Utilizing eye tracking to assess electronic health record use by pharmacists in the intensive care unit.

PURPOSE: A study was conducted using high-fidelity electronic health record (EHR)-based simulations with incorporated eye tracking to understand the workflow of critical care pharmacists within the EHR, with specific attention to the data elements most frequently viewed. METHODS: Eight critical care pharmacists were given 25 minutes to review 3 simulated intensive care unit (ICU) charts deployed in the simulation instance of the EHR. Using monitor-based eye trackers, time spent reviewing screens, clinical information accessed, and screens used to access specific information were reviewed and quantified to look for trends. RESULTS: Overall, pharmacists viewed 25.5 total and 15.1 unique EHR screens per case. The majority of time was spent looking at screens focused on medications, followed by screens displaying notes, laboratory values, and vital signs. With regard to medication data, the vast majority of screen visitations were to view information on opioids/sedatives and antibiotics. With regard to laboratory values, the majority of views were focused on basic chemistry and hematology data. While there was significant variance between pharmacists, individual navigation patterns remained constant across cases. CONCLUSION: The study results suggest that in addition to medication information, laboratory data and clinical notes are key focuses of ICU pharmacist review of patient records and that navigation to multiple screens is required in order to view these data with the EHR. New pharmacy-specific EHR interfaces should consolidate these elements within a primary interface.

Pilot Testing of Simulation in the Evaluation of a Novel, Rapidly Deployable Electronic Health Record for use in Disaster Intensive Care.

OBJECTIVES: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the need for rapid creation and management of ICU field hospitals with effective remote monitoring which is dependent on the rapid deployment and integration of an Electronic Health Record (EHR). We describe the use of simulation to evaluate a rapidly scalable hub-and-spoke model for EHR deployment and monitoring using asynchronous training. METHODS: We adapted existing commercial EHR products to serve as the point of entry from a simulated hospital and a separate system for tele-ICU support and monitoring of the interfaced data. To train our users we created a modular video-based curriculum to facilitate asynchronous training. Effectiveness of the curriculum was assessed through completion of common ICU documentation tasks in a high-fidelity simulation. Additional endpoints include assessment of EHR navigation, user satisfaction (Net Promoter), system usability (System Usability Scale-SUS), and cognitive load (NASA-TLX). RESULTS: A total of 5 participants achieved a 100% task completion on all domains except ventilator data (91%). Systems demonstrated high degrees of satisfaction (Net Promoter = 65.2), acceptable usability (SUS = 66.5), and acceptable cognitive load (NASA-TLX = 41.5); with higher levels of cognitive load correlating with the number of screens employed. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical usability of a comprehensive and rapidly deployable EHR was acceptable in an intensive care simulation which was preceded by < 1 hour of video education about the EHR. This model should be considered in plans for integrated clinical response with remote and accessory facilities.

The Value of Quick Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment Scores in Patients With Acute Pancreatitis Who Present to Emergency Departments: A Three-Year Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Distinguishing sepsis from other inflammatory syndromes continues to be a clinical challenge. The goal of risk stratification tools is to differentiate sepsis from other conditions. We compare the ability of quick sepsis-related organ failure assessment (qSOFA) and systemic inflammatory responses syndrome (SIRS) scores to predict prolonged length of stay (LOS) among patients who presented to the emergency department and hospital ward with acute pancreatitis (AP). METHODS: We compiled a retrospective database of all adult patients hospitalized for AP during 2015 - 2018 at a single tertiary care center. Independent t-tests, Pearson's correlation and multiple regressions were performed with hospital LOS as the dependent variable, versus demographic characteristics and etiology of the pancreatitis as independent variables. Prolonged LOS was defined as > 5 days. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of an SIRS score of 2 or greater for the detection of patients with prolonged LOS were 61% and 80%, respectively. The qSOFA score of 2 or greater corresponded to a diagnosis of significant AP with a specificity of 99% and a sensitivity of 4%. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that each point increase in an SIRS score is associated with 2.24 days in additional hospital LOS. Interestingly, SIRS scores were found to correlate with the LOS, but not qSOFA. CONCLUSION: The qSOFA is a tool designed to identify patients at high risk of mortality due to sepsis. The data suggest that as with sepsis, patients with AP who are triaged with only qSOFA could be underrecognized and subsequently undertreated. Secondarily, the data suggest that SIRS scoring has the potential to promptly predict how long patients with AP will stay in the hospital.