[Nutrition of pregnant. Comparative analysis based on data from a survey of residents of Russian Federation and the Republic of Azerbaijan (on the example of Astrakhan and Baku)].

Poor nutrition of the expectant mother leads to an unfavorable course of pregnancy and a number of serious deviations in the development of the child. Therefore, a multifaceted study of the actual nutrition of a pregnant woman is relevant, including the identification of trends associated with geographical, ethnic, and family characteristics. The study was aimed at conducting a comparative analysis of the nutrition of pregnant women from two cities, Astrakhan (Russian Federation) and Baku (Republic of Azerbaijan), by means of a questionnaire. Material and methods. In the course of a voluntary anonymous survey in 2022, 432 women aged 18-50 years old in the II trimester of pregnancy, living in Baku (n=280, group 1) and Astrakhan (n=152, group 2) have been interviewed. The answers of the respondents were analyzed in terms of eating habits, frequency of intake and food repertoire. Results. An analysis of the nutrition of pregnant women from both cities showed that it is unbalanced in terms of a set of products. Significant violations of the diet were noted in women from both studied groups, for example, a reduction in its multiplicity to two times a day (in group 1 - 2.5% and in group 2 - 7.2%). When conducting a comparative analysis of the nutrition of expectant mothers using the Pearson χ-square contingency coefficient, it was found that the groups had no significant differences in the consumption of milk and dairy products, meat and meat products, fish and seafood. Meat and meat products were used daily by no more than 31% of the surveyed, milk and dairy products - 43%, about half of pregnant women didn't consume fish and seafood. A relationship was established between the frequency of fruit consumption and the city of residence of pregnant women, in Baku women consumed fruits more often. In both groups, the abuse of confectionery and sugar was noted, some women already suffered from diabetes (5.4% from Astrakhan and 0.7% from Baku). Digestive pathology was detected in group 1 - in 11.2% (17), in group 2 - in 29.3% (79) of pregnant women. When conducting a comparative analysis of the frequency of consumption of undesirable products (mayonnaise, sauces, chips, carbonated drinks), it turned out that the groups were homogeneous, no connection with the city of residence was established. During pregnancy, 40.1 and 45.0% of women from 1 and 2 groups, respectively, took vitamin-mineral complexes. The level of vitamin D in the blood serum was determined by 29.6 and 6.8% of the respondents, respectively. A comparative analysis of the content of vitamin D in blood serum, determined respectively in 29.6 and 6.8% of respondents, showed that the groups of subjects were homogeneous, no connection of vitamin D level with the city of residence was found. Conclusion. In general, all the peculiarities of pregnant women's nutrition identified in the course of the survey can lead to an imbalance in the diet in terms of nutrient content, a deficiency of complete proteins, vitamins, and trace elements with excessive consumption of carbohydrates. When conducting a comparative analysis, it was possible to identify differences in the diet of pregnant women, relating only to the consumption of fruits - some respondents from Astrakhan consumed fruits less than once a week. Common unfavorable factors for pregnant women of both groups were the abuse of "undesirable" products, flour products and sugar, as well as the lack of involvement of women in the examination to assess the body's vitamin D supply and the rare prescription of vitamin-mineral complexes by specialists to correct micronutrient deficiencies.

[Genetic diversity of capsid protein (p24) in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) variants circulating in the Russian Federation].

INTRODUCTION: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protein p24 plays an important role in the life cycle of the virus, and also is a target for diagnostic tests and for new antiretroviral drugs and therapeutic vaccines. The most studied variant of HIV-1 in the world is subtype B. In Russia, the most common variant is A6, the spread of recombinant forms (CRF63_02A6, CRF03_A6B) is observed as well as circulation of G and CRF02_AG variants. However, a detailed study of the p24 protein in these variants has not yet been conducted. The aim was to study the features of the p24 protein in HIV-1 variants circulating in Russia and estimate the frequency of occurrence of pre-existing mutations associated with resistance to lenacapavir, the first antiretroviral drug in the class of capsid inhibitors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The objects of the study were the nucleotide sequences obtained from the Los Alamos international database and clinical samples from HIV infected patients. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The features of HIV-1 variants circulating in Russia have been determined. V86A, H87Q, I91F are characteristic substitutions in A6 genome. It is shown that the presence of preexisting mutations associated with resistance to lenacapavir is unlikely. CONCLUSION: Features of the p24 protein in HIV-1 variants circulating in Russia allow them to be distinguished from others variants and among themselves. The prognosis for the use of lenacapavir in Russia is generally favorable. The results obtained could be taken into account in developing and using antiretroviral drugs and therapeutic vaccines.

[CLINICAL CASE OF ACUTE SEVERE COMBINED POISONING WITH NARCOTIC SUBSTANCES OF DEPENDENT AND PSYCHOSTIMULATING EFFECTS].

A case of acute severe concomitant poisoning with narcotic substances of depreciating and psychostimulating action (1,4 - butanediol, 1-phenyl-2- (1-pyrrolidinyl) -1-pentanone, methadone) complicated by the development of severe hypoxic-ischemic changes in the supratentorial white matter of the large brain is presented. edema and swelling of the brain, nosocomial focal left-sided lower lobe pneumonia in a 25-year-old patient. Psychoactive substances were used for hedonic purposes. Acute poisoning occurred after taking 100 ml of 1,4-butanediol together with phenyl-2- (1-pyrrolidinyl) -1-pentanone and 2 g of methadone, clinically manifested in the form of convulsive syndrome, depression of consciousness to the level of coma 3, edema and swelling brain, acute respiratory failure, mixed decompensated respiratory and metabolic lactic acidosis (pH 7.193; partial pressure of carbon dioxide 62.3 mm Hg, lactate 7.4 mmol / l) and complications in the form of nosocomial focal left-sided lower lobe pneumonia. Intensive therapy was of a complex nature, including infusion-detoxification therapy, correction of acid-base state disorders, hypoxic disorders, by using the substrate antihypoxant "Cytoflavin" in a daily dosage of 60 ml, for 15 days, against the background of basic infusion therapy and vasopressor support ... The clinical picture of acute poisoning, the features of its course, the data of radiological diagnostics and the effectiveness of pathogenetic approaches to intensive therapy are presented.

[Acute severe oral poisoning with 1,4-butandiol and ethanol with the development of coma]. / Ostroe tyazheloe peroral'noe otravlenie 1,4-butandiolom i etanolom s razvitiem komatoznogo sostoyaniya.

A case of acute oral poisoning by 1.4-butanediol, complicated by the development of severe hypoxia in a 34-year-old patient actively engaged in bodybuilding, is presented. The psychoactive substance was used by the patient to increase sexual activity and physical stamina. The duration of systematic daily intake was 4 months. The toxicogenic stage of acute poisoning was caused by a single dose of 50 ml of undiluted 13% 1.4-butanediol together with ethanol, manifested by convulsive syndrome, depression of consciousness to the level of coma II, acute respiratory failure with aspiration syndrome, respiratory acidosis (pH 7.22; partial pressure carbon dioxide 61.2 mm Hg), lactic acidosis up to 7 mmol / L, hyperammonemia up to 240 µmol / L, cerebral edema (decrease in white matter density to 21.6 ± 1.7 HU units), loss of vascular tone resistance (pareso arterioles) and a significant increase in cerebral blood flow rate to 115 ± 20.1 ml / 100 g per minute, increasing the volume of extracellular fluid (+ 130% of the proper volumes). Intensive therapy was complex, including infusion and detoxification therapy, correction of acid-base disorders, hypoxic disorders by using a substrate antihypoxant (Cytoflavin) in a daily dosage of 0.57 ml / kg body weight daily, for 9 days. The article discusses the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of 1.4-butanediol, radiation diagnostics and the clinical picture of acute poisoning, the features of its course, and pathogenetic approaches to therapy.

[Clinical case of thromboembolism of small branches of the pulmonary artery on the background of the single ventricle id type with the opening of the сava-caval collaterals].

A three-compartment heart - a severe congenital defect, can develop after genetic mutation or teratogenic influence on fetus at early stages of embryogenesis. According to the literary data, the survival of such patients without surgery is 6-7 %. This publication demonstrates clinical case of the patient who has single ventricle of the heart and lived up to 56 without surgery.

[Agomelatine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: assessment of the efficacy and tolerability]. / Agomelatin pri lechenii bol'shogo depressivnogo rasstroistva: otsenka éffektivnosti i perenosimosti.

Agomelatine is an antidepressant agent with an innovative unique pharmacodynamic profile, including melatonergic receptor agonism (MT1 / MT2) and antagonistic effects on serotonergic 5-HT2C receptors. According to the results of meta-analyzes of clinical studies of the acute phase of a major depressive disorder, the antidepressant effect of agomelatine itself is significantly higher than that of placebo, but somewhat inferior to a number of other antidepressants (especially SSRIs and venlafaxine). To date, there is some uncertainty regarding the efficacy of agomelatine for the prevention of recurrence of MDD and its hepatotoxicity profile. In this regard, agomelatine is not considered as a drug of first choice in treatment of MDD. However, the heterogeneous clinical manifestations of MDD and the unique mechanism of action of agomelatine with the ability of the drug to have a modulating effect on sleep, make it possible to effective use it for treating such disorders. In addition, agomelatine has a more favorable safety profile, which allows considering it as a drug of choice in patients who have contraindications to other antidepressants or in the absence of therapeutic response to another antidepressant therapy.

[Peculiarities of barbituric acid derivatives acute poisoning clinical picture in patients of elderly and senile age and their therapy.]

In this article materials obtained during treatment of 61 patients with acute poisoning with phenobarbital, which is part of Corvalol and Valocordin, are presented. It has already been established that phenobarbital acute poisoning in elderly and senile patients is accompanied by more frequent development of central nervous system, respiratory system (pneumonia) and cardiovascular system complications, which cause more severe clinical course and risk of an adverse outcome of acute poisoning. This research has shown that for hypoxia correction during phenobarbital acute poisoning in elderly and senile patients it is advisable to include Reamberin in the treatment regimen, which has no adverse effects on central haemodynamic parameters and effectively reduces severity of metabolic disorders.

[Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis].

A dramatic increase in drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis (TB) stimulates a search for novel anti-TB drugs and studies of the drug resistance acquisition. One of the possible causes is a phenotypic resistance or drug tolerance which is not associated with genomic changes. The majority of anti-TB drugs eliminate 99% of MTB cells in 3-5 days, but the remaining subpopulation becomes unsusceptible to treatment and capable for long-term persistence with ability to resuscitate once the external adverse factor is removed. This evasion of the stress factor facilitates selection of resistant forms, thus warranting long-term treatment with at least four antibacterial drugs in TB. The review considers the main mechanisms of bacterial tolerance that are due to alterations in the cell wall, activation of efflux pumps, induction of transcriptional regulons, changes in metabolic flows, and modification of molecular machineries.

Inhibition of Mitochondrial Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels Increases Radiosensitivity of K562 Leukemic Cells.

We studied the effect of inhibition of mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channels with DIDS on radiosensitivity and mitochondrial status of K562 leukemic cells. The number of apoptotic and necrotic cells, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and mitochondrial mass were evaluated after irradiation of cells in doses of 4 and 12 Gy in the presence and absence of the inhibitor. Inhibition of mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channels increased radiosensitivity of K562 cells by 50-70% and decreased both mitochondrial transmembrane potential and mitochondrial mass. Inhibitors of voltage-dependent anion channels are promising agents capable of improving the effectiveness of cancer radiotherapy.

[The differences in the estimation of depression severity by psychiatrists and patients during the combined treatment with agomelatine (a multicenter study "EMOTSIA")]. / Razlichiya v otsenke tyazhesti depressii vrachami i patsientami v protsesse kombinirovannoi terapii agomelatinom (mul'titsentrovoe issledovanie «EMOTsIYa¼).

AIM: To compare the prognosis of depression severity estimated by the physician and by the patient based on the treatment outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and seven patients with depression were examined. Mental status was assessed with HАМ-D, SHAPS, CGI-S, CGI-I, PGI-S, PGI-I and VAS. A data analysis was performed. RESULTS: There were differences in the estimation of depression severity by psychiatrists and patients. Moreover, the scores on HАМ-D and CGI-S were not consistent when assessed by psychiatrists. As the severity of depression decreased and patient's state improved during the treatment with agomelatine (valdoxan), the assessments of the changes by the psychiatrist and the patient became similar. CONCLUSION: Agomelatine (valdoxan) is effective and tolerable in the treatment of depression of any severity. The differences between the psychiatrist's and patient's estimation of the depression severity at baseline using different psychometric scales can level the prognostic value of treatment outcome.

Magnetospherically driven optical and radio aurorae at the end of the stellar main sequence.

Aurorae are detected from all the magnetized planets in our Solar System, including Earth. They are powered by magnetospheric current systems that lead to the precipitation of energetic electrons into the high-latitude regions of the upper atmosphere. In the case of the gas-giant planets, these aurorae include highly polarized radio emission at kilohertz and megahertz frequencies produced by the precipitating electrons, as well as continuum and line emission in the infrared, optical, ultraviolet and X-ray parts of the spectrum, associated with the collisional excitation and heating of the hydrogen-dominated atmosphere. Here we report simultaneous radio and optical spectroscopic observations of an object at the end of the stellar main sequence, located right at the boundary between stars and brown dwarfs, from which we have detected radio and optical auroral emissions both powered by magnetospheric currents. Whereas the magnetic activity of stars like our Sun is powered by processes that occur in their lower atmospheres, these aurorae are powered by processes originating much further out in the magnetosphere of the dwarf star that couple energy into the lower atmosphere. The dissipated power is at least four orders of magnitude larger than what is produced in the Jovian magnetosphere, revealing aurorae to be a potentially ubiquitous signature of large-scale magnetospheres that can scale to luminosities far greater than those observed in our Solar System. These magnetospheric current systems may also play a part in powering some of the weather phenomena reported on brown dwarfs.

[A delayed motor production of open chains of linear strokes presented visually in static and dynamic modes: a comparison between 9 to 11 years old children and adults].

The production of drawing movements was studied in 29 right-handed children of 9-to-11 years old. The movements were the sequences of horizontal and vertical linear stokes conjoined at right angle (open polygonal chains) referred to throughout the paper as trajectories. The length of a trajectory varied from 4 to 6. The trajectories were presented visually to a subject in static (linedrawing) and dynamic (moving cursor that leaves no trace) modes. The subjects were asked to draw (copy) a trajectory in response to delayed go-signal (short click) as fast as possible without lifting the pen. The production latency time, the average movement duration along a trajectory segment, and overall number of errors committed by a subject during trajectory production were analyzed. A comparison of children's data with similar data in adults (16 subjects) shows the following. First, a substantial reduction in error rate is observed in the age range between 9 and 11 years old for both static and dynamic modes of trajectory presentation, with children of 11 still committing more error than adults. Second, the averaged movement duration shortens with age while the latency time tends to increase. Third, unlike the adults, the children of 9-11 do not show any difference in latency time between static and dynamic modes of visual presentation of trajectories. The difference in trajectory production between adult and children is attributed to the predominant involvement of on-line programming in children and pre-programming in adults.

[Peculiarities of saliva chemiluminescence and microelement hair content in children with various dental caries activity].

Integrated stomatological examination of 1002 children of Khabarovsk Territory was conducted. Besides carious process and oral hygiene indices the intensity of free radical oxidation in saliva (by chemiluminescence method) and basic microelement hair content (by spectral analysis method) in urban and rural children with compensated and decompensated forms of dental caries. High and equal prevalence and incidence of dental caries in urban and rural children was found. It was shown that in cases of decompensated forms of dental caries indicators of saliva chemiluminescence and consequently the intensity of free radical oxidation was significantly higher than in cases of compensated forms of dental caries. It was determined that activation of free radical oxidation with dental caries progression was developed on the background of combined deficit and imbalance of essential microelements.

[Study of the processes of butyl acetate regeneration from butanol-butyl acetate solutions by etherification of butanol with acetic anhydride (for use in production of penicillins]. / Issledovanie protsessov regeneratsii butilatsetata iz butanol-butilatsetatnykh rastvorov metodom éterifikatsii butanola uksusnym angidridom (dlia ispol'zovaniia v proizvodstve penitsillinov.

Etherification of butanol by acetic anhydride in butanol-butyl acetate mixtures containing 0.09 to 3 per cent water was investigated. A method for processing the butanol-butyl acetate mixtures with the weight part of butanol up to 16 per cent by etherification of the latter with acetic anhydride was developed, the yield being 96 to 97 per cent and the weight part being at least 97.5 per cent. On the basis of the estimate of the raw material use for regeneration of butyl acetate from the butanol-butyl acetate solutions by etherification of butanol with acetic anhydride, the technical and economic advantages of the processing of such solutions by the described method were shown.

[The metabolism of bonnecor]. / Metabolizm bonnekora.

Bonnecor metabolism in the rat urine was studied. The main metabolites of bonnecor were identified by means of chromatography-mass-spectrometry.

[The diagnostic importance of the macular color test in vascular optic neuropathies]. / Diagnosticheskoe znachenie tsveto-makuliarnogo testa pri sosudistykh opticheskikh neiropatiiakh.

A color-macular test is proposed for diagnosing functional changes in the optic nerve in acute vascular optic neuropathies. The diagnostic value of the test was proved in investigation of sick and clinically healthy fellow eyes of 80 patients with acute vascular optic neuropathies associated with atherosclerosis, aged from 30 to 74 years, as compared with a control group (60 persons of the same age and with the same general vascular pathology).

[Pathogenetic mechanisms of optic nerve lesions in acute vascular optic neuropathies]. / Nekotorye patogeneticheskie mekhanizmy porazhenii zritel'nogo nerva pri ostrykh sosudistykh opticheskikh neiropatiiakh.

The authors analyze the findings of histomorphologic and immunomorphologic studies of 20 cadaver optic nerves from subjects with a history of acute vascular optic neuropathies due to atherosclerosis, eventuating in optic nerve atrophy: 13 atrophic optic nerves and 7 pair nerves from clinically normal eyes of the same patients were examined. The blood sera of 30 patients suffering from acute vascular optic neuropathies were tested. Noteworthy that vascular optic neuropathy associated with atherosclerosis is a bilateral process. Vascular insufficiency due to sclerotic changes in vessels of various diameters undoubtedly contributes to the pathogenesis of the optic nerve impairments in the involved and clinically healthy eyes. The developing immune status disorders and autoimmune processes also contribute to the genesis of sclerotic shifts in the vessels and optic nerve atrophy in both eyes.

[Morphoenzymatic changes of the optic nerve in cardiovascular diseases]. / Morfoénzimaticheskie izmeneniia zritel'nogo nerva pri serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii.

Results are described of a histological and histoenzymatic investigation of visual nerves with a history during life of acute vascular optic neuropathy. It was found that in vascular pathology of the visual nerve due to atherosclerosis, both in the involved and clinically healthy eye different degrees of visual nerve atrophy develop due to sclerotic changes in the blood vessels. The genesis of vascular lesions and atrophy of the visual nerve is to a certain degree determined by immunological changes as evidenced by infiltration of the tissues around the vessels and in the nerve fibers by immunocompetent cells with a pronounced activity of unspecific esterase and acid phosphatase.