Nutritional quality traits of raw and cooked Ark shell (Bivalvia: Arcidae): balancing the benefits and risks of seafood consumption.

Biochemical composition and fatty acid profile of raw Ark shells (RA) were compared to Ark shells submitted to three different cooking methods (BA: baking in the oven; PF: pan-frying in butter and MW: cooking in a microwave). Moisture (%) was significantly higher in RA (79.66) with respect to PF (65.09), BA (48.63) and MW (47.02). Protein (mg/g of flesh) decreased significantly from 18.62 in RA to 15.40 in MW, 13.76 in PF and 13.33 in BA. However, lipids significantly increased in MW (43.32 mg/g of flesh) and PF (63.63 mg/g of flesh) with respect to RA (35.05 mg/g of flesh). Pan-frying affected considerably triacylglycerol (TAG) and the fatty acid composition (FA) of Ark shell flesh. The most changes occurred in saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acid fractions after this process. The n-3 PUFA decreased significantly from RA (16.40 mg/g dry weight) to PF (10.02 mg/g DW). While, the opposite trend was observed for n-6 PUFA, revealing that this cooking method had considerable effects on the nutritional characteristics of this edible shellfish. The analysis of lipid peroxidation markers such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, free fatty acid and peroxide value confirmed that both heat treatment and time of cooking caused lipid degradation, which had been more accentuated during pan-frying treatment. For the populations who consume Ark shells occasionally or frequently, baking and microwave cooking could be then considered as wiser and healthier cooking methods since they conserve better the nutritional value of this marine product. The present study will be of practical value from a health perspective for Mediterranean populations.

Effect of storage temperature and time on the fatty acids and nutritional quality of the commercial mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis).

The effect of storage time (5, 10 and 15 days) and temperature (- 20 °C and + 4 °C) on the biochemical composition of the Tunisian mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) was evaluated by investigating changes in proximate composition, fatty acids, minerals and nutritional quality indices. Lipid and protein degradations were also evaluated through several markers of oxidative damage. Results showed a significant decrease in the biochemical compounds in mussel tissues after both refrigeration and freezing processes (p < 0.01). As regards the fatty acid composition, saturated fatty acids increased significantly after both storage processes. However, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated decreased, especially after 10 and 15 days of storage. The reduction of nutritional quality and mineral contents were detected after both storage processes. Markers of oxidative damage varied remarkably between fresh and stored tissues, revealing that both processes greatly influenced the nutritional quality of mussels. Overall, it is well recommended to consume fresh and stored mussels for no more than 5 days in the refrigerator (+ 4 °C) in order to preserve the better quality of this product and provide more benefits for human health.

Biochemical response of the clam Ruditapes philippinarum to silver (AgD and AgNPs) exposure and application of an integrated biomarker response approach.

Silver is a ubiquitous metal in the marine environment which can be accumulated by marine organisms. In order to assess the effect of dissolved silver (AgD) and AgNPs in R. philippinarum, the organisms were exposed to 20 µg L-1 of AgD and AgNPs (15 nm) over 7 days. Bioaccumulation of the metal and oxidative and detoxification biomarkers were studied in control and exposed clams. Ag was accumulated in gills and digestive glands. Results for biochemical biomarkers (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase activity, lipid peroxidation and metallothionein provoked a general increase in the integrated biomarker response index (IBR) values) indicating the induction of oxidative stress in the clams exposed to both Ag treatments. Therefore, the presence of Ag forms at the tested concentration in the aquatic medium represent a risk for R. philippinarum.

Assessing lead toxicity in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum: Bioaccumulation and biochemical responses.

Lead (Pb) is a non-essential metal. Its occurrence in the environment is related principally to anthropogenic contamination. Pb is toxic to aquatic organisms and can provoke damage to membranes and inhibit the activity of essential enzymes. The filter-feeding, Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum is widely used as a biomonitor organism to assess metal toxicity. Among biomarkers related to the Pb toxicity, the enzymatic activity of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) has been adopted as a specific tool. Metallothionein (MT), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant enzymes activities, such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and superoxidase dismutase (SOD) have also been employed to assess the toxic effect of metals. Two target tissues, the gills and the digestive gland, were selected to examine biomarker responses. In order to assess the effects of Pb accumulation and the mechanisms involved in the recovery from it, clams were exposed at two Pb levels (10 and 100 µg/L) for 7 days and were later maintained in clean water for 7 days as a depuration period. Pb accumulation was dependent on the exposure concentration and higher Pb levels were observed in the gills compared to the digestive gland. Inhibition of δ-ALAD, GST and SOD and the induction of MT and LPO over the exposure period were observed in the gills and the digestive gland of R. philippinarum. The depuration period showed a continuous inhibition of the δ-ALAD activity and induction of MT and LPO in both tissues. These results demonstrate that lead induced an exposure effect and the 7 days of depuration were not sufficient to recover the basal health status of the clams.

Examination of factors in type I endoleak development after thoracic endovascular repair.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of operative indication, anatomy, and stent graft on type I endoleak occurrence after thoracic endovascular aortic repair. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of patients admitted for thoracic endovascular aortic repair between 2007 and 2013. All computed tomography angiography imaging was analyzed for the presence of endoleak and measurement of diameters and lengths. Variables studied included underlying disease, emergency, achieved aortic neck length, difference between proximal and distal neck diameters, landing zone 2, and stent graft characteristics (diameter, number, type of device, oversizing degree, and covered aorta length). RESULTS: The study population involved 84 patients (mean age, 56 years; range, 17-94 years) who were treated for thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) (n = 29; 34.5%), traumatic aortic rupture (n = 27; 32%), type B aortic dissection (n = 19; 22.5%), intramural hematoma (n = 2; 2%), penetrating aortic ulcer (n = 5; 6%), and aortoesophageal fistula (n = 2; 2%). Of these, 60 patients (71.5%) were treated emergently and 24 (28.5%) electively. Primary type I endoleak was noted in eight patients (9.5%), of which two resolved spontaneously. After a mean follow-up of 32 months (range, 3-76 months), secondary type I endoleak was detected in four patients (4.5%). All of them occurred after emergent TAA treatment. Comparison between emergent and elective groups revealed no significant differences in neck length (19.5 mm vs 26.5 mm; P = .197), oversizing degree (11.1% vs 10.9%; P = .811), or endoleak rates (13.3% vs 8.3%; P = .518). Hemorrhagic shock was not predictive of endoleak (P = .483). Cox regression analysis of the different anatomic and stent graft-related factors revealed short proximal landing zone as the unique independent predictor of type I endoleak (hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.81-0.99; P = .032). CONCLUSIONS: Endoleak risk seems not to be increased by an emergency setting. However, the relatively high rate of late endoleak observed after emergent TAA repair advocates for close follow-up, contrary to traumatic aortic rupture. Furthermore, regardless of the pathologic process, a longer proximal landing zone is likely to guarantee early and late success.

[Acute mesenteric ischemia: study of predictive factors of mortality]. / Ischémie mésentérique aigue : Etude des facteurs prédictifs de mortalité.

BACKGROUND: Acute mesenteric ischemia is a surgical emergency that requires a quick diagnosis and therapeutic care. Without treatment, the outcome is towards intestinal infarction whose prognosis remains grim. AIM: To look for predictive factors of mortality of this disease. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of patients hospitalized between January 2000 and December 2008 for acute mesenteric ischemia. Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors that could influence mortality was conducted. RESULTS: 26 patients, predominantly male, were included. The mean age was 60 years. These patients were cared for on average 4 days after the onset of symptoms. The diagnosis was made pre-operatively in 9 patients, by CT scan in 8 patients and by Doppler ultrasound in 1 patient. The cause of AMI was arterial thrombosis in 19 cases, venous thrombosis in 4 cases and non occlusive mesenteric ischemia in 3 cases. 25 patients were operated on emergency 24 times by a laparotomy and one time by a laparoscopy. The surgery consisted in bowel resection in 15 patients; an abstention was decided in one case of venous mesenteric ischemia and in 9 cases where necrosis affected all small bowels. Revascularization of the superior mesenteric artery was associated in 4 cases. Outcome was simple in 8 patients. The mortality rate was 69%, death occurred in a period of J0 to J90 after surgery. This rate wasn't influenced by age or sex. It was higher in patients with preoperative collapse (p = 0.02) and having an expansive bowel necrosis (p=.0001). The prognosis is better in cases of venous infarction with a mortality rate of zero. CONCLUSION: Prognosis of acute mesenteric ischemia depends on the aetiology and the quickness of treatment. It is directly linked to the extension of intestinal infarction. An urgent and multidisciplinary care is necessary.

Aberrant right subclavian artery or arteria lusoria: a rare cause of dyspnea in children.

Aberrant right subclavian artery or arteria lusoria (AL) is the most frequent anomaly of the aortic arch, secondary to abnormal embryogenesis. It is usually asymptomatic and fortuitously discovered. It can compress neighboring structures and cause dysphagia or, more rarely, dyspnea. In symptomatic cases or in the presence of an aneurysm of the AL origin, it should be surgically treated. The case herein reported concerns a child presenting with respiratory symptomatology related to an AL that was surgically treated by right supraclavicular approach.