Determinants of HIV serostatus disclosure and assessment of the competence of health care personnel in HIV serostatus disclosure

Background: Disclosure of HIV serostatus is essential for the care and eradication of HIV infection. The World Health Organization recommends disclosure to school-age children and younger children but this practice is commonly hindered by stigmatization and other presumed psychosocial effects of the disease. Objective: To identify limitations to the disclosure of serostatus in HIV-infected children, outcomes of disclosure as well as compare the outcomes of disclosure by either parents/caregiver only with the involvement of health care personnel. Methods: A questionnaire-based study of primary caregivers of children aged 6 years to 18 years with HIV infection who were enrolled at two government-owned tertiary institutions in Lagos State, Nigeria. The healthcare personnel directly involved in the care of these children also participated in the study. Results: A total of 190 primary caregivers participated in the study. In all, 29 health care personnel completely filled the questionnaires. Disclosure (partial and full) was recorded among 31.0%. Older children and children with single parents were more likely to know their HIV status. Similar positive and negative impacts of disclosure were observed irrespective of the individuals involved in the processes. In all, 62.1% of healthcare personnel have had training on disclosure. Conclusion: Disclosure rate in HIV-infected children was low. There is a need for more training of health personnel and education of caregivers on the benefits of disclosure as well as the introduction of effective measures to tackle the barriers to disclosure

Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus and atrial septal defect without on-site surgical backup: a two-year experience in an African community.

Congenital heart disease contributes significantly to the health burden of children in Nigeria. Interventions for congenital heart disease have been available in the developed world since the first report on device closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in 1967 by Porstmann. However, this did not start in Nigeria until October 2010. This study aimed to document the profiles of the patients who had undergone interventions for congenital heart diseases since the availability of the procedure, the challenges encountered, and the prospects associated with the interventions at the study site. All the patients referred to undergo interventions for congenital heart disease at the study center between October 2010 and 2012 were studied. The profile of the patient, including diagnosis at referral, indication for interventions, and interventions performed, were documented. The patients ranged in age from 3 to 62 years (mean age, 13.54 ± 17.7 years), and the male-to-female ratio was 1:3. The diagnosis at referral included PDA in 10 (83 %) of the 12 patients and secundum atrial septal defect in 2 patients (17 %). They all had transcatheter closure of the defects. Interventional procedures for congenital heart diseases currently are available locally, but the high degree of manpower training required, the cost, and the local availability of consumables are major factors limiting their use. Regional and international collaboration could be mutually beneficial.

Assessment of overweight and obesity among Nigerian children and adolescents using triceps skin-fold thickness and body mass index.

The prevalence of obesity is increasing in children and adolescents even in resource-poor countries. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity in a group of Nigerian school children using triceps skin-fold thickness (SFT) and body mass index (BMI). The subjects were 1235 randomly selected primary and secondary Lagos school children aged 5-18 years, triceps SFT was measured with Harpenden® calipers and BMI calculated from weight and height. Using BMI, overweight and obesity were defined as values of 85th to 94th percentile for age and sex and ≥95th percentile, respectively. Using triceps SFT, obesity was defined as SFT > 85th percentile of the NHANES III study. Fifty-seven subjects (15 boys and 42 girls) had SFT > 85th percentile with a higher prevalence in girls than boys (6.4% vs. 2.6%, P = 0.001). The prevalence of BMI-defined overweight and obesity were also higher among girls (11.9% vs. 5.7%, P < 0.001 and 4.7% vs. 2.2%, P = 0.02, respectively). Females of upper socioeconomic class were more likely to be overweight (16.2% vs. 6.6%, P < 0.0001), obese (6.3% vs. 2.8%, P = 0.03) or have elevated SFT (8.2% vs. 4.2%, P = 0.03) than those of low socioeconomic status. Forty-seven of 57 subjects (82.5%) with elevated SFT also had high BMI. The prevalence of obesity is low in the study population but the much higher prevalence of overweight suggests that steps should be taken to control fatness before the figures worsen. In more than 80% of subjects, elevated SFT co-existed with elevated BMI.

International patients with congenital heart disease: what brings them to India?

BACKGROUND: Factors that have led to the increasing popularity of medical travel include the high cost of healthcare, long wait times for certain procedures, the ease and affordability of international travel, and improvements in both technology and standards of care in many countries. AIM: The present study aims to elaborate the factors that attract international cardiac patients to India, to document the proportion of the admissions into the paediatric cardiac ward who are international patients, and to identify the sources of funding of the international patients. METHODS: This was a prospective, cross-sectional, and analytical study carried out between May 2009 and October 2009 in the paediatric cardiac care unit of a large tertiary care cardiac centre in India paediatric wards. Structured questionnaires were administered. RESULTS: A total of 1372 patients were admitted during the study period, of which 155 (11.3%) were patients from countries outside India. Majority of the patients were from Malaysia (45%), Nigeria (23%), and Tanzania (15%). The age ranged from 1 month to 39 years with an average of 61 months. The male to female ratio was 1:1.4 and the majority of subjects (72.5%) were in social classes 3 and 4. cheaper cost and better expertise was the prominent reason for choosing India. More than half of the respondents were either sponsored by the government or self-funded. For patients from Nigeria 53% (9) were sponsored by self (parent), 29% (5) by non-governmental organisations (NGO), 12% (2) by the parent employer, and 6% (1) by the government. CONCLUSION: There is a need for local development of facilities and training of personnel in specialised areas of healthcare to provide succour for a significant number of nationals who might otherwise have suffered and possibly have even died of their ailment. There is also the added advantage that such facilities would save foreign currency and help boost our economy.

Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus: report of the first case in Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Since the first report on device closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) by Porstmann et al in 1967, the procedure has gained wide acceptance and has been used all over the world, including parts of Africa. The advantages when compared to surgical closure include shorter procedure time and hospital stay and no scar being left. This mode of treatment was not available in Nigeria prior to this with patients having to travel abroad to benefit. PATIENT AND METHOD: Cardiac catheterisation laboratory became available in Lagos, Nigeria in 2009 and in October 2010, the laboratory collaborated with Lagos State University College of Medicine (LASUCOM) and Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), to perform a device closure on a 3-year old girl with PDA who had presented to LASUTH with heart failure at the age of 6 months. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the procedure has been performed in Nigeria RESULTS: The patient made a successful recovery and is haemodynamically stable, on no medications. CONCLUSION: Device closure of PDA is now safe and available in Nigeria.

Double-chambered right ventricle: an uncommon congenital heart disease. Case report and literature review.

A double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV) is a rare congenital heart disease and an uncommon cause of congestive cardiac failure. An anomalous muscle band divides the right ventricle into two cavities, causing variable degrees of obstruction. Echocardiography is considered a useful method for the diagnosis of this pathology, especially in children. An eight-year-old patient with a small ventricular septal defect (VSD) and double-chambered right ventricle presented with a history of palpitations, easy fatigability and recurrent fever. On presentation, she had features of congestive cardiac failure. A complete diagnosis was initially missed with transthoracic two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography but later obtained based on transthoracic 2-D echocardiography with Doppler facility. This was confirmed with cardiac catheterisation. The patient was referred for surgical correction, which was successful. Due to the rarity of this condition and the consequences of missing the diagnosis, we present this case in order to highlight the rarity of this congenital heart disease in childhood.

The influence of socioeconomic status on the hemoglobin level and anthropometry of sickle cell anemia patients in steady state at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Sickle cell anemia (SCA) has multisystemic manifestations and is associated with severe morbidity and high mortality. It commonly affects growth leading to wasting and stunting. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the influence of socioeconomic status on the nutritional status using anthropometric measurements and steady-state hemoglobin, of children with homozygous SCA, aged 1 year to 10 years in steady state at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving 100 children with SCA and 100 age-, sex-, and social class-matched controls that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Social class was assessed using educational attainment and occupation of parents. Hemoglobin concentration was determined using the oxy-hemoglobin method. RESULTS: This study demonstrated a significantly lower mean weight and weight-for-height in the SCA patients than those of controls (P < 0.001). By contrast, this study did not demonstrate any statistical significant difference in the mean height and mean body mass index of SCA patients and controls (P = 0.06) and (P = 0.12), respectively. The mean weight, height, and body mass indices of the subjects and controls were consistently below those of the NCHS standards. The magnitude of the difference from the NCHS standard was also more pronounced in the subjects, increased with advancing age and affected male subjects more than females. Progressive declines in the anthropometric attainment and hemoglobin concentration were observed from social class 1 to 4; this was statistically significant in controls (P = 0.00) but not in subjects (P > 0.1). However, SCA patients had significantly lower values than controls in each of the social classes. CONCLUSION: Poor socioeconomic status has an adverse effect on the nutritional status and hemoglobin of SCA patients.

The influence of socioeconomic status on the hemoglobin level and anthropometry of sickle cell anemia patients in steady state at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital

Background: Sickle cell anemia (SCA) has multisystemic manifestations and is associated with severe morbidity and high mortality. It commonly affects growth leading to wasting and stunting. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to determine the influence of socioeconomic status on the nutritional status using anthropometric measurements and steady-state hemoglobin; of children with homozygous SCA; aged 1 year to 10 years in steady state at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study involving 100 children with SCA and 100 age-; sex-; and social class-matched controls that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Social class was assessed using educational attainment and occupation of parents. Hemoglobin concentration was determined using the oxy-hemoglobin method. Results: This study demonstrated a significantly lower mean weight and weight-for-height in the SCA patients than those of controls (P 0.001). By contrast; this study did not demonstrate any statistical significant difference in the mean height and mean body mass index of SCA patients and controls (P 0.1). However; SCA patients had significantly lower values than controls in each of the social classes. Conclusion: Poor socioeconomic status has an adverse effect on the nutritional status and hemoglobin of SCA patients

Echocardiographic findings among children with sickle cell anaemia at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Few studies documenting the echocardiographic findings of patients with sickle cell anaemia have been reported from Africa despite the high prevalence of the disease on the continent. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to determine echocardiographic cardiac dimensions and haemodynamic parameters of children with homozygous sickle cell anaemia (SCA), in steady state at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty children with SCA and sixty age and sex matched controls with ages ranging from 1-15 years were studied. Their cardiovascular functions were determined by echocardiographic examination. RESULTS: Mean age of SCA patients and controls were 95.41 ± 49.06 months and 95.45 ± 50.9 months respectively (p = 0.97). Mean left atrial dimension (LA), left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPW), Interventricular septal thickness (IVS) and left ventricular mass (LVM) in SCA patients were significantly larger than those of controls (p < 0.001 for each parameter). Left ventricular fractional shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF) were within acceptable normal limits although significantly lower in SCA patients (p < 0.001). The mean haemoglobin concentration in the subjects (77.23 ± 12.88) was significantly lower than in the controls (121 ± 16.09) (p < 0.001). Each direct echocardiographic parameter (LAD, AO, LVEDD, LVESD, IVS, LVPW and LVM) correlated significantly with age in both groups while left ventricular functional parameters (FS and EF) did not in both groups. Chamber dimensions, LVPW, FS and EF were inversely correlated with haemoglobin concentration in the subjects.

Sickle cell anaemia: awareness among health professionals and medical students at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos.

BACKGROUND: Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is a chronic haemolytic disorder caused by homozygous inheritance of abnormal haemoglobin called 'haemoglobin S' (HbS). The disease burden is enormous to the patient, family and community. One potential weapon in its prevention is health information and awareness among the populace. OBJECTIVE: The study is to detrmine the awareness of sickle cell anaemia among health professionals and medical students at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital Idiaraba, Lagos. METHODS: Part of a large study which was cross-sectional and descriptive study, carried out at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), between the months of August and September 2006. Data were collected from 403 health professionals and students using structured questionnaires. RESULTS: Majority (98.7%) of the respondents had heard about SCA. Only 211 (55%) of the respondent felt genotype screening should be done at pre-school age. 128 (33.7%) felt it should be done during childhood. Doctors had a statistically significantly better knowledge of best time for detecting genotype. In all, 85% of the respondents had been involved in the management of sickle cell anaemia with the highest proportion among nurses (p = 0.02). Only 93 (24.3%) of the respondents knew most of the complications of sickle cell anaemia, 176 (46.3%) knew some of it, while 111 (29.2%) knew only a law complications. Nurses had a statistically significantly poorer knowledge of the complication of sickle cell anaemia. More nurses felt that engagement should be ended if there was a risk of having a child with sickle cell anaemia. CONCLUSION: Continuing medical education for health professionals about sickle cell anaemia, its management and complication is necessary.

Structural heart disease in children in Lagos: profile, problems and prospects.

OBJECTIVES: Structural heart disease (SHD) contributes significantly to the health burden of children in Nigeria, unfortunately comprehensive cardiovascular programme including definitive surgery is currently not available locally. This may have contributed to the paucity of research in paediatric cardiology. Available epidemiologic data are limited and mostly outdated. We studied the current distribution SHD in Lagos and compared findings with reports elsewhere. Problems and prospects associated with cardiovascular care at the study site were highlighted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children referred from public and private health facilities for cardiovascular evaluation including echocardiography between January 2004 and December 2005 were studied. PDA in premature babies, PFO and post surgical SHD were excluded. Proportions and relative frequencies of different heart lesions were calculated and analysed using appropriate statistics. RESULTS: Congenital heart disease (CHD) significantly outnumbered acquired heart disease (AHD) (p=0.0001) in these children aged 4 weeks to 15 years (mean age = 3.8 +/- 2.5 years); the relative frequencies were VSD (41.7%), VSD (41.7%), ASD (20.2%), TOF (11.8%), AVCD/ECD (7.0%), PDA (5.7%), PS (3.1%), single ventricle and TGA (2.2%) each. PS was dominant in males, while septation defects were dominant in females. Pericarditis with effusion (31%), RHD (28.6%), myocarditis (14.3%) and dilated cardiomyopathy (14.3%) were the commonest AHD. CONCLUSION: Contrary to previous hospital reports CHD rather than RHD and other AHD are dominant in some African settings like Lagos, and their relative frequencies are similar to reports elsewhere. The wide range of children with diverse native CHD is a reflection of non-availability of definitive surgical facilities locally. Regional and International collaboration could be mutually beneficial.