A comprehensive evolutionary scenario for the origin and neofunctionalization of the Drosophila speciation gene Odysseus (OdsH).

Odysseus (OdsH) was the first speciation gene described in Drosophila related to hybrid sterility in offspring of mating between Drosophila mauritiana and Drosophila simulans. Its origin is attributed to the duplication of the gene unc-4 in the subgenus Sophophora. By using a much larger sample of Drosophilidae species, we showed that contrary to what has been previously proposed, OdsH origin occurred 62 MYA. Evolutionary rates, expression, and transcription factor-binding sites of OdsH evidence that it may have rapidly experienced neofunctionalization in male sexual functions. Furthermore, the analysis of the OdsH peptide allowed the identification of mutations of D. mauritiana that could result in incompatibility in hybrids. In order to find if OdsH could be related to hybrid sterility, beyond Sophophora, we explored the expression of OdsH in Drosophila arizonae and Drosophila mojavensis, a pair of sister species with incomplete reproductive isolation. Our data indicated that OdsH expression is not atypical in their male-sterile hybrids. In conclusion, we have proposed that the origin of OdsH occurred earlier than previously proposed, followed by neofunctionalization. Our results also suggested that its role as a speciation gene might be restricted to D. mauritiana and D. simulans.

Tratamento objetivo de mordida aberta anterior utilizando Invisalign® e ancoragem esquelética ­ relato de caso / Objective treatment of anterior open bite using Invisalign® and skeletal anchorage ­ case report

Resumo A correção da mordida aberta anterior representa um desafio substancial na ortodontia, requerendo estratégias eficazes para movimentar os dentes sem causar efeitos indesejados. A abordagem que combina alinhadores dentários, como o sistema Invisalign®, com ancoragem esquelética, surge como uma alternativa promissora. Este estudo descreve a metodologia empregada para tratar um paciente com uma relação de caninos e molares de Classe I que apresentava uma mordida aberta anterior, utilizando alinhadores Invisalign em conjunto com mini-implantes para realizar os movimentos necessários. O planejamento, conduzido com o auxílio do software Clincheck®, incluiu a abertura de espaços nos incisivos superiores para correções com resina composta, aprimorando a relação entre os arcos para alcançar um sorriso harmonioso e uma oclusão satisfatória. Este estudo destacou a eficácia do sistema de alinhadores, especialmente quando combinado com a ancoragem esquelética, como uma abordagem efetiva para solucionar essa má oclusão.(AU)

Abstract The correction of anterior open bite represents a significant challenge in orthodontics, requiring effective strategies to move teeth without causing unwanted effects. An approach that combines dental aligners, such as the Invisalign® system, with skeletal anchorage, emerges as a promising alternative. This study describes the methodology employed to treat a patient with a Class I canine and molar relationship presenting an anterior open bite, using Invisalign aligners in conjunction with mini-implants to perform the necessary movements. The planning, conducted with the assistance of the Clincheck® software, included opening spaces in the upper incisors for corrections with composite resin, improving the arch relationship to achieve a harmonious smile and satisfactory occlusion. This study highlighted the effectiveness of the aligner system, especially when combined with skeletal anchorage, as an effective approach to address this malocclusion."(AU)

Vertical and In-Plane Electronic Transport of Graphene Nanoribbon/Nanotube Heterostructures.

All-carbon systems have proven to present interesting transport properties and are often used in electronic devices. Motivated by recent resonant responses measured on graphene/fullerene junction, we propose coupled nanoribbons/carbon-nanotube heterostructures for use as charge filters and to allow tuned transport. These hybrid systems are engineered as a four-terminal device, and we explore multiple combinations of source and collector leads. The armchair-edge configuration results in midgap states when the transport is carried through top/bottom terminals. Such states are robust against the lack of perfect order on the tube and are revealed as sharp steps in the characteristic current curves when a bias potential is turned on. The zigzag-edge systems exhibit differential negative resistance, with features determined by the details of the hybrid structures.

Tratamento híbrido sem bráquetes da Classe II com auxílio de mini-implante extra alveolar, distalizador versátil ­ relato de caso / Class II hybrid treatment without brackets with the aid of extra-alveolar mini-implant, versatile ditalizer ­ case report

Abstract Class II malocclusion is characterized by an incorrect relationship of the upper and lower arches, either due to skeletal or dental changes or even a combination of these factors. The LEV 3D device was created to assist in the early and sectored treatment of Class II malocclusions with or without the aid of skeletal anchorage. The aim of this article was to describe a clinical case of a skeletal and dental Class II patient in which for the treatment carried out were used the hybrid technique 3DBOT(bracketless technique) e digital aligners. For Class II correction LEV 3D device was used, developed in 3D modeling software, and generated in a 3D printer with SLA technology. In conclusion, it was observed that the device was effective in helping Class II correction, allowing the minimum possible adverse effects in an aesthetic and efficient way. (AU)

Resumo A má oclusão de Classe II caracteriza-se por um relacionamento incorreto dos arcos superior e inferior, tanto por alterações esqueléticas como dentárias ou ainda por uma combinação desses fatores. O dispositivo LEV 3D foi criado para auxiliar no tratamento precoce e setorizado das más oclusões de Classe II com ou sem o auxílio de ancoragem esquelética. O objetivo do presente artigo foi descrever um caso clínico de um paciente Classe II esquelética e dentária em que para o tratamento foi realizado o uso técnica híbrida 3DBOT (Técnica fixa sem braquetes) e alinhadores digitais Para correção da Classe II utilizou-se o dispositivo LEV 3D, desenvolvido em software de modelagem 3D e gerado em impressora 3D com tecnologia SLA. Como conclusão observou-se que o dispositivo foi eficaz no auxílio da correção da Classe II, possibilitando o mínimo de efeitos adversos possíveis de forma estética e eficiente.(AU)

Identification of the sex chromosome system in a sand fly species, Lutzomyia longipalpis s.l.

In many animal species, sex determination is accomplished by heterogamety i.e., one of the sexes produces two types of gametes, which upon fertilization will direct the development toward males or females. Both male ("XY") and female ("ZW") heterogamety are known to occur and can be easily distinguished when the sex-chromosomes are morphologically different. However, this approach fails in cases of homomorphic sex chromosomes, such as the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis s.l. (Psychodidae, Diptera), which is the main vector of visceral leishmaniosis in Brazil. In order to identify the heterogametic sex in L. longipalpis s.l., we did a whole-genome sequencing of males and females separately and used the "Y chromosome Genome Scan" (YGS) method to find sex-specific sequences. Our results, which were confirmed by PCR, show that L. longipalpis s.l. has XY system. The YGS method can be especially useful in situations in which no morphological difference is observed in the sex-chromosomes or when fresh specimens are not readily available.

Tratamento de mordida aberta com a técnica ortodôntica fixa sem bráquetes, com tecnologia tridimensional 3DBOT (bracketless orthodontics treatment) / Open bite treatment with fixed orthodontic technique without brackets, three-dimensional technology, 3DBOT (bracketless orthodontics treatment)

Resumo A mordida aberta anterior é um tipo que maloclusão em que há a presença de um trespasse vertical negativo existente entre as bordas incisais dos dentes anteriores superiores e inferiores. Ela é considerada uma anomalia complexa de características distintas e de difícil tratamento, tendo prevalência de 25% a 38% dos pacientes tratados ortodonticamente. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar um caso clínico de Classe III subdivisão direita e mordida aberta utilizando a técnica 3DBOT®, uma técnica fixa, confortável, previsível, imperceptível, com tecnologia 3D e com extrema satisfação comprovada clinicamente. Relato do caso: Paciente V.B.V.S, 23 anos e 1 mês, leucoderma, gênero masculino, dolico suave, perfil reto, simétrico, Classe » de Classe III de molar e canino subdivisão direita, mordida aberta anterior, sorriso invertido, suave apinhamento dentário superior e anterior. Plano de tratamento: Foi planejado o uso do 3DBOT, juntamente com o uso de elásticos intermaxilares e refinamento com o auxílio de alinhadores MyAligner®. Conclusão: A técnica 3DBOT® mostrou ser uma opção viável para tratamento de mordida aberta anterior. (AU)

Abstract Anterior open bite is a type of malocclusion in which there is the presence of a negative vertical overlap between the incisal edges of the upper and lower anterior teeth. It is considered a complex anomaly with distinct characteristics and difficult to treat with prevalence of 25% to 38% of patients orthodontically treated. The aim of this article is to report a clinical case of Class III right subdivision and open bite using 3DBOT technique, a fixed, comfortable, predictable, imperceptible technique with 3D technology and with extreme clinically proven satisfaction. Case report: Patient V.B.V.S., 23 years and 1 month old, leukoderma, male, mild dholico, straight profile, symmetrical, Class » of Class III of molar and canine right subdivision, anterior open bite, inverted smile, mild upper and anterior dental crowding. Treatment plan: The use of 3DBOT was planned along with the use of intermaxillary elastics and refinement with the aid of MyAligner® aligners. Conclusion: The 3DBOT technique showed to be a viable option for treating anterior open bite. (AU)

A phylogenomic study of Steganinae fruit flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae): strong gene tree heterogeneity and evidence for monophyly.

BACKGROUND: The Drosophilidae family is traditionally divided into two subfamilies: Drosophilinae and Steganinae. This division is based on morphological characters, and the two subfamilies have been treated as monophyletic in most of the literature, but some molecular phylogenies have suggested Steganinae to be paraphyletic. To test the paraphyletic-Steganinae hypothesis, here, we used genomic sequences of eight Drosophilidae (three Steganinae and five Drosophilinae) and two Ephydridae (outgroup) species and inferred the phylogeny for the group based on a dataset of 1,028 orthologous genes present in all species (> 1,000,000 bp). This dataset includes three genera that broke the monophyly of the subfamilies in previous works. To investigate possible biases introduced by small sample sizes and automatic gene annotation, we used the same methods to infer species trees from a set of 10 manually annotated genes that are commonly used in phylogenetics. RESULTS: Most of the 1,028 gene trees depicted Steganinae as paraphyletic with distinct topologies, but the most common topology depicted it as monophyletic (43.7% of the gene trees). Despite the high levels of gene tree heterogeneity observed, species tree inference in ASTRAL, in PhyloNet, and with the concatenation approach strongly supported the monophyly of both subfamilies for the 1,028-gene dataset. However, when using the concatenation approach to infer a species tree from the smaller set of 10 genes, we recovered Steganinae as a paraphyletic group. The pattern of gene tree heterogeneity was asymmetrical and thus could not be explained solely by incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). CONCLUSIONS: Steganinae was clearly a monophyletic group in the dataset that we analyzed. In addition to ILS, gene tree discordance was possibly the result of introgression, suggesting complex branching processes during the early evolution of Drosophilidae with short speciation intervals and gene flow. Our study highlights the importance of genomic data in elucidating contentious phylogenetic relationships and suggests that phylogenetic inference for drosophilids based on small molecular datasets should be performed cautiously. Finally, we suggest an approach for the correction and cleaning of BUSCO-derived genomic datasets that will be useful to other researchers planning to use this tool for phylogenomic studies.

Dinner and a show: The role of male copulatory courtship song and female blood-feeding in the reproductive success of Lutzomyia longipalpis from Lapinha, Brazil.

Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of visceral Leishmaniasis in the Americas and is composed of a species complex. Males of this sand-fly produce acoustic signals during copulation and different patterns are observed among Brazilian populations. Such acoustic signals are commonly involved in species recognition. However, since the song is only produced during copulation it is not clear how it affects mating success or contributes to sexual isolation. Another aspect that may affect reproductive success is the presence of food. Since hematophagy is such an important aspect of L. longipalpis biology, we wanted to test if blood-feeding can influence the reproductive behaviour of this insect. We performed crossing experiments removing males' wings (silencing them) and playing back either the homo-specific or the hetero-specific song to either unfed or blood-fed females. Our results showed that both songs and blood-feeding affect insemination success, but not the frequency of copulation. In trials where females were not blood-fed song clearly affected insemination; males with wings, and males with homo-specific song playback had a higher insemination success than wingless males (no song) and trials with hetero-specific song. Blood-feeding females prior to the trials increased insemination in all groups including the control group which suggests that mating happens simultaneously with, or immediately after, the blood meal. Blood-fed females also seemed to discriminate less against the wrong song or the lack of song (wingless) one day after feeding, however trials with the correct song still had higher insemination rates. Altogether, our results show that both the male copulatory courtship songs and female blood-feeding are important for reproductive success and as such are important components of the sexual behaviour of L. longipalpis.

Comparison between conventional and computerised methods in the assessment of an occlusal scheme.

PURPOSE: In the definition of an occlusal scheme, clinicians should choose between conventional and computerised methods based on a careful appraise of the advantages and limitations. This study aims to assess the correlation between the two approaches in a clinical setting. METHODS: Twenty-four patients were included to compare different methods of occlusal contacts assessment on the posterior surfaces of flat mandibular appliances. In supine position, they were asked to clench with maximum strength, in the maximum intercuspation position with a 24 µm articulating paper positioned between the teeth and the appliance surface. An extra-oral photograph of the marks was taken (total N = 2082). They were visually classified based on a pre-defined scale (ie, conventional assessment) and with ImageJ analysis software (ie, photographic software assessment). Additionally, a computerised occlusal analysis was performed (ie, computerised assessment). Correlation analysis of the data achieved with conventional, photographic and computerised assessments was performed. RESULTS: Correlation between conventional and computerised assessments was weak (r = .265), whilst it was moderate between conventional and photographic assessments (r = .633), as well as between photographic and computerised assessments (r = .476). CONCLUSIONS: This investigation showed a weak-to-moderate correlation between different methods (ie, conventional, photographic and computerised) to assess occlusal marks. None of the three can actually be considered the standard of reference, but based on their specific features, it can bet suggested that the conventional method may be enough for most clinical purposes, unless otherwise proven.

Tratamento da Classe III com protração e retração em massa utilizando ancoragem esquelética / Treatment of Class III with mass Protection and retracting using skeletal anchorage

Resumo Introdução: Na busca do controle de ancoragem e da biomecânica ideal, surgem opções terapêuticas que associam ancoragem óssea e dispositivos biomecânicos. Os mini-implantes ortodônticos vieram constituir de maneira definitiva, um eficiente método de ancoragem, que são utilizados para otimização de resultados com mecânicas mais simples. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um caso clínico de Classe III em paciente adulto tratado com o uso de uma Placa Versátil de Ancoragem Esquelética (PVAE) apoiada sobre mini-implantes instalados no palato e minimplantes instalados na região posterior da mandíbula. Resultados: Após 11 meses de tratamento, a mordida cruzada anterior foi completamente corrigida e um relacionamento molar e canino Classe I foi alcançado. Houve uma melhora significativa no perfil do paciente, mostram dose uma face harmoniosa e um perfil facial agradável. Conclusões: A combinação do uso da Placa Versátil de Ancoragem Esquelética no palato, mini-implantes na região posterior da mandíbula e da Ortodontia Lingual, para casos compensatórios de Classe III, mostrou ser uma opção viável. (AU)

Abstract Introduction: In the search for anchorage control and optimal biomechanics, therapeutic options arise that associate bone anchorage and biomechanical devices. The orthodontic mini-implants came to be a definitive method, an efficient anchoring method, which are used to optimize results with simpler mechanics. The present study aims to present a Class III clinical case in an adult patient treated with a Versatile Skeletal Anchoring Plate (PVAE) supported on mini-implants installed on the palate and minimplants installed in the posterior region of the mandible. Results: After 11 months of treatment, the anterior cross bite was completely corrected and a Class I molar and canine relationship was achieved. There was a significant improvement in the patient's profile, showing a harmonious face and a pleasant facial profile. Conclusions: The combination of the use of the Versatile Skeletal Anchoring Plate in the palate, mini-implants in the posterior mandible and Lingual Orthodontics, for Class III compensatory cases, was shown to be a viable option. (AU)

Tratamento compensatório paciente classe III esquelética vertical com técnica Buccal Shelf / Patient class III vertical skeletal compensatory treatment with buccal shelf technique

Resumo A má oclusão de Classe III é a relação dentária baseada na relação anteroposterior entre os primeiros molares, onde o indivíduo apresenta a cúspide mesio-vestibular do primeiro molar superior ocluindo no sulco mesio-vestibular do primeiro molar inferior. A compensação ortodôntica da má oclusão de Classe III, com mini-implantes, usada como ancoragem esquelética na mecânica ortodôntica vem revolucionando o tratamento Classe III esquelética. Optou-se por camuflagem ortodôntica com tratamento ortodôntico corretivo compensador, sendo utilizado aparelho fixo pela técnica Straight Wire (Capelozza III) e mecânica de distalização e verticalização de pré-molares mandibular com fio superior .019" x .025" de aço e inferior .020" de aço, através do Buccal Shelf, mini-implante de aço inserido na região retro molar entre primeiro e segundo molar inferior. Os apinhamentos foram satisfatoriamente corrigidos com um efetivo alinhamento e nivelamento dos arcos. Verticalmente, observou-se considerável alteração, pois houve correção da mordida aberta anterior por extrusão dos incisivos criando um adequado overbite e overjet. O uso de mini-implantes extra-radiculares adaptados na região de Buccal Shelf radicular como recurso de ancoragem mostrou-se eficaz no tratamento compensador da Classe III esquelética em paciente vertical (AU)

Abstract Class III malocclusion is the dental relationship, based on the anteroposterior relationship between the first molars, in which the individual presents the mesiovestibular cusp of the first maxillary molar occluding in the mesiovestibular groove of the first mandibular molar. Orthodontic compensation of Class III malocclusion with mini-implants used as skeletal anchorage in orthodontic mechanics has been revolutionizing the Class III skeletal treatment. Orthodontic camouflage with compensating corrective orthodontic treatment was chosen, using a fixed appliance in the Straight Wire technique (Capelozza III) and distalization and verticalization mechanics of mandibular premolars with a 19×25 upper steel wire and 20 lower steel wire through the Buccal Shelf, a mini steel implant inserted in the retromolar region between the first and second mandibular molars. Crowding was satisfactorily corrected with effective arches alignment and leveling. Vertically, a considerable change was observed, as there was correction of the anterior open bite by extrusion of the incisors creating an adequate overbite and overjet. The use of extra-radicular mini-implants adapted in the root Buccal Shelf region as an anchorage resource proved to be effective in the patient Class III vertical skeletal compensatory treatment (AU)

Bilateral Breast Metastases from Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Cancer during Pregnancy: Is There a Method to Its Madness?

Breast metastases of extramammary malignant neoplasms are rare, with an incidence of 0.3%–2.7% among all malignant mammary tumors. Breast metastases from gastric carcinoma are very rare (<0.1%), and this event is even rarer during pregnancy. Herein, we describe a 39-year-old Caucasian woman with a history of an Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) that was characterized by prominent tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Three years after undergoing radical surgery, the patient developed bilateral breast nodules during her pregnancy. A breast biopsy was performed, and histology confirmed a diagnosis of EBVaGC; tumor cells showed positivity for cytokeratin 8/18 and E-cadherin, and negativity for cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20, cytokeratin 5/6, caudal type homebox 2, androgen receptor, mammaglobin, gross cystic disease fluid protein-15, and estrogen and progesterone receptors. We also discuss the main diagnostic pitfalls. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an EBVaGC with lymphoid stroma that developed breast metastases during pregnancy.

An Improved Genome Assembly for Drosophila navojoa, the Basal Species in the mojavensis Cluster.

Three North American cactophilic Drosophila species, D. mojavensis, D. arizonae, and D. navojoa, are of considerable evolutionary interest owing to the shift from breeding in Opuntia cacti to columnar species. The 3 species form the "mojavensis cluster" of Drosophila. The genome of D. mojavensis was sequenced in 2007 and the genomes of D. navojoa and D. arizonae were sequenced together in 2016 using the same technology (Illumina) and assembly software (AllPaths-LG). Yet, unfortunately, the D. navojoa genome was considerably more fragmented and incomplete than its sister species, rendering it less useful for evolutionary genetic studies. The D. navojoa read dataset does not fully meet the strict insert size required by the assembler used (AllPaths-LG) and this incompatibility might explain its assembly problems. Accordingly, when we re-assembled the genome of D. navojoa with the SPAdes assembler, which does not have the strict AllPaths-LG requirements, we obtained a substantial improvement in all quality indicators such as N50 (from 84 kb to 389 kb) and BUSCO coverage (from 77% to 97%). Here we share a new, improved reference assembly for D. navojoa genome, along with a RNAseq transcriptome. Given the basal relationship of the Opuntia breeding D. navojoa to the columnar breeding D. arizonae and D. mojavensis, the improved assembly and annotation will allow researchers to address a range of questions associated with the genomics of host shifts, chromosomal rearrangements and speciation in this group.

An investigation of Y chromosome incorporations in 400 species of Drosophila and related genera.

Y chromosomes are widely believed to evolve from a normal autosome through a process of massive gene loss (with preservation of some male genes), shaped by sex-antagonistic selection and complemented by occasional gains of male-related genes. The net result of these processes is a male-specialized chromosome. This might be expected to be an irreversible process, but it was found in 2005 that the Drosophila pseudoobscura Y chromosome was incorporated into an autosome. Y chromosome incorporations have important consequences: a formerly male-restricted chromosome reverts to autosomal inheritance, and the species may shift from an XY/XX to X0/XX sex-chromosome system. In order to assess the frequency and causes of this phenomenon we searched for Y chromosome incorporations in 400 species from Drosophila and related genera. We found one additional large scale event of Y chromosome incorporation, affecting the whole montium subgroup (40 species in our sample); overall 13% of the sampled species (52/400) have Y incorporations. While previous data indicated that after the Y incorporation the ancestral Y disappeared as a free chromosome, the much larger data set analyzed here indicates that a copy of the Y survived as a free chromosome both in montium and pseudoobscura species, and that the current Y of the pseudoobscura lineage results from a fusion between this free Y and the neoY. The 400 species sample also showed that the previously suggested causal connection between X-autosome fusions and Y incorporations is, at best, weak: the new case of Y incorporation (montium) does not have X-autosome fusion, whereas nine independent cases of X-autosome fusions were not followed by Y incorporations. Y incorporation is an underappreciated mechanism affecting Y chromosome evolution; our results show that at least in Drosophila it plays a relevant role and highlight the need of similar studies in other groups.

Two new species of Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) associated with inflorescences of Goeppertia monophylla (Marantaceae) in the city of São Paulo, state of São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract Two new Brazilian species of Drosophila (subgenus Drosophila) are described and illustrated: Drosophila asymmetrica sp. nov. and Drosophila peixotoi sp. nov. Both species were collected, and emerged, from inflorescences of Goeppertia monophylla (Marantaceae) in the urban Forest Reserve of the Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo and their types will be deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da USP. The former species, which could not be assigned to any known group, has a conspicuously asymmetric aedeagus and a narrow oviscapt valve. The latter species belongs to the guarani group and is closely related to D. guaru, D. ornatifrons and D. subbadia, from which it can be distinguished by the presence of just one conspicuous large black spine at inner lower tip of cercus instead of two spines.

Cryptic diversity in an Atlantic Forest malaria vector from the mountains of South-East Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii is the primary vector of human and simian malarias in Brazilian regions covered by the Atlantic Rainforest. Previous studies found that An. cruzii presents high levels of behavioural, chromosomal and molecular polymorphisms, which led to the hypothesis that it may be a complex of cryptic species. Here, An. cruzii specimens were collected in five sites in South-East Brazil located at different altitudes on the inner and coastal slopes of two mountain ranges covered by Atlantic Rainforest, known as Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueria. Partial sequences for two genes (Clock and cpr) were generated and compared with previously published sequences from Florianópolis (southern Brazil). Genetic diversity was analysed with estimates of population structure (F ST ) and haplotype phylogenetic trees in order to understand how many species of the complex may occur in this biome and how populations across the species distribution are related. RESULTS: The sequences from specimens collected at sites located on the lower coastal slopes of Serra do Mar (Guapimirim, Tinguá and Sana) clustered together in the phylogenetic analysis, while the major haplotypes from sites located on higher altitude and at the continental side of the same mountains (Bocaina) clustered with those from Serra da Mantiqueira (Itatiaia), an inner mountain range. These two An. cruzii lineages showed statistically significant genetic differentiation and fixed characters, and have high F ST values typical of between species comparisons. Finally, in Bocaina, where the two lineages occur in sympatry, we found deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to a deficit of heterozygotes, indicating partial reproductive isolation. These results strongly suggest that at least two distinct lineages of An. cruzii (provisorily named "Group 1" and "Group 2") occur in the mountains of South-East Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: At least two genetically distinct An. cruzii lineages occur in the Atlantic Forest covered mountains of South-East Brazil. The co-occurrence of distinct lineages of An. cruzii (possibly incipient species) in those mountains is an interesting biological phenomenon and may have important implications for malaria prevalence, Plasmodium transmission dynamics and control.

Improved assembly of noisy long reads by k-mer validation.

Genome assembly depends critically on read length. Two recent technologies, from Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) and Oxford Nanopore, produce read lengths >20 kb, which yield de novo genome assemblies with vastly greater contiguity than those based on Sanger, Illumina, or other technologies. However, the very high error rates of these two new technologies (∼15% per base) makes assembly imprecise at repeats longer than the read length and computationally expensive. Here we show that the contiguity and quality of the assembly of these noisy long reads can be significantly improved at a minimal cost, by leveraging on the low error rate and low cost of Illumina short reads. Namely, k-mers from the PacBio raw reads that are not present in Illumina reads (which account for ∼95% of the distinct k-mers) are deemed sequencing errors and ignored at the seed alignment step. By focusing on the ∼5% of k-mers that are error free, read overlap sensitivity is dramatically increased. Of equal importance, the validation procedure can be extended to exclude repetitive k-mers, which prevents read miscorrection at repeats and further improves the resulting assemblies. We tested the k-mer validation procedure using one long-read technology (PacBio) and one assembler (MHAP/Celera Assembler), but it is very likely to yield analogous improvements with alternative long-read technologies and assemblers, such as Oxford Nanopore and BLASR/DALIGNER/Falcon, respectively.

Cohort study to evaluate the assimilation and retention of knowledge after theoretical test in undergraduate health science.

HIGHLIGHTS: Study was conducted at the UniLurio to evaluate the assimilation and retention capacity.Students from undergraduate in Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Nutrition, Optometry and Nursing.A questionnaire was applied in three evaluation periodspretest), posttest) and after six months.Assimilation and retention capacity improves student knowledge.Assimilation and retention capacity suffered a small deterioration with passage oftime. BACKGROUND: Each year new undergraduate courses are emerging in Mozambique, and with them the number of students has been increasing exponentially. In higher education institutions, particularly in the health sciences, knowledge retention becomes essential for learning and for efficient and effective training of capable health professionals. METHODOLOGY: This is a prospective cohort study, conducted at the Lurio University, Mozambique. To evaluate the assimilation and retention of knowledge, a theoretical lesson was taught. The class time was 90 minutes divided into a theoretical stageand the other was a discussion stage (30 minutes) for clarification of doubts. Questionnaire was administered in the pretest, post-test and after six months. RESULTS: Of all students (n = 241), enrolled in the second semester of the first year of the course, 190 students did the pretest, 187 did the post-test and 183 students did the test after six months. Before the lecture none of the course managed to achieve the satisfactory percentage of 75% of correct answers (p<0,001). Assimilation of knowledge in the post-test performance there has been a significant increase in knowledge, in all questions the students reached the recommended percentage as "satisfactory knowledge" (p < 0.001). The post-test suggests that participants in this study had a significant capacity of memorization which is essential in the retention of knowledge. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the assimilative and retention capacity improve the student knowledge immediately after a theoretical lesson with addition audiovisual resources, and the acquired knowledge remains even though there is a deterioration with passage of the time.

Anatomy and physiology of cisternostomy / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Cisternostomy is defined as opening the basal cisterns to atmospheric pressure. This technique helps to reduce the intracranial pressure in severe head trauma as well as other conditions when the so-called sudden "brain swelling" troubles the surgeon. We elaborated the surgical anatomy of this procedure as well as the proposed physiology of how cisternostomy works. This novel technique may change the current trends in neurosurgery.

Birth of a new gene on the Y chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster.

Contrary to the pattern seen in mammalian sex chromosomes, where most Y-linked genes have X-linked homologs, the Drosophila X and Y chromosomes appear to be unrelated. Most of the Y-linked genes have autosomal paralogs, so autosome-to-Y transposition must be the main source of Drosophila Y-linked genes. Here we show how these genes were acquired. We found a previously unidentified gene (flagrante delicto Y, FDY) that originated from a recent duplication of the autosomal gene vig2 to the Y chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Four contiguous genes were duplicated along with vig2, but they became pseudogenes through the accumulation of deletions and transposable element insertions, whereas FDY remained functional, acquired testis-specific expression, and now accounts for ∼20% of the vig2-like mRNA in testis. FDY is absent in the closest relatives of D. melanogaster, and DNA sequence divergence indicates that the duplication to the Y chromosome occurred ∼2 million years ago. Thus, FDY provides a snapshot of the early stages of the establishment of a Y-linked gene and demonstrates how the Drosophila Y has been accumulating autosomal genes.