Room temperature, cascadable, all-optical polariton universal gates.

Today, almost all information processing is performed using electronic logic circuits operating at several gigahertz frequency. All-optical logic holds the promise to allow for up to three orders of magnitude higher speed. Whereas essential all-optical transistor functionalities were demonstrated across a range of platforms, utilising them to implement a complete Boolean logic gate set and in particular negation, i.e. switching off an optical signal with another, weaker, optical signal, poses a major challenge. Here, we realize a cascadable NOT gate by introducing the concept of non-ground-state polariton amplification in organic semiconductor microcavities under non-resonant optical excitation. We unravel the importance of vibron-mediated stimulated scattering in room temperature operation of the inverter. Moreover, we extend the concept to a multi-input universal NOR logic gate, where in the presence of any of the input signals non-ground-state amplification supersedes spontaneous ground-state condensation, resulting in a NOR gate with ~1 ps switching time. The realisation of an ultrafast universal logic gate constitutes an essential step for more complex optical circuitry that could boost information processing applications.

FABP5-binding lipids regulate autophagy in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells.

The motor features of Parkinson's disease result from loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra with autophagy dysfunction being closely linked to this disease. While a large body of work focusing on protein effectors of autophagy has been reported, regulation of autophagy by lipids has garnered far less attention. Therefore, we sought to identify endogenous lipid molecules that act as signaling mediators of autophagy in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, a commonly used dopaminergic neuron-like cell model. In order to accomplish this goal, we assessed the role of a fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) family member on autophagy due to its function as an intracellular lipid chaperone. We focused specifically upon FABP5 due to its heightened expression in dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra and SH-SY5Y cells. Here, we report that knockdown of FABP5 resulted in suppression of autophagy in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells suggesting the possibility of an autophagic role for an interacting lipid. A lipidomic screen of FABP5-interacting lipids uncovered hits that include 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (5OE) and its precursor metabolite, arachidonic acid (AA). Additionally, other long-chain fatty acids were found to bind FABP5, such as stearic acid (SA), hydroxystearic acid (HSA), and palmitic acid (PA). The addition of 5OE, SA, and HSA but not AA or PA, led to potent inhibition of autophagy in SH-SY5Y cells. To identify potential molecular mechanisms for autophagy inhibition by these lipids, RNA-Seq was performed which revealed both shared and divergent signaling pathways between the lipid-treated groups. These findings suggest a role for these lipids in modulating autophagy through diverse signaling pathways and could represent novel therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease.

The description of octahedral crystals using five parameters.

The shape of a flat-faceted octahedral crystal can be uniquely defined by the measured distances between pairs of its parallel facets and the length of one of its false edges. In total, only five numerical values are involved in this approach. Some interdependencies of parameters that allow one to control the correctness of measurements were derived. The proposed method is suitable for describing the shape as full-faceted, or as incomplete octahedral crystals (e.g. diamond) with unequally developed facets. This so-called `real crystal form' can be considered as one of the typomorphic features of minerals, connecting the dissymmetry to the anisotropy of the host rock. The measurement results can be used in crystallo-morphological analysis, restoration of the lost crystal shape in the case of man-made damage and in the practice of diamond prospecting.

The Role of NAD+ and NAD+-Boosting Therapies in Inflammatory Response by IL-13.

The essential role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+ (NAD+) in redox reactions during oxidative respiration is well known, yet the coenzyme and regulator functions of NAD+ in diverse and important processes are still being discovered. Maintaining NAD+ levels through diet is essential for health. In fact, the United States requires supplementation of the NAD+ precursor niacin into the food chain for these reasons. A large body of research also indicates that elevating NAD+ levels is beneficial for numerous conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular health, inflammatory response, and longevity. Consequently, strategies have been created to elevate NAD+ levels through dietary supplementation with NAD+ precursor compounds. This paper explores current research regarding these therapeutic compounds. It then focuses on the NAD+ regulation of IL-13 signaling, which is a research area garnering little attention. IL-13 is a critical regulator of allergic response and is associated with Parkinson's disease and cancer. Evidence supporting the notion that increasing NAD+ levels might reduce IL-13 signal-induced inflammatory response is presented. The assessment is concluded with an examination of reports involving popular precursor compounds that boost NAD+ and their associations with IL-13 signaling in the context of offering a means for safely and effectively reducing inflammatory response by IL-13.

Extubation failure: Upper airway obstruction by chewing gum. A case report.

Extubation failure can result from different complications, mostly well described in the literature such as laryngeal edema. Airway obstruction by foreign bodies is a less frequent and unexpected complication and its detection remains a challenge to healthcare professionals. In this case-report, we describe a patient admitted in an intensive care unit following a motor vehicle accident and who underwent an extubation failure and tracheostomy placement due to a misdiagnosed obstruction of a foreign body in the upper airway. Thus, screening of foreign bodies should be considered with a careful interpretation of medical imagery and clinical evaluation in these patients. Finally, cuff leak test, ultrasonography and videolaryngoscopy can be important adjuvants to the identification of suspected foreign bodies.

Novel ENT live telehealth and live video-otoscopy clinics in remote Australia: outcomes and comparisons to traditional clinic models.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 challenged the delivery of healthcare in Australia, disproportionately impacting vulnerable patients, including Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples and those living in remote regions. The otolaryngology service provided to remote Western Australia adapted to these barriers by altering clinical consultations to a digital model. METHODS: A review was undertaken of patients in regional Western Australia. Demographics and clinical outcomes from 20 live telehealth clinics were retrospectively reviewed and compared to 16 face-to-face clinics. RESULTS: The demographics of patients reviewed in both live telehealth and face-to-face clinics were similar, except for a larger proportion of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander patients utilising telehealth. The outcomes of patients reviewed through each model of care were comparable. Live video-otoscopy provided diagnostic quality images in 92 per cent of cases. CONCLUSION: The findings of our review suggest that, despite its limitations, a large proportion of ENT patients may be safely assessed through a live telehealth model.

Particulate matter from water moss of a large Siberian river: Morphometric, mineral, elemental and radionuclide composition.

Particulate matter trapped by tufts of water moss Fontinalis antipyretica inhabiting fast flowing waters of the Yenisei River (Siberia, Russia) contaminated with artificial radionuclides has been studied as a potential monitor of radioactive releases to the river. Particulate matter, which was removed from wet tufts of water moss of the Yenisei by rinsing them in water, constituted at least 38% of bulk dry weight of the moss biomass sample and was similar in the contents of chemical elements, minerals, organic matter, and artificial radionuclides to bottom sediments of the Yenisei. Considerable bulk percentages of artificial radionuclides in the sample of water moss, 77% of 137Cs, 44% of 60Co, 41% of 152Eu, 55% of 154Eu, 66% of 241Am, and 34-36% of plutonium were associated with extracellular particles. The comparative study and correlation analysis suggested that 137Cs was mainly associated with mineral particles trapped by moss and that organic matter was responsible for binding plutonium in samples of water moss. Consequently, analysis of extracellular particles of water moss can provide data on contents and speciation of radionuclides transported by water current. Although a considerably high proportion of particulate matter had been washed out from tufts of water moss, some extracellular mineral particulate material and a large number of epiphytic diatoms remained attached to leaves of water moss. Our study proves that particulate matter trapped by water moss can be used as an informative monitor to trace radioactive pollutants transported by water current in running waters deficient in bottom sediments and potential biomonitors.

Predicting the Impact of OTOF Gene Missense Variants on Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder.

Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) associated with mutations of the OTOF gene is one of the common types of sensorineural hearing loss of a hereditary nature. Due to its high genetic heterogeneity, ANSD is considered one of the most difficult hearing disorders to diagnose. The dataset from 270 known annotated single amino acid substitutions (SAV) related to ANSD was created. It was used to estimate the accuracy of pathogenicity prediction using the known (from dbNSFP4.4) method and a new one. The new method (ConStruct) for the creation of the protein-centric classification model is based on the use of Random Forest for the analysis of missense variants in exons of the OTOF gene. A system of predictor variables was developed based on the modern understanding of the structure and function of the otoferlin protein and reflecting the location of changes in the tertiary structure of the protein due to mutations in the OTOF gene. The conservation values of nucleotide substitutions in genomes of 100 vertebrates and 30 primates were also used as variables. The average prediction of balanced accuracy and the AUC value calculated by the 5-fold cross-validation procedure were 0.866 and 0.903, respectively. The model shows good results for interpreting data from the targeted sequencing of the OTOF gene and can be implemented as an auxiliary tool for the diagnosis of ANSD in the early stages of ontogenesis. The created model, together with the results of the pathogenicity prediction of SAVs via other known accurate methods, were used for the evaluation of a manually created set of 1302 VUS related to ANSD. Based on the analysis of predicted results, 16 SAVs were selected as the new most probable pathogenic variants.

Controlling the Spatial Profile and Energy Landscape of Organic Polariton Condensates in Double-Dye Cavities.

The development of high-speed, all-optical polariton logic devices underlies emerging unconventional computing technologies and relies on advancing techniques to reversibly manipulate the spatial extent and energy of polartion condensates. We investigate active spatial control of polariton condensates independent of the polariton, gain-inducing excitation profile. This is achieved by introducing an extra intracavity semiconductor layer, nonresonant to the cavity mode. Partial saturation of the optical absorption in the uncoupled layer enables the ultrafast modulation of the effective refractive index and, through excited-state absorption, the polariton dissipation. Utilizing an intricate interplay of these mechanisms, we demonstrate control over the spatial profile, density, and energy of a polariton condensate at room temperature.

Forty years of monitoring increasing sea turtle relative abundance in the Gulf of Mexico.

Longitudinal data sets for population abundance are essential for studies of imperiled organisms with long life spans or migratory movements, such as marine turtles. Population status trends are crucial for conservation managers to assess recovery effectiveness. A direct assessment of population growth is the enumeration of nesting numbers and quantifying nesting attempts (successful nests/unsuccessful attempts) and emergence success (number of hatchlings leaving the nest) because of the substantial annual variations due to nest placement, predation, and storm activity. We documented over 133,000 sea turtle crawls for 50.9 km of Florida Gulf of Mexico coastline from 1982 to 2021 for a large loggerhead turtle nesting aggregation and a recovering remnant population of green sea turtles. Over time both species have emerged to nest significantly earlier in the year and green sea turtle nesting seasons have extended. Nest counts and hatchling production for both species have significantly increased, but the rate of emergence success of hatchlings leaving nests has not changed for loggerheads and has declined for green sea turtles. Sea level rise and coastal developments undoubtedly influence coastal habitats in the long-term, impacting nest site selection and potential recruitment from the loss of emerged hatchlings. However, the present indications for steady Gulf of Mexico recovery of loggerhead and green sea turtles counter findings of the Florida Atlantic coasts. This study indicates that effective conservation practices can be detected within time scales of 1-2 turtle generations.

Family Carers' Experiences of Goals of Care Conversations in Acute Hospital Settings.

End-of-life Goals of Care (GoC) discussions aim to support care that is consistent with patients' preferences and values. This study uses an exploratory qualitative design drawing upon a social constructivist epistemology to examine family carers' perspectives on GoC within acute Australian hospital settings. Twenty-five family carers of aging inpatients were recruited from six Australian hospitals to participate in recorded, semi-structured interviews. Data were transcribed and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Three main themes were developed. Theme 1 explored carers' experiences of GoC discussions-identifying varying levels of preparedness and carers' hopes for open, two-way discussions initiated by empathic Health Care Professionals (HCPs). Theme 2 examined carers' unmet needs for time, space, consistency, and support to make careful decisions. Theme 3 identified carers advocating for patients' needs when they could not do it themselves. Preparing carers and normalizing GoC discussions relating to end-of-life care maximizes benefits for patients, carers, and HCPs involved.

Prediction of Amino Acid Substitutions in ABL1 Protein Leading to Tumor Drug Resistance Based on "Structure-Property" Relationship Classification Models.

Drug resistance to anticancer drugs is a serious complication in patients with cancer. Typically, drug resistance occurs due to amino acid substitutions (AAS) in drug target proteins. The study aimed at developing and validating a new approach to the creation of structure-property relationships (SPR) classification models to predict AASs leading to drug resistance to inhibitors of tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1. The approach was based on the representation of AASs as peptides described in terms of structural formulas. The data on drug-resistant and non-resistant variants of AAS for two isoforms of ABL1 were extracted from the COSMIC database. The given training sets (approximately 700 missense variants) were used for the creation of SPR models in MultiPASS software based on substructural atom-centric multiple neighborhoods of atom (MNA) descriptors for the description of the structural formula of protein fragments and a Bayesian-like algorithm for revealing structure-property relationships. It was found that MNA descriptors of the 6th level and peptides from 11 amino acid residues were the best combination for ABL1 isoform 1 with the prediction accuracy (AUC) of resistance to imatinib (0.897) and dasatinib (0.996). For ABL1 isoform 2 (resistance to imatinib), the best combination was MNA descriptors of the 6th level, peptides form 15 amino acids (AUC value was 0.909). The prediction of possible drug-resistant AASs was made for dbSNP and gnomAD data. The six selected most probable imatinib-resistant AASs were additionally validated by molecular modeling and docking, which confirmed the possibility of resistance for the E334V and T392I variants.

Breast Cancer Cell Type and Biomechanical Properties of Decellularized Mouse Organs Drives Tumor Cell Colonization.

Tissue engineering has emerged as an indispensable tool for the reconstruction of organ-specific environments. Organ-derived extracellular matrices (ECM) and, especially, decellularized tissues (DCL) are recognized as the most successful biomaterials in regenerative medicine, as DCL preserves the most essential organ-specific ECM properties such as composition alongside biomechanics characterized by stiffness and porosity. Expansion of the DCL technology to cancer biology research, drug development, and nanomedicine is pending refinement of the existing DCL protocols whose reproducibility remains sub-optimal varying from organ to organ. We introduce a facile decellularization protocol universally applicable to murine organs, including liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys, and ovaries, with demonstrated robustness, reproducibility, high purification from cell debris, and architecture preservation, as confirmed by the histological and SEM analysis. The biomechanical properties of as-produced DCL organs expressed in terms of the local and total stiffness were measured using our facile methodology and were found well preserved in comparison with the intact organs. To demonstrate the utility of the developed DCL model to cancer research, we engineered three-dimensional tissue constructs by recellularization representative decellularized organs and collagenous hydrogel with human breast cancer cells of pronounced mesenchymal (MDA-MB-231) or epithelial (SKBR-3) phenotypes. The biomechanical properties of the DCL organs were found pivotal to determining the cancer cell fate and progression. Our histological and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study revealed that the larger the ECM mean pore size and the smaller the total stiffness (as in lung and ovary), the more proliferative and invasive the mesenchymal cells became. At the same time, the low local stiffness ECMs (ranged 2.8-3.6 kPa) did support the epithelial-like SKBR-3 cells' viability (as in lung and spleen), while stiff ECMs did not. The total and local stiffness of the collagenous hydrogel was measured too low to sustain the proliferative potential of both cell lines. The observed cell proliferation patterns were easily interpretable in terms of the ECM biomechanical properties, such as binding sites, embedment facilities, and migration space. As such, our three-dimensional tissue engineering model is scalable and adaptable for pharmacological testing and cancer biology research of metastatic and primary tumors, including early metastatic colonization in native organ-specific ECM.

Use of the mCherry fluorescent protein to optimize the expression of class I lanthipeptides in Escherichia coli.

BACKGROUND: Lanthipeptides are a rapidly expanding family of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified natural compounds with diverse biological functions. Lanthipeptide structural and biosynthetic genes can readily be identified in genomic datasets, which provides a substantial repository for unique peptides with a wide range of potentially novel bioactivities. To realize this potential efficiently optimized heterologous production systems are required. However, only a few class I lanthipeptides have been successfully expressed using Escherichia coli as heterologous producer. This may be attributed to difficulties experienced in the co-expression of structural genes and multiple processing genes as well as complex optimization experiments. RESULTS: Here, an optimized modular plasmid system is presented for the complete biosynthesis for each of the class I lanthipeptides nisin and clausin, in E. coli. Genes encoding precursor lanthipeptides were fused to the gene encoding the mCherry red fluorescent protein and co-expressed along with the required synthetases from the respective operons. Antimicrobially active nisin and clausin were proteolytically liberated from the expressed mCherry fusions. The mCherry-NisA expression system combined with in vivo fluorescence monitoring was used to elucidate the effect of culture media composition, promoter arrangement, and culture conditions including choice of growth media and inducer agents on the heterologous expression of the class I lanthipeptides. To evaluate the promiscuity of the clausin biosynthetic enzymes, the optimized clausin expression system was used for the heterologous expression of epidermin. CONCLUSION: We succeeded in developing novel mCherry-fusion based plug and play heterologous expression systems to produce two different subgroups of class I lanthipeptides. Fully modified Pre-NisA, Pre-ClausA and Pre-EpiA fused to the mCherry fluorescence gene was purified from the Gram-negative host E. coli BL21 (DE3). Our study demonstrates the potential of using in vivo fluorescence as a platform to evaluate the expression of mCherry-fused lanthipeptides in E. coli. This allowed a substantial reduction in optimization time, since expression could be monitored in real-time, without the need for extensive and laborious purification steps or the use of in vitro activity assays. The optimized heterologous expression systems developed in this study may be employed in future studies for the scalable expression of novel NisA derivatives, or novel genome mined derivatives of ClausA and other class I lanthipeptides in E. coli.

Heterologous Expression of Plantaricin 423 and Mundticin ST4SA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Antimicrobial peptides or bacteriocins are excellent candidates for alternative antimicrobials, but high manufacturing costs limit their applications. Recombinant gene expression offers the potential to produce these peptides more cost-effectively at a larger scale. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a popular host for recombinant protein production, but with limited success reported on antimicrobial peptides. Individual recombinant S. cerevisiae strains were constructed to secrete two class IIa bacteriocins, plantaricin 423 (PlaX) and mundticin ST4SA (MunX). The native and codon-optimised variants of the plaA and munST4SA genes were cloned into episomal expression vectors containing either the S. cerevisiae alpha mating factor (MFα1) or the Trichoderma reesei xylanase 2 (XYNSEC) secretion signal sequences. The recombinant peptides retained their activity and stability, with the MFα1 secretion signal superior to the XYNSEC secretion signal for both bacteriocins. An eight-fold increase in activity against Listeria monocytogenes was observed for MunX after codon optimisation, but not for PlaX-producing strains. After HPLC-purification, the codon-optimised genes yielded 20.9 mg/L of MunX and 18.4 mg/L of PlaX, which displayed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 108.52 nM and 1.18 µM, respectively, against L. monocytogenes. The yields represent a marked improvement relative to an Escherichia coli expression system previously reported for PlaX and MunX. The results demonstrated that S. cerevisiae is a promising host for recombinant bacteriocin production that requires a simple purification process, but the efficacy is sensitive to codon usage and secretion signals.

Effect of Boron on the Microstructure, Superplastic Behavior, and Mechanical Properties of Ti-4Al-3Mo-1V Alloy.

The decrease of superplastic forming temperature and improvement of post-forming mechanical properties are important issues for titanium-based alloys. Ultrafine-grained and homogeneous microstructure are required to improve both processing and mechanical properties. This study focuses on the influence of 0.01-2 wt.% B (boron) on the microstructure and properties of Ti-4Al-3Mo-1V (wt.%) alloys. The microstructure evolution, superplasticity, and room temperature mechanical properties of boron-free and boron-modified alloys were investigated using light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, X-ray diffraction analysis, and uniaxial tensile tests. A trace addition of 0.01 to 0.1 wt.% B significantly refined prior ß-grains and improved superplasticity. Alloys with minor B and B-free alloy exhibited similar superplastic elongations of 400-1000% in a temperature range of 700-875 °C and strain rate sensitivity coefficient m of 0.4-0.5. Along with this, a trace boron addition provided a stable flow and effectively reduced flow stress values, especially at low temperatures, that was explained by the acceleration of the recrystallization and globularization of the microstructure at the initial stage of superplastic deformation. Recrystallization-induced decrease in yield strength from 770 MPa to 680 MPa was observed with an increase in boron content from 0 to 0.1%. Post-forming heat treatment, including quenching and ageing, increased strength characteristics of the alloys with 0.01 and 0.1% boron by 90-140 MPa and insignificantly decreased ductility. Alloys with 1-2% B exhibited an opposite behavior. For the high-boron alloys, the refinement effect of the prior ß-grains was not detected. A high fraction of borides of ~5-11% deteriorated the superplastic properties and drastically decreased ductility at room temperature. The alloy with 2% B demonstrated non-superplastic behavior and low level of strength properties; meanwhile, the alloy with 1% B exhibited superplasticity at 875 °C with elongation of ~500%, post-forming yield strength of 830 MPa, and ultimate tensile strength of 1020 MPa at room temperature. The differences between minor boron and high boron influence on the grain structure and properties were discussed and the mechanisms of the boron influence were suggested.

Forward Genetics-Based Approaches to Understanding the Systems Biology and Molecular Mechanisms of Epilepsy.

Epilepsy is a highly prevalent, severely debilitating neurological disorder characterized by seizures and neuronal hyperactivity due to an imbalanced neurotransmission. As genetic factors play a key role in epilepsy and its treatment, various genetic and genomic technologies continue to dissect the genetic causes of this disorder. However, the exact pathogenesis of epilepsy is not fully understood, necessitating further translational studies of this condition. Here, we applied a computational in silico approach to generate a comprehensive network of molecular pathways involved in epilepsy, based on known human candidate epilepsy genes and their established molecular interactors. Clustering the resulting network identified potential key interactors that may contribute to the development of epilepsy, and revealed functional molecular pathways associated with this disorder, including those related to neuronal hyperactivity, cytoskeletal and mitochondrial function, and metabolism. While traditional antiepileptic drugs often target single mechanisms associated with epilepsy, recent studies suggest targeting downstream pathways as an alternative efficient strategy. However, many potential downstream pathways have not yet been considered as promising targets for antiepileptic treatment. Our study calls for further research into the complexity of molecular mechanisms underlying epilepsy, aiming to develop more effective treatments targeting novel putative downstream pathways of this disorder.

SAV-Pred: A Freely Available Web Application for the Prediction of Pathogenic Amino Acid Substitutions for Monogenic Hereditary Diseases Studied in Newborn Screening.

Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies are rapidly entering clinical practice. A promising area for their use lies in the field of newborn screening. The mass screening of newborns using NGS technology leads to the discovery of a large number of new missense variants that need to be assessed for association with the development of hereditary diseases. Currently, the primary analysis and identification of pathogenic variations is carried out using bioinformatic tools. Although extensive efforts have been made in the computational approach to variant interpretation, there is currently no generally accepted pathogenicity predictor. In this study, we used the sequence-structure-property relationships (SSPR) approach, based on the representation of protein fragments by molecular structural formula. The approach predicts the pathogenic effect of single amino acid substitutions in proteins related with twenty-five monogenic heritable diseases from the Uniform Screening Panel for Major Conditions recommended by the Advisory Committee on Hereditary Disorders in Newborns and Children. In order to create SSPR models of classification, we modified a piece of cheminformatics software, MultiPASS, that was originally developed for the prediction of activity spectra for drug-like substances. The created SSPR models were compared with traditional bioinformatic tools (SIFT 4G, Polyphen-2 HDIV, MutationAssessor, PROVEAN and FATHMM). The average AUC of our approach was 0.804 ± 0.040. Better quality scores were achieved for 15 from 25 proteins with a significantly higher accuracy for some proteins (IVD, HADHB, HBB). The best SSPR models of classification are freely available in the online resource SAV-Pred (Single Amino acid Variants Predictor).

The Multifaceted Role of Connexins in Tumor Microenvironment Initiation and Maintenance.

Today's research on the processes of carcinogenesis and the vital activity of tumor tissues implies more attention be paid to constituents of the tumor microenvironment and their interactions. These interactions between cells in the tumor microenvironment can be mediated via different types of protein junctions. Connexins are one of the major contributors to intercellular communication. They form the gap junctions responsible for the transfer of ions, metabolites, peptides, miRNA, etc., between neighboring tumor cells as well as between tumor and stromal cells. Connexin hemichannels mediate purinergic signaling and bidirectional molecular transport with the extracellular environment. Additionally, connexins have been reported to localize in tumor-derived exosomes and facilitate the release of their cargo. A large body of evidence implies that the role of connexins in cancer is multifaceted. The pro- or anti-tumorigenic properties of connexins are determined by their abundance, localization, and functionality as well as their channel assembly and non-channel functions. In this review, we have summarized the data on the contribution of connexins to the formation of the tumor microenvironment and to cancer initiation and progression.

Microstructure Evolution, Constitutive Modelling, and Superplastic Forming of Experimental 6XXX-Type Alloys Processed with Different Thermomechanical Treatments.

This study focused on the microstructural analysis, superplasticity, modeling of superplastic deformation behavior, and superplastic forming tests of the Al-Mg-Si-Cu-based alloy modified with Fe, Ni, Sc, and Zr. The effect of the thermomechanical treatment with various proportions of hot/cold rolling degrees on the secondary particle distribution and deformation behavior was studied. The increase in hot rolling degree increased the homogeneity of the particle distribution in the aluminum-based solid solution that improved superplastic properties, providing an elongation of ~470-500% at increased strain rates of (0.5-1) × 10-2 s-1. A constitutive model based on Arrhenius and Beckofen equations was used to describe and predict the superplastic flow behavior of the alloy studied. Model complex-shaped parts were processed by superplastic forming at two strain rates. The proposed strain rate of 1 × 10-2 s-1 provided a low thickness variation and a high quality of the experimental parts. The residual cavitation after superplastic forming was also large at the low strain rate of 2 × 10-3 s-1 and significantly smaller at 1 × 10-2 s-1. Coarse Al9FeNi particles did not stimulate the cavitation process and were effective to provide the superplasticity of alloys studied at high strain rates, whereas cavities were predominately observed near coarse Mg2Si particles, which act as nucleation places for cavities during superplastic deformation and forming.