The association between subclinical mastitis around calving and reproductive performance in grazing dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of subclinical mastitis (SCM) on calving-to-first-service interval (CFS), calving-to-conception interval (CC), and on the number of services per conception (S/C) in grazing Holstein and Normande cows. Primiparous (n=43) and multiparous (n=165) cows were selected from five dairy herds. Two composite milk samples were aseptically collected from each cow at drying-off, and then every week during the first postpartum month. One sample was used for somatic cell count (SCC), and the other one for bacteriological analysis. Cows were followed up to 300 d after calving. Non-parametric and parametric survival models, and negative binomial regression were used to assess the association between SCM, evaluated by SCC and milk culture, and reproductive indices. Staphylococcus aureus, CNS, and Streptococcus uberis were the most frequent isolated pathogens. Subclinical mastitis in the first month of lactation was not associated with CFS; however, the CC interval was longer in cows with SCM compared to healthy cows, the former also had a higher number of S/C.

Efectividad de la administración oral versus intramuscular de vitamina B12 en pacientes con deficiencia: revisión sistemática / Efectiviness of the oral administration versus intramuscular of B12 vitamin in patients with deficiency: systematic review

La deficiencia de la vitamina B12 o cobalamina es una condición muy común y es una de las causas más importantes de la anemia. Puede ser tratada con un tratamiento oral o intramuscular. Se realizó una síntesis de la evidencia a través de una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que hayan comparado ambos tratamientos para el manejo de estos pacientes. La estrategia de búsqueda incluyó ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA); las bases de datos usadas fueron: Medline, Cochrane Central, Lilacs y Cinahl. Además se realizó una búsqueda electrónica en Google Scholar. Los resultados obtenidos fueron de tres artículos que cumplían con nuestros criterios de elegibilidad. El objetivo de esta revisión fue determinar si existe evidencia científica que avale la efectividad de la administración oral versus intramuscular de la vitamina B12 para el tratamiento de su deficiencia. Se concluyó que existe moderada evidencia que la administración de la vitamina B12 oral es más efectiva que la administración intramuscular a mediano plazo en el volumen sérico de cobalamina en pacientes con déficit de vitamina B12.

Vitamin B12 or cobalamin deficiency is a very common condition and is one of the most important causes of anemia. It can be treated with oral or intramuscular treatment. A summary of the evidence will be made through a systematic review of rando-mized clinical trials that have compared both treatments for the management of these patients. The objective of this review was to determine whether there is scientific evidence supporting the effectiveness of oral versus intramuscular vitamin B12 treatment ofits deficiency. The search strategy included randomized clinical trials (RCTs); databases used were: Medline, Cochrane Central, Lilacs and CINAHL. Also an electronic search in Google Scho-lar was performed. The results were three articles that met our eligibility criteria. We conclude that there is moderate evidence that the administration of oral vitamin B12 is most effective in the medium term increment serum cobalamin volume in patients with vitamin B12 deficiency.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5, a node protein in diminished tauopathy: a systems biology approach.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. One of the main pathological changes that occurs in AD is the intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein in neurons. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is one of the major kinases involved in Tau phosphorylation, directly phosphorylating various residues and simultaneously regulating various substrates such as kinases and phosphatases that influence Tau phosphorylation in a synergistic and antagonistic way. It remains unknown how the interaction between CDK5 and its substrates promotes Tau phosphorylation, and systemic approaches are needed that allow an analysis of all the proteins involved. In this review, the role of the CDK5 signaling pathway in Tau hyperphosphorylation is described, an in silico model of the CDK5 signaling pathway is presented. The relationship among these theoretical and computational models shows that the regulation of Tau phosphorylation by PP2A and glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK3ß) is essential under basal conditions and also describes the leading role of CDK5 under excitotoxic conditions, where silencing of CDK5 can generate changes in these enzymes to reverse a pathological condition that simulates AD.

Guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia and their implementation. The Spanish "Zero-VAP" bundle

"BACKGROUND: ""Zero-VAP"" is a proposal for the implementation of a simultaneous multimodal intervention in Spanish intensive care units (ICU) consisting of a bundle of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) prevention measures. METHODS/DESIGN: An initiative of the Spanish Societies of Intensive Care Medicine and of Intensive Care Nurses, the project is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Health, and participation is voluntary. In addition to guidelines for VAP prevention, the ""Zero-VAP"" Project incorporates an integral patient safety program and continuous online validation of the application of the bundle. For the latter, VAP episodes and participation indices are entered into the web-based Spanish ICU Infection Surveillance Program ""ENVIN-HELICS"" database, which provides continuous information about local, regional and national VAP incidence rates. Implementation of the guidelines aims at the reduction of VAP to less than 9 episodes per 1000 days of mechanical ventilation. A total of 35 preventive measures were initially selected. A task force of experts used the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group methodology to generate a list of 7 basic ""mandatory"" recommendations (education and training in airway management, strict hand hygiene for airway management, cuff pressure control, oral hygiene with chlorhexidine, semi-recumbent positioning, promoting measures that safely avoid or reduce time on ventilator, and discouraging scheduled changes of ventilator circuits, humidifiers and endotracheal tubes) and 3 additional ""highly recommended"" measures (selective decontamination of the digestive tract, aspiration of subglottic secretions, and a short course of iv antibiotic). DISCUSSION: We present the Spanish VAP prevention guidelines and describe the methodology used for the selection and implementation of the recommendations and the organizational structure of the project. Compared to conventional guideline documents, the associated safety assurance program, the online data recording and compliance control systems, as well as the existence of a pre-defined objective are the distinct features of ""Zero VAP"""

El folículo piloso: una importante fuente celular en ingeniería tisular / Hair follicle: an important cellular source in tissue engineering

El folículo piloso-sebáceo o unidad folículo-sebácea-apócrina es un órgano microscópico complejo funcional y estructuralmente. Consta de un segmento superior, estable y un segmento inferior, que se regenera en cada ciclo piloso. El folículo piloso contiene una gran diversidad de tipos celulares, entre los que se encuentran células madre. De hecho, supone el nicho más importante de células madre en la piel, con la ventaja añadida de su fácil accesibilidad. Estas células madre se localizan en una prominencia a nivel de la inserción del músculo erector del pelo, llamada "bulge" (promontorio). Son las encargadas de regenerar el folículo en cada ciclo y también intervienen en la reconstitución de las glándulas sebáceas y de la epidermis interfolicular, en caso de lesión epidérmica. El conocimiento de la estructura del folículo piloso, está haciendo posible cada vez más el empleo de los distintos tipos celulares, especialmente, las células madre, en la ingeniería tisular de la piel. Asimismo, estudios recientes han diferenciado las células madres foliculares a diferentes estirpes, como por ejemplo: células nerviosas, hematopoyéticas y vasculares. Además, se ha estudiado la construcción de folículos pilosos, con resultados satisfactorios en ratones, aunque no del todo superponibles a humanos, en los que se precisan más investigaciones. La posibilidad de generar folículos pilosos humanos, supondría una revolución en el amplio campo de las alopecias. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir la estructura anatómica e histológica del folículo piloso, enfatizando en la importancia del mismo como nicho de células madre y su potencial utilidad en el campo de la ingeniería tisular, para la construcción de diversos tipos de tejidos.

The hair follicle is a microscopic organ, functionally and structurally complex. It can be divided into two distinct segments, the upper portion, stable and the lower portion, that undergoes regeneration every hair cycle. The hair follicle contains a variety of cells types, including stem cells. It fact, it is the most important niche of stem cells in the skin, with the added advantage of its easy accessibility. These stem cells are located in a prominence at the level of the insertion of the arrector pili muscle, called bulge. They are responsible of hair follicle regeneration each hair cycle, and also can form sebaceous glands and help in repopulation of the interfollicular epidermis after injury. The knowledge of hair follicle structure is making possible the use of different types of cells, especially stem cells, in skin tissue engineering. Furthermore, recent studies have differentiated follicle stem cells into different strains, for example: nervous, hematopoietic and vascular cells. Moreover, other late studies have focused on the hair follicle construction, with satisfactory results in mice, but not completely transferable to humans, which further research is needed. The possibility of human hair follicle regeneration would suppose a revolution in the broad world of alopecia. The aim of this review is to describe the anatomical and histological structure of the hair follicle, emphasizing the importance as stem cell niche, and its potential usefulness in the field of tissue engineering for the construction of various types of tissues.

El folículo piloso: una importante fuente celular en ingeniería tisular / Hair follicle: an important cellular source in tissue engineering

El folículo piloso-sebáceo o unidad folículo-sebácea-apócrina es un órgano microscópico complejo funcional y estructuralmente. Consta de un segmento superior, estable y un segmento inferior, que se regenera en cada ciclo piloso. El folículo piloso contiene una gran diversidad de tipos celulares, entre los que se encuentran células madre. De hecho, supone el nicho más importante de células madre en la piel, con la ventaja añadida de su fácil accesibilidad. Estas células madre se localizan en una prominencia a nivel de la inserción del músculo erector del pelo, llamada "bulge" (promontorio). Son las encargadas de regenerar el folículo en cada ciclo y también intervienen en la reconstitución de las glándulas sebáceas y de la epidermis interfolicular, en caso de lesión epidérmica. El conocimiento de la estructura del folículo piloso, está haciendo posible cada vez más el empleo de los distintos tipos celulares, especialmente, las células madre, en la ingeniería tisular de la piel. Asimismo, estudios recientes han diferenciado las células madres foliculares a diferentes estirpes, como por ejemplo: células nerviosas, hematopoyéticas y vasculares. Además, se ha estudiado la construcción de folículos pilosos, con resultados satisfactorios en ratones, aunque no del todo superponibles a humanos, en los que se precisan más investigaciones. La posibilidad de generar folículos pilosos humanos, supondría una revolución en el amplio campo de las alopecias. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir la estructura anatómica e histológica del folículo piloso, enfatizando en la importancia del mismo como nicho de células madre y su potencial utilidad en el campo de la ingeniería tisular, para la construcción de diversos tipos de tejidos.(AU)

The hair follicle is a microscopic organ, functionally and structurally complex. It can be divided into two distinct segments, the upper portion, stable and the lower portion, that undergoes regeneration every hair cycle. The hair follicle contains a variety of cells types, including stem cells. It fact, it is the most important niche of stem cells in the skin, with the added advantage of its easy accessibility. These stem cells are located in a prominence at the level of the insertion of the arrector pili muscle, called bulge. They are responsible of hair follicle regeneration each hair cycle, and also can form sebaceous glands and help in repopulation of the interfollicular epidermis after injury. The knowledge of hair follicle structure is making possible the use of different types of cells, especially stem cells, in skin tissue engineering. Furthermore, recent studies have differentiated follicle stem cells into different strains, for example: nervous, hematopoietic and vascular cells. Moreover, other late studies have focused on the hair follicle construction, with satisfactory results in mice, but not completely transferable to humans, which further research is needed. The possibility of human hair follicle regeneration would suppose a revolution in the broad world of alopecia. The aim of this review is to describe the anatomical and histological structure of the hair follicle, emphasizing the importance as stem cell niche, and its potential usefulness in the field of tissue engineering for the construction of various types of tissues.(AU)

Assessment of Three Alternating Pressure Sequences Applied to a Dynamic Cushion to Relieve Pressure on Seating Areas / Evaluación de tres secuencias de inflado alternantes aplicadas a un cojín dinámico para la liberación de presión en el área de sentado

Pressure ulcers are injuries to the skin and/or underlying tissues caused by prolonged high pressures on supporting body areas, they affect mainly people with poor mobility that have stayed in seating position for a long time. Reducing the amount and duration of pressure has been widely accepted for minimizing the risk of formation of pressure ulcers. Recently, dynamic cushions have been developed to relieve pressure on supporting areas; nevertheless, there is no sufficient information about the adequate characteristics of alternating sequences for pressure ulcers prevention. Therefore, the aim of this work is to explore three sequences of alternating movements designed for an air cell cushion by comparing pressure redistribution on supporting areas when applied on healthy volunteers. The purpose of these sequences is to redistribute the pressure over a larger contact area. To evaluate the effect of the alternating sequences, eight healthy volunteers were asked to sit on the air cell cushion, and to try the three alternating sequences for 12 minutes, 2 minutes on static mode and 10 minutes on alternating mode. A parameter for quantitative assessment of alternating sequences was proposed in this work by determining the coefficient of variation of interface pressure. Furthermore, the percentage of relative change of coefficient of variation was computed for evaluating performance of the alternating sequences comparing to the static mode. It was found that the three proposed strategies maintained values of interface pressure lower than previous work. Additionally, the relative change allowed to differentiate the effects of alternation of each sequence showing the second strategy as the most effective. The results are encouraging for further studies in subjects who require a wheelchair for mobility.

Las úlceras por presión son lesiones en la piel y tejidos subyacentes, causadas por presiones excesivas y prolongadas en las superficies de apoyo del cuerpo. Estas lesiones afectan principalmente a personas con poca movilidad física, como aquellas que permanecen sentados por largos periodos. Para disminuir el riesgo del padecimiento de estas lesiones, se ha recomendado como punto de partida reducir la magnitud y el tiempo de acción de las presiones en las zonas de apoyo. Se han desarrollado cojines dinámicos para sillas de ruedas, los cuales generan movimientos alternantes en las diferentes zonas de apoyo, producido por la inyección de aire, con el fin de disminuir las presiones en esas zonas. Sin embargo, no se han encontrado referencias de las características adecuadas de las secuencias de movimientos alternantes para prevenir la aparición de esas lesiones. El propósito de este trabajo es evaluar tres secuencias de movimientos alternantes diseñadas para un cojín de aire. La evaluación se realizó comparando la distribución de presiones en zonas de apoyo antes y durante la aplicación de estas secuencias alternantes en personas sanas. Las secuencias propuestas se aplican para el inflado y desinflado de celdas que forman el cojín y fueron diseñadas con el objetivo de distribuir las presiones en un área mayor de apoyo. La prueba se realizó en 8 sujetos sanos, con un tiempo de estudio de 12 minutos para cada secuencia diseñada; 2 minutos en modo estático y 10 minutos en modo alternante. Se propuso determinar el coeficiente de variación para evaluar de forma cuantitativa el efecto de las secuencias alternantes sobre la presión de interfaz. Además se calculó el porcentaje de variación relativa del coeficiente de variabilidad entre los modos basal (estático) y alternante como una herramienta para evaluar el desempeño de las secuencias propuestas en relación a la presión de interfaz. Se encontró que las tres estrategias mantuvieron presiones de interfaz por debajo de los valores reportados en trabajos previos. El porcentaje de variación relativa permitió diferenciar el efecto de la alternancia de cada una de las secuencias propuestas, mostrando la segunda estrategia como la más efectiva. Los resultados obtenidos son alentadores para continuar el estudio en sujetos que requieren una silla de ruedas para su movilidad.

Modified cementless total coxofemoral prosthesis: development, implantation and clinical evaluation / Prótese coxofemoral não cimentada: desenvolvimento, implantação e avaliação clínica

The aim of this study was to modify canine coxofemoral prostheses and the clinical evaluation of the implantation. Fifteen canine hips and femora of cadavers were used in order to study the surface points of modification in prostheses and develop a perforation guide. Femoral stems and acetabular components were perforated and coated with biphasic calcium phosphate layer. Twelve young adult male mongrel dogs were implanted with coxofemoral prostheses. Six were operated upon and implanted with cemented canine modular hip prostheses, establishing the control group. The remaining six were implanted with a novel design of cementless porous tricalcic phosphate-hydroxyapatite coated hip prostheses. Clinical and orthopedic performance, complications, and thigh muscular hypotrophy were assessed up to the 120th post-operatory day. After 120 days, animals with cementless prostheses had similar clinical and orthopedic performance compared to the cemented group despite the increased pain thigh hypotrophy. Animals that underwent cementless hip prosthesis evidenced more pain, compared to animals with cemented hip prosthesis that required longer recuperation time. No luxations, two fractures and two isquiatic neurapraxies were identified in the course of the study. Using both the cemented and the bioactive coated cementless model were suitable to dogs, showing clinical satisfactory results. Osseointegration and biological fixation were observed in the animals with the modified cementless hip prosthesis.

O objetivo deste estudo foi modificar a prótese coxofemoral canina cimentada e avaliar os efeitos clínicos. Foram utilizadas 15 pelves e 15 fêmures de cadáveres de cães para modificações da haste, do componente acetabular e para a confecção de guia de perfuração. As hastes e componentes acetabulares foram perfurados e revestidos com uma camada de fosfato de cálcio bifásico. Doze cães machos, adultos jovens, sem raça definida, foram submetidos à cirurgia para o implante de prótese coxofemoral total. Seis cães receberam prótese modular cimentada, grupo controle, e seis, a prótese modificada não cimentada com revestimento de fosfato de cálcio bifásico. Foram avaliados a técnica de implantação, o desempenho clínico, o grau de hipotrofia muscular da coxa e as complicações durante 120 dias. Os animais com prótese não cimentada mostraram desempenho clínico similar aos animais com a prótese cimentada, porém mostraram maior hipotrofia muscular decorrente de dor e maior tempo de recuperação. Não foram observadas luxações. No entanto, duas fraturas e dois casos de neurapraxia isquiádica foram observados. A utilização de ambas as próteses coxofemorais, cimentada e não cimentada, com recobrimento bioativo são eficientes no cão, com resultados clínicos satisfatórios, mas a osteointegração e fixação biológica ocorreram na prótese com recobrimento de fosfato de cálcio bifásico, objetivo do tratamento que previne afrouxamento futuro.

Modified cementless total coxofemoral prosthesis: development, implantation and clinical evaluation / Prótese coxofemoral não cimentada: desenvolvimento, implantação e avaliação clínica

The aim of this study was to modify canine coxofemoral prostheses and the clinical evaluation of the implantation. Fifteen canine hips and femora of cadavers were used in order to study the surface points of modification in prostheses and develop a perforation guide. Femoral stems and acetabular components were perforated and coated with biphasic calcium phosphate layer. Twelve young adult male mongrel dogs were implanted with coxofemoral prostheses. Six were operated upon and implanted with cemented canine modular hip prostheses, establishing the control group. The remaining six were implanted with a novel design of cementless porous tricalcic phosphate-hydroxyapatite coated hip prostheses. Clinical and orthopedic performance, complications, and thigh muscular hypotrophy were assessed up to the 120th post-operatory day. After 120 days, animals with cementless prostheses had similar clinical and orthopedic performance compared to the cemented group despite the increased pain thigh hypotrophy. Animals that underwent cementless hip prosthesis evidenced more pain, compared to animals with cemented hip prosthesis that required longer recuperation time. No luxations, two fractures and two isquiatic neurapraxies were identified in the course of the study. Using both the cemented and the bioactive coated cementless model were suitable to dogs, showing clinical satisfactory results. Osseointegration and biological fixation were observed in the animals with the modified cementless hip prosthesis.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi modificar a prótese coxofemoral canina cimentada e avaliar os efeitos clínicos. Foram utilizadas 15 pelves e 15 fêmures de cadáveres de cães para modificações da haste, do componente acetabular e para a confecção de guia de perfuração. As hastes e componentes acetabulares foram perfurados e revestidos com uma camada de fosfato de cálcio bifásico. Doze cães machos, adultos jovens, sem raça definida, foram submetidos à cirurgia para o implante de prótese coxofemoral total. Seis cães receberam prótese modular cimentada, grupo controle, e seis, a prótese modificada não cimentada com revestimento de fosfato de cálcio bifásico. Foram avaliados a técnica de implantação, o desempenho clínico, o grau de hipotrofia muscular da coxa e as complicações durante 120 dias. Os animais com prótese não cimentada mostraram desempenho clínico similar aos animais com a prótese cimentada, porém mostraram maior hipotrofia muscular decorrente de dor e maior tempo de recuperação. Não foram observadas luxações. No entanto, duas fraturas e dois casos de neurapraxia isquiádica foram observados. A utilização de ambas as próteses coxofemorais, cimentada e não cimentada, com recobrimento bioativo são eficientes no cão, com resultados clínicos satisfatórios, mas a osteointegração e fixação biológica ocorreram na prótese com recobrimento de fosfato de cálcio bifásico, objetivo do tratamento que previne afrouxamento futuro.(AU)

[Identification and early nutritional support in hospitalized malnourished patients]. / Reconocimiento y soporte nutricional precoz en pacientes hospitalizados desnutridos.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of hyponutrition in hospitalized patients in our setting is 53%. The therapeutic approach is controversial. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether an early nutritional intervention in hospitalized patients by means of oral nutritional support can improve their prognosis regarding decreased morbimortality and hospital stay. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Randomized prospective study comprised by a treatment group and a control group of malnourished patients hospitalized at the Internal Medicine and Respiratory Medicine Departments. The nutritional diagnosis was made by using the Subjective Global Assessment. Groups B and C were assigned to receive the hospital diet according to their needs and pathology (control group) and the treatment group also received a standard nutritional supplement. We recorded the development of infections, pressure ulcers, hospitalization days, mortality, and weight. RESULTS: We performed more than 1,700 Subjective Global Assessments. Five hundred and thirty seven patients (264 treated and 273 controls) were followed-up until hospital discharge or death. We did not find statistically significant differences in mortality, hospital stay, or occurrence of complications between the treatment group and the control group. The treatment group presented statistically significant weight increase as compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: We could not demonstrate benefits when using the oral nutritional supplement in terms of mortality, hospital stay, infectious complications, or pressure ulcers. The significant weight increase in the treatment group allowed us concluding that the supplement effectively treated hyponutrition in this group. This new clinical status implies a better prognosis, as it has already been shown. However, this could not be observed by means of the study parameters. Long-term studies are required to determine for how long this nutritional improvement can be sustained, implying a better prognosis in the long run.

Enfermedades prevalentes de la infancia en las Américas / Diseases prevalent in childhood in the Americas

La presente publicación contiene información relevante acerca de la situación de los países de la Región de las Américas con relación a la salud infantil y, particularmente; con relación a la supervivencia de los niños y niñas menores de cinco años y la evolución de la mortalidad total, por enfermedades respiratorias y diarreicas durante los últimos decenios. Incluye capítulos generales que brindan un panorama de las enfermedades prevalentes de la infancia en América del Norte, América Central, Cono Sur, Área Andina y el Caribe Latino; y pone de manifiesto las diferencias existentes entre estas regiones y entre los países que las componen, que son una expresión de la brecha que aún existe en la distribución del acceso a y al uso de las intervenciones para la prevención, el tratamiento y la promoción de la salud infantil.

Digestibility and ruminal digestion kinetics of corn silage

A degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS) de silagens de milho em dois estados de maturidade (grão leitoso e meia linha de leite), de conhecida digestibilidade in vivo e in vitro, foi determinada com o propósito principal de comparar valores de digestibilidade com a degradabilidade no rúmen após 24 e 48h de incubação. Também foi analisada a cinética da digestão no rúmen, pelo modelo exponencial de McDonald, e foi calculada a degradabilidade efetiva, assumindo uma taxa de passagem de 4%/h. Dados de digestibilidade in vivo, in vitro e de degradabilidade in situ a 24 e 48h foram analisados com um modelo linear que incluiu o efeito do estado de maturação e metodologia de avaliação. Houve efeito significativo (P<0,05) da metodologia na estimação da digestibilidade, mas não foi encontrado efeito da maturação ou da interação maturação x metodologia. A digestibilidade in vivo (52,9%) não foi diferente da degradabilidade in situ a 24h (55,6%), e apresentou valores numéricos na amplitude dos valores da degradabilidade efetiva. A digestibilidade in vitro (61,6%) não foi diferente da degradabilidade in situ a 48h (61,9%), e ambas as alternativas foram maiores do que a digestilidade in vivo. A degradabilidade in situ a 24h de incubação é um bom preditor da digestibilidade in vivo da silagem de milho. Este parâmetro foi superestimado em 15-20% pela digestibilidade in vitro e pela degradabilidade in situ a 48h de incubação.

Digestibility and ruminal digestion kinetics of corn silage / Digestibilidade e cinética da digestão no rúmen de silagem de milho

The in situ dry matter (DM) disappearance of corn silages in two maturity stages (milk grain and half milk line) of known in vivo and in vitro digestibility was determined, with the main purpose of comparing digestibility values with the ruminal disappearance at 24 and 48h of incubation. A secondary goal was the description of their ruminal digestion kinetics, from which the effective degradability was calculated at an assumed passage rate of 4%/h. Data of in vivo, in vitro and in situ degradability at 24 and 48-h were analyzed with a linear model that included as fixed effects the maturity and the methodology of evaluation, and the kinetic data were described by the exponential model of McDonald. There was a significant effect (P<0.05) of methodology in the estimation of digestibility, but not of maturity or interaction maturity × methodology. The in vivo digestibility (52.9%) was not different from the 24-h in situ degradability (55.6%) with numerical values in the range of the effective degradability. The in vitro digestibility (61.6%) was not different from the 48-h in situ degradability (61.9%), being both estimates higher than the in vivo digestibility. The 24-h in situ degradability was a closer estimator of the in vivo digestibility and the 48-h in situ degradability and the in vitro digestibility overestimated the in vivo parameter by 15-20%.(AU)

A degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS) de silagens de milho em dois estados de maturidade (grão leitoso e meia linha de leite), de conhecida digestibilidade in vivo e in vitro, foi determinada com o propósito principal de comparar valores de digestibilidade com a degradabilidade no rúmen após 24 e 48h de incubação. Também foi analisada a cinética da digestão no rúmen, pelo modelo exponencial de McDonald, e foi calculada a degradabilidade efetiva, assumindo uma taxa de passagem de 4%/h. Dados de digestibilidade in vivo, in vitro e de degradabilidade in situ a 24 e 48h foram analisados com um modelo linear que incluiu o efeito do estado de maturação e metodologia de avaliação. Houve efeito significativo (P<0,05) da metodologia na estimação da digestibilidade, mas não foi encontrado efeito da maturação ou da interação maturação × metodologia. A digestibilidade in vivo (52,9%) não foi diferente da degradabilidade in situ a 24h (55,6%), e apresentou valores numéricos na amplitude dos valores da degradabilidade efetiva. A digestibilidade in vitro (61,6%) não foi diferente da degradabilidade in situ a 48h (61,9%), e ambas as alternativas foram maiores do que a digestilidade in vivo. A degradabilidade in situ a 24h de incubação é um bom preditor da digestibilidade in vivo da silagem de milho. Este parâmetro foi superestimado em 15-20% pela digestibilidade in vitro e pela degradabilidade in situ a 48h de incubação.(AU)

Prótese coxofemoral em cães: relato de dois casos / Coxofemoral prosthesis in dogs: two cases

Foram realizadas duas cirurgias de prótese total da articulação coxofemoral em cão. Em um caso observou-se luxação caudal da prótese 72 horas após a cirurgia, que foi reduzida pelo método fechado, mantendo-se bandagem de Ehmer por 15 dias.O segundo caso evoluiu favoravelmente sem complicações pós-operatórias.Os dois pacientes foram avaliados periodicamente por 18 meses, mostrando desempenho clínico satisfatório, o que mostra a eficiência da técnica.

Prótese coxofemoral em cães: relato de dois casos / Coxofemoral prosthesis in dogs: two cases

Foram realizadas duas cirurgias de prótese total da articulação coxofemoral em cão. Em um caso observou-se luxação caudal da prótese 72 horas após a cirurgia, que foi reduzida pelo método fechado, mantendo-se bandagem de Ehmer por 15 dias.O segundo caso evoluiu favoravelmente sem complicações pós-operatórias.Os dois pacientes foram avaliados periodicamente por 18 meses, mostrando desempenho clínico satisfatório, o que mostra a eficiência da técnica.(AU)

Two canine total hip replacements were performed. In one case, caudal luxation was observed 72 hours after the surgery, and it was treated by the closed reduction method, maintaining the Ehmer's sling for 15 days. The second case evoluted favourably without any postsurgical complication. Both patients were periodically evaluated during the 18 months that followed the surgery, showing a satisfactory clinical performance, that suggests the efficacy of the surgical technique.(AU)

Avaliaçäo radiológica e artroscópica e histologia da membrana sinovial do joelho de cäes tratados com associaçäo de sulfato de condroitina e hialuronato de sódio, após doença articular degenerativa induzida experimentalmente / Radiological, arthroscopical evaluation and synovial membrane histology of the knee of dogs treated with chondroitin sulphate- sodium hialuronate association after experimental degenerative joint disease

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a associaçäo de hialuronato de sódio e sulfato de condroitina no tratamento da doença articular degenerativa (DAD) em cäes. Dez cäes sem raça definida foram submetidos à secçäo artroscópica do ligamento cruzado cranial visando o desenvolvimento da DAD. Após 21 dias, foi substituído cirurgicamente o ligamento cruzado cranial em todos os animais e iniciado o tratamento com associaçäo de hialuronato de sódio e sulfato de condroitina em cinco cäes, sendo os remanescentes utilizados como grupo-controle. Avaliaçöes artroscópica e radiológica do membro posterior esquerdo foram realizadas antes da secçäo do ligamento, no dia da sua substituiçäo e 90 dias após a cirurgia. Histologicamente, o efeito da associaçäo de hialuronato de sódio e sulfato de condroitina foi mais evidente na membrana sinovial, observando-se regeneraçäo da camada íntima e diminuiçäo da infiltraçäo linfoplasmocitária na sub-íntima. Artroscópica e macroscopicamente näo houve prevençäo das lesöes cartilaginosas decorrentes da DAD.

Avaliação radiológica e artroscópica e histologia da membrana sinovial do joelho de cães tratados com associação de sulfato de condroitina e hialuronato de sódio, após doença articular degenerativa induzida experimentalmente / Radiological, arthroscopical evaluation and synovial membrane histology of the knee of dogs treated with chondroitin sulphate- sodium hialuronate association after experimental degenerative joint disease

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a associação de hialuronato de sódio e sulfato de condroitina no tratamento da doença articular degenerativa (DAD) em cães. Dez cães sem raça definida foram submetidos à secção artroscópica do ligamento cruzado cranial visando o desenvolvimento da DAD. Após 21 dias, foi substituído cirurgicamente o ligamento cruzado cranial em todos os animais e iniciado o tratamento com associação de hialuronato de sódio e sulfato de condroitina em cinco cães, sendo os remanescentes utilizados como grupo-controle. Avaliações artroscópica e radiológica do membro posterior esquerdo foram realizadas antes da secção do ligamento, no dia da sua substituição e 90 dias após a cirurgia. Histologicamente, o efeito da associação de hialuronato de sódio e sulfato de condroitina foi mais evidente na membrana sinovial, observando-se regeneração da camada íntima e diminuição da infiltração linfoplasmocitária na sub-íntima. Artroscópica e macroscopicamente não houve prevenção das lesões cartilaginosas decorrentes da DAD.(AU)

The aim of this study was the assessment of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate association in the therapy of degenerative joint disease (DJD) in dogs. Ten mongrel dogs underwent arthroscopic section of cruciate cranial ligament aiming the development of DJD. Twenty one days after the procedure, surgical substitution of cruciate cranial ligament was carried out in all animals. Then five animals were treated with the combination of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate. The other five dogs were used as controls. Arthroscopical and radiological evaluations of the left fore limb were carried out before arthroscopic section at the some day and 90 days after cruciate cranial ligament substitution. Histologically the effect of the association of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate was more evident in the synovial membrane that had regeneration of the intimal layer and reduced lympho-plasmocitic infiltrate in the sub-intimal layer. However, the treatment did not prevent DJD cartilage lesions evaluated by arthroscopy and radiology.(AU)

[Diagnostic value of the criteria of the International Headache Society in the differential diagnosis of primary headaches]. / Valor diagnóstico de los criterios de la International Headache Society en el diagnóstico diferencial de las cefaleas primarias.

INTRODUCTION: In this research we study primary headaches, which are currently considered to be a public health problem. We also examine the fact that an ever increasing number of people are affected and that in some cases such headaches can eventually be disabling because they bring about different degrees of functional deterioration, which leads to negative repercussions on occupational capacity and on the quality of life of the people who suffer them. AIMS. Our aim is to determine the diagnostic value of the criteria of the International Headache Society (IHS) in the differential diagnosis of tension type headaches (TH) and migraine (M) in patients who attend the Neurology outpatients department at the Dr. Luis Guada Lacau clinic. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 100 consecutive patients, over the period between March and August 2001, were studied and, through an interview, we applied the IHS criteria to determine the type of primary headache they suffered from; blind comparisons of results were conducted against the diagnosis provided by an expert. RESULTS: Findings reveal a high degree of sensitivity (84, 85, 92 and 89%) for migraine with aura (MA), migraine without aura (MWA), TH, M + TH, respectively, and a specificity of 92, 95, 95 and 96% for MA, MWA, TH, M + TH, respectively, which correlates with the values obtained for the positive and negative predictive values, and the positive and negative probability coefficient. CONCLUSIONS: The IHS criteria are of great value in establishing HT, MA or MWA diagnoses and in those in which TH and M are presented together, and can therefore be used without risk in medical practice, if they are applied correctly. We recommend the use of these criteria in the General medicine and the Neurology clinic to detect cases of primary headaches and classify them correctly, thus enabling a correct diagnosis and effective therapy to be established.