El síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda engloba una constelación relativamente uniforme de características clínicas, radiológicas y fisiológicas en pacientes con falla respiratoria de inicio rápido. En la actualidad existen expertos que consideran la necesidad de denominar a este síndrome lesión alveolar difusa debido a sus reportes histopatológicos. El objetivo de este trabajo de revisión es dar a conocer los cambios histopatológicos de los pacientes con síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda y la relación que existe con las clasificaciones clínicas actuales.

Abstract: The acute respiratory distress syndrome, includes a relatively uniform radiological and physiological constellation of clinical features respiratory failure in patients with quick start. At present there are experts who consider the need to call this syndrome Diffuse alveolar injury, by histopathological reports this. The objective of this review paper is to make known the histopathologic changes of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and the relationship with current clinical classifications.

Resumo: A síndrome da angústia respiratória aguda (SARA) engloba uma constelação relativamente uniforme de características clínicas, radiológicas e fisiológicas em pacientes com falha respiratória de início rápido. Atualmente, existem especialistas que consideram a necessidade de chamar essa síndrome de Lesão Alveolar Difusa pelos relatórios de histopatologia desta. O objetivo deste artigo de revisão é aumentar a consciência das alterações histopatológicas dos pacientes com SARA e a relação com as classificações clínicas atuais.

Encefalopatía posterior reversible en preeclampsia / Reversible posterior encephalopathy in preeclampsia / Encefalopatia posterior reversível em pré-eclâmpsia

Resumen: El síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible (PRES por sus siglas en inglés Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome) es una entidad clínico-radiológica con datos claros de afección del lóbulo posterior por imagen por resonancia magnética. Fue descrito por primera vez en 1996 por Hinchey, se caracteriza clínicamente por cefalea, afección laberíntica, así como ceguera cortical, entre otros síntomas. Una de las poblaciones en riesgo de presentar esta complicación neurológica son las mujeres que padecen preeclampsia/eclampsia. El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer un caso de encefalopatía posterior reversible en una paciente con preeclampsia.

Abstract: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is a clinical-radiological entity, with clear data of vasogenic edema at the posterior lobe by magnetic resonance image. As First described in 1996 by Hinchey, clinical features are headache, labyrinthine affection, and cortical blindness among others symptoms preeclampsia/eclampsia among obstetric patients has been characterized for presenting as a risk factor for this neurologic complication. The aim of this paper is to present a clinical case of posterior reversible encephalopathy in a patient with pre-eclampsia.

Resumo: A síndrome da encefalopatia posterior reversível (PRES, sigla em Inglês) é uma entidade clínica radiológica, com clara evidência da afetação do lobo posterior por IRM.1 Descrita pela primeira vez em 1996 por Hinchey; clinicamente caracterizada por cefaleia, doença labiríntica e cegueira cortical entre outros sintomas. Uma das populações em risco de apresentar essa complicação neurológica são mulheres com pré-eclâmpsia/eclâmpsia. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um caso de encefalopatia posterior reversível em uma paciente com pré-eclâmpsia.

[Metabolic control in the critically ill patient an update: hyperglycemia, glucose variability hypoglycemia and relative hypoglycemia]. / Actualidades en el control metabólico del paciente crítico: hiperglucemia, variabilidad de la glucosa, hipoglucemia e hipoglucemia relativa.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic changes of glucose in critically ill patients increase morbidity and mortality. The appropriate level of blood glucose has not been established so far and should be adjusted for different populations. However concepts such as glucose variability and relative hypoglycemia of critically ill patients are concepts that are changing management methods and achieving closer monitoring. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this review is to present new data about the management and metabolic control of patients in critical areas. CONCLUSIONS: Currently glucose can no longer be regarded as an innocent element in critical patients; both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia increase morbidity and mortality of patients. Protocols and better instruments for continuous measurement are necessary to achieve the metabolic control of our patients.