Risk Factors for Otitis Media with Effusion in Preschool and School Children in Calabar Municipality.

BACKGROUND: Predisposing factors for otitis media with effusion are multifactorial, ranging from genetic and anatomical abnormalities to environmental factors and inflammation of the nose and adjacent structures. AIM: The study determined the risk factors for otitis media with effusion (OME) among children in Calabar Municipality. METHODS: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, community-based study including children aged 1-10 years randomly selected from government and privately owned daycares, nurseries (preschool), and primary schools. The risk factors assessed included upper respiratory tract infection, allergic rhinitis, adenoid enlargement, acute otitis media, recurrent acute otitis media parental educational level, overcrowding (four children sleeping in a room), duration of breastfeeding, cleft palate, and Down's syndrome. Allergic rhinitis was diagnosed when a child had at least two of the rhinological symptoms: nasal congestion, running nose, sneezing, itching of the eye or nose, and at least one of the following: history of allergy, family history of allergy, and positive history of asthma. The questionnaire was the research instrument used to assess the risk factors for OME. OME diagnosis was made with otoscopy and tympanometry. Data were collected and analyzed with IBM SPSS version 25, and a P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 24 daycare pupils, 141 nursery pupils, and 155 primary pupils were recruited into the study. The prevalence of otitis media with effusion was more in younger children than in older children and the relationship was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Female children were more statistically affected than male children (P = 0.007). Children with allergic rhinitis accounted for a higher proportion of those with OME than those without allergic rhinitis (26.7% vs. 11.6%), and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.007). The association between OME and upper respiratory tract infection, acute otitis media, and recurrent acute otitis media was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to identify predictors for the otitis media with effusion. CONCLUSION: There are many endogenous and exogenous risk factors for OME, but notable risk factors in our study were age 1-2 years, female sex, and allergic rhinitis.

Diagnostic challenges in the management of septic arthritis of the neonatal hip: A case report.

Septic arthritis of the neonatal hip is a very rare pathology. The clinical features may be different from those associated with older children, resulting in diagnostic challenges. Delay in instituting treatment, especially in neonates could be associated with severe dysfunction and deformity in a significant number of affected children. Therefore, treatment should be prompt and comprise broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotic therapy, surgical drainage, and general supportive care. The index patient is a 3-week-old neonate who had left hip arthrotomy on account of septic arthritis. The aim of this report is to highlight the challenges encountered in the diagnosis of septic arthritis of the hip in this patient.

Non operative treatment of obturator dislocation with indentation fracture of the femoral head: A case report.

Traumatic anterior hip dislocation is quite rare and accounts for 7% to 15% of all hip dislocations. Approximately 70% of anterior hip dislocations are the obturator type and represent less than 7% of all hip dislocations. Indentation fracture of the femoral head complicates 35-55% of obturator dislocations. Features of osteonecrosis of the femoral head and osteoarthritis of the hip joint may manifest within 2 years. Our index patient is a 19-year-old female who had conservative treatment for right obturator dislocation with indentation fracture of the femoral head. She recovered fully and had no features of osteonecrosis or secondary arthritis at 2 years postinjury. The aim of this report is to highlight the role of conservative treatment in the management of obturator dislocation with indentation fracture of femoral head.