Exploring the diversity and composition of soil microbial communities in different soybean-maize management systems.

Soybean-maize are cultivated in different management systems, such as no-tillage and pastures, which presents potential to add organic residues, and it can potentially impacts the soil microbial community present in these systems. Thus, this study aimed to examine the effects of different soybean-maize management practices on the diversity and composition of soil microbial communities. Specifically, 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used to investigate whether the use of pasture species in a fallowing system influences microbial communities in a soybean-maize rotation system, as compared to conventional tillage and no-tillage systems. The results indicate that the inclusion of the pasture species Urochloa brizantha in soybean-maize management systems leads to distinct responses within the soil microbial community. It was found that different soybean-maize management systems, particularly those with U. brizantha, affected the microbial community, likely due to the management applied to this pasture species. The system with 3 years of fallowing before soybean-maize showed the lowest microbial richness (∼2000 operational taxonomic units) and diversity index (∼6.0). Proteobacteria (∼30%), Acidobacteria (∼15%), and Verrucomicrobia (∼10%) were found to be the most abundant phyla in the soil under tropical native vegetation, while soils under cropland had an increased abundance of Firmicutes (∼30% to ∼50%) and Actinobacteria (∼30% to ∼35%). To summarize, this study identified the impacts of various soybean-maize management practices on the soil microbial community and emphasized the advantages of adding U. brizantha as a fallow species.

Evaluation of some microbiological attributes of the soil in two different management systems / Avaliação de atributos microbiológicos do solo em dois diferentes sistemas de manejo

The maintenance of organic matter in tropical soils and the use of soil quality indicators that can express its changes in sustainable agricultural systems is very important for monitoring the health of these ecosystems with high productivity and longevity. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate, through enzymatic responses of microbiological activity, variations resulting from different cultivation systems under sandy soil conditions in western of São Paulo State. In this purpose, the measurement of the parameters microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (NBM), dehydrogenase (DNSE), basal respiration (BR) and the metabolic quotient (qCO2) in two culture systems characterized by being a succession of annual crops with soybean/corn (annual crops) and the other under perennial pasture of the genus Urochloa (pasture), respectively. It was verified that the two systems presented different behaviors related to the evaluated microbiological attributes, showing higher values in the evaluated microbial attributes in the area where Urochloa grass was cultivated.

A manutenção da matéria orgânica em solos tropicais e o uso de indicadores de qualidade do solo que possam expressar suas alterações em sistemas agrícolas sustentáveis é de grande importância para o monitoramento da saúde desses ecossistemas com alta produtividade e longevidade. Buscou-se neste experimento avaliar dois diferentes sistemas de cultivo sob condições de solos arenosos do oeste paulista, respostas diferentes nas atividades microbiológicas, decorrentes destes manejos. Neste sentido, procedeu-se a mensuração dos parâmetros carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana (NBM), desidrogenase (DNASE), respiração basal (RB) e o quociente metabólico (qCO2), em dois sistemas de cultivo agrícola caracterizados por serem sucessão de culturas anuais com soja/milho (cultivos anuais) e o outro sob pastagem perene do gênero Urochloa (pastagens), respectivamente. Verificou-se que os dois sistemas apresentaram comportamentos diferentes relacionados aos atributos microbiológicos avaliados, apresentando maiores valores dos atributos biológicos na área onde havia o cultivo da gramínea do gênero Urochloa.

Mauritia flexuosa palm trees airborne mapping with deep convolutional neural network.

Accurately mapping individual tree species in densely forested environments is crucial to forest inventory. When considering only RGB images, this is a challenging task for many automatic photogrammetry processes. The main reason for that is the spectral similarity between species in RGB scenes, which can be a hindrance for most automatic methods. This paper presents a deep learning-based approach to detect an important multi-use species of palm trees (Mauritia flexuosa; i.e., Buriti) on aerial RGB imagery. In South-America, this palm tree is essential for many indigenous and local communities because of its characteristics. The species is also a valuable indicator of water resources, which comes as a benefit for mapping its location. The method is based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to identify and geolocate singular tree species in a high-complexity forest environment. The results returned a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.75 trees and an F1-measure of 86.9%. These results are better than Faster R-CNN and RetinaNet methods considering equal experiment conditions. In conclusion, the method presented is efficient to deal with a high-density forest scenario and can accurately map the location of single species like the M. flexuosa palm tree and may be useful for future frameworks.

Dynamics of bacterial and archaeal communities along the composting of tannery sludge.

The process of composting has been proposed as a biological alternative to improve the quality of tannery sludge (TS) by the action of microbial communities. However, there is limited knowledge about the dynamic of these microbial communities during the composting process. This study assessed the responses of bacterial and archaeal communities during TS composting using the 16S rRNA sequencing. The composting process occurred within 90 days, and samples of compost were collected on day 7 (d7; mesophilic stage), 30 (d30; thermophilic stage), 60 (d60; cooling stage), and 90 (d90; maturation stage). The results showed a succession of microbial phyla during the composting with enrichment of Synergistetes, WS1, and Euryarchaeota at the mesophilic stage, while at the thermophilic stage, there was an enrichment of Hydrogenedentes, WPS-2, Chloroflexi, and Deinococcus-Thermus. At the cooling stage, there was an enrichment of Kiritimatiellaeota, and at the maturation stage, there was an enrichment of Entotheonellaeota, Dadabacteria, Nitrospirae, Dependiatiae, and Fibrobacteres. When analyzing the drivers influencing microbial communities, Cr and pH presented more negative correlations with general phyla. In contrast, S, C, K, temperature, and N presented more positive correlations, while Ni, Cd, and P showed fewer correlations. According to niche occupancy, we observed a decreased proportion of generalists with a consequently increased proportion of specialists following the composting process. This study showed that different stages of the composting present a specific microbial community structure and dynamics, which are related to some specific composting characteristics.

Microbial co-occurrence network and its key microorganisms in soil with permanent application of composted tannery sludge.

Soil microbial communities act on important environmental processes, being sensitive to the application of wastes, mainly those potential contaminants, such as tannery sludge. Due to the microbiome complexity, graph-theoretical approaches have been applied to represent model microbial communities interactions and identify important taxa, mainly in contaminated soils. Herein, we performed network and statistical analyses into microbial 16S rRNA gene sequencing data from soil samples with the application of different levels of composted tannery sludge (CTS) to assess the most connected nodes and the nodes that act as bridges to identify key microbes within each community. The network analysis revealed hubs belonging to Proteobacteria in soil with lower CTS rates, while active degraders of recalcitrant and pollutant chemical hubs belonging to Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were found in soils under the highest CTS rates. The majority of classified connectors belonged to Actinobacteria, but similarly to hubs taxa, they shifted from metabolic functional profile to taxa with abilities to degrade toxic compounds, revealing a soil perturbation with the CTS application on community organization, which also impacted the community modularity. Members of Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria were identified as both hub and connector suggesting their role as keystone groups. Thus, these results offered us interesting insights about crucial taxa, their response to environmental alterations, and possible implications for the ecosystem.

Validation of soil quality index in soil using bioindicator plant / Validação do índice da qualidade do solo com planta bioindicadora

Soils provide a broad set of vital ecosystem services and sustains the production of food and fibers, balancing the ecosystem. Thus, from the perspective of soil quality, it is defined as an ability to balance within the ecosystem to sustain biological productivity, promoting the health of plants and animals, being evaluated by traditional indicators as physical, chemical and biological indicators, so the present work aims to estimate the soil quality index using multivariate models using soil biological attributes and validation with growth variables of the bioindicator plant. The study was developed in the agricultural area in P. Prudente, SP, the points collected were georeferenced, collections in depth of 0 -20 cm, microbiological analysis, microbial carbon and nitrogen biomass, dehydrogenase, respiration and microbial coefficient, having a bioindicator plant curly lettuce (Lucy Brown) as a validator of the soil. The results were discovered using the PCA model for the identification of autos vectors and autos values, grouping and identifying their collinearities, linear regression, r-pearson validation and cluster heuristic analysis. The microbial attributes and the bioindicator plant discriminated the agricultural areas evaluated with establishment and validation of SQI. The metabolic coefficient and N of the microbial biomass dissipation of the highest covariance values by multivariate analysis. The reforestation area with native species (SQI0.782%) and the livestock crop integration system (SQI0.765%) were evaluated as areas with better soil quality.(AU)

O solo fornece o conjunto de serviços ambientais vitaise dinâmico que condiciona e sustenta a produção de alimentos e fibras, balanceando o ecossistema, dessa forma, sob a ótica da qualidade do solo é definida como a capacidade de se equilibrar dentro do ecossistema para sustentar a produtividade biológica, promovendo a saúde das plantas e animais, sendo avaliada pelos indicadores tradicionais como indicadores físicos, químicos e biológicos, assim o presente trabalho tem como objetivo estimar índice qualidade do solo com uso de modelos multivariados utilizando-se de atributos biológicos do solo e validação com variáveis de crescimento da planta bioindicadora. O estudo foi desenvolvido na área agrícola da universidade do Oeste Paulista, campus II, os pontos coletados foram georreferenciados, coletatos em profundidade de 0 –20 cm, realizado as análises microbiológicas, biomassa microbiana do carbono e nitrogênio, desidrogenase, respiração e coeficiente microbiano, tendo a planta bioindicadora alface crespa (Lucy Brown) como validador do solo. Os resultados foram submetidos ao modelo de PCA para a identificação dos autos vetores e autos valores agrupando e identificando suas colinearidades, regressão linear, validação r-pearson e análise heurística de cluster. Os atributos microbianos e a planta bioindicadora discriminaram as áreas agrícolas avaliadas com atribuição e validação de SQI. O coeficiente metabólico e N da biomassa microbiana apresentaram os maiores valores de covariância pela análise multivariada. A área de reflorestamentocom espécies nativas (SQI0,782%) e o sistema de integração lavoura pecuária (SQI0,765%) foram consideradas as áreas com melhor qualidade de solo.(AU)

Validation of soil quality index in soil using bioindicator plant / Validação do índice da qualidade do solo com planta bioindicadora

Soils provide a broad set of vital ecosystem services and sustains the production of food and fibers, balancing the ecosystem. Thus, from the perspective of soil quality, it is defined as an ability to balance within the ecosystem to sustain biological productivity, promoting the health of plants and animals, being evaluated by traditional indicators as physical, chemical and biological indicators, so the present work aims to estimate the soil quality index using multivariate models using soil biological attributes and validation with growth variables of the bioindicator plant. The study was developed in the agricultural area in P. Prudente, SP, the points collected were georeferenced, collections in depth of 0 -20 cm, microbiological analysis, microbial carbon and nitrogen biomass, dehydrogenase, respiration and microbial coefficient, having a bioindicator plant curly lettuce (Lucy Brown) as a validator of the soil. The results were discovered using the PCA model for the identification of autos vectors and autos values, grouping and identifying their collinearities, linear regression, r-pearson validation and cluster heuristic analysis. The microbial attributes and the bioindicator plant discriminated the agricultural areas evaluated with establishment and validation of SQI. The metabolic coefficient and N of the microbial biomass dissipation of the highest covariance values by multivariate analysis. The reforestation area with native species (SQI0.782%) and the livestock crop integration system (SQI0.765%) were evaluated as areas with better soil quality.

O solo fornece o conjunto de serviços ambientais vitaise dinâmico que condiciona e sustenta a produção de alimentos e fibras, balanceando o ecossistema, dessa forma, sob a ótica da qualidade do solo é definida como a capacidade de se equilibrar dentro do ecossistema para sustentar a produtividade biológica, promovendo a saúde das plantas e animais, sendo avaliada pelos indicadores tradicionais como indicadores físicos, químicos e biológicos, assim o presente trabalho tem como objetivo estimar índice qualidade do solo com uso de modelos multivariados utilizando-se de atributos biológicos do solo e validação com variáveis de crescimento da planta bioindicadora. O estudo foi desenvolvido na área agrícola da universidade do Oeste Paulista, campus II, os pontos coletados foram georreferenciados, coletatos em profundidade de 0 –20 cm, realizado as análises microbiológicas, biomassa microbiana do carbono e nitrogênio, desidrogenase, respiração e coeficiente microbiano, tendo a planta bioindicadora alface crespa (Lucy Brown) como validador do solo. Os resultados foram submetidos ao modelo de PCA para a identificação dos autos vetores e autos valores agrupando e identificando suas colinearidades, regressão linear, validação r-pearson e análise heurística de cluster. Os atributos microbianos e a planta bioindicadora discriminaram as áreas agrícolas avaliadas com atribuição e validação de SQI. O coeficiente metabólico e N da biomassa microbiana apresentaram os maiores valores de covariância pela análise multivariada. A área de reflorestamentocom espécies nativas (SQI0,782%) e o sistema de integração lavoura pecuária (SQI0,765%) foram consideradas as áreas com melhor qualidade de solo.

Long-term effect of composted tannery sludge on soil chemical and biological parameters.

Composting has been recommended as a suitable alternative for recycling wastes and could improve tannery sludge (TS) before its use. However, the long-term application of composted tannery sludge (CTS) may bring concerns about its effects on soil properties and, consequently, on plants and environment, mainly when considering Cr contamination. In this study, we summarize the responses of soil chemical and biological parameters in a 10-year study with yearly applications of CTS. Chemical and biological parameters were assessed in soil samples, and the multivariate analysis method principal response curve (PRC) was used to show the temporal changes in all the biological and chemical properties caused by CTS. The PRC analysis showed different long-term response patterns of chemical and biological parameters according to the rates of CTS. Interestingly, Cr content increased strongly in the first 5 years and only increased slightly in the following 5 years. The yearly applications of CTS changed the biological and chemical parameters of the soil, negatively and positively, respectively. Organic matter, K and P, increased during the 10 years of application, while soil pH and Cr concentration increased, and soil microbial biomass and enzymes activity decreased.

Responses of soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity to herbicides imazethapyr and flumioxazin.

The use of herbicides is important for controlling weeds in crops. However, they can present impacts on soil properties, such as biological properties. In this study, we evaluated the responses of soil microbial biomass and enzymes activity to the application of the herbicides imazethapyr and flumioxazin and their mixture in an experiment under laboratory conditions, using soils with a different history of use. Soil microbial biomass C (MBC) decreased, while microbial biomass N (MBN) was not affected after the application of the herbicides as compared to the control. Soil respiration, respiratory quotient, and dehydrogenase (DHA) activity increased significantly after the application of the herbicides compared to the control. The hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) was not significantly different between the control and the herbicide treatments. The principal response curve showed the largest initial effects for the flumioxazin, followed by imazethapyr and their mixture. Flumioxazin had a different influence on soil respiration and respiratory quotient than imazethapyr and their mixture. Finally, the effects of herbicides on soil microbial biomass and enzymes are short-term as we observed recovery in the biological parameters over time.

Uso de vinhaça como biofertilizante: efeito na nodulação, crescimento e acúmulo de nutrientes no cultivo da soja / Vinhaça as a biofertilizer in soybean culture: effect on nodulation, growth and nutrient aculmulation

A vinhaça é um resíduo orgânico líquido proveniente do processo de fermentação para obtenção de substâncias alcoólicas, principalmente o etanol. É rica em potássio, nutriente essencial para o desenvolvimento da soja. A vinhaça é um resíduo classe II (não perigoso) caracterizado pela ausência de metais pesados e contaminantes patogênicos, por isso pode ser utilizada como biofertilizante em diversas culturas agrícolas. Objetivou-se através do presente trabalho estudar o efeito da aplicação de vinhaça na forma “in natura” e “concentrada” como fonte de potássio em substituição parcial e total na cultura da soja. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em função das condições da vinhaça (in natura e concentrada), aplicado na semeadura e em cobertura quando associado com a adubação mineral com cloreto de potássio na semeadura. No primeiro ano de cultivo a utilização da vinhaça promove melhores condições para nodulação e crescimento da planta. A vinhaça não afeta a nodulação da soja nos dois momentos de aplicação (semeadura e cobertura). A vinhaça pode ser utilizada como biofertilizante em substituição parcial ou total da adubação mineral com cloreto de potássio em soja, independentemente de sua forma de aplicação (in natura ou concentrada).(AU)

Vinasse is a liquid organic waste from the fermentation process to obtain alcoholic substances, mainly ethanol. It is rich in potassium, essential nutrient for soy development. Vinasse is a class II (non-hazardous) residue characterized by the absence of heavy metals and pathogenic contaminants, so it can be used as biofertilizer in various agricultural crops. The objective of the present work was to study the effect of application of “fresh” and “concentrated” vinasse as potassium source in partial and total substitution in soybean crop. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were distributed according to the conditions of the vinasse (fresh and concentrated), applied at sowing and covering when associated with mineral fertilization with potassium chloride at sowing. In the first year of cultivation the use of vinasse promotes better conditions for nodulation and plant growth. Vinasse does not affect soybean nodulation at both application times (sowing and mulching). Vinasse can be used as biofertilizer in partial or total substitution of potassium chloride mineral fertilization in soybean, regardless of its application form (fresh or concentrated).(AU)

Uso de vinhaça como biofertilizante: efeito na nodulação, crescimento e acúmulo de nutrientes no cultivo da soja / Vinhaça as a biofertilizer in soybean culture: effect on nodulation, growth and nutrient aculmulation

A vinhaça é um resíduo orgânico líquido proveniente do processo de fermentação para obtenção de substâncias alcoólicas, principalmente o etanol. É rica em potássio, nutriente essencial para o desenvolvimento da soja. A vinhaça é um resíduo classe II (não perigoso) caracterizado pela ausência de metais pesados e contaminantes patogênicos, por isso pode ser utilizada como biofertilizante em diversas culturas agrícolas. Objetivou-se através do presente trabalho estudar o efeito da aplicação de vinhaça na forma “in natura” e “concentrada” como fonte de potássio em substituição parcial e total na cultura da soja. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em função das condições da vinhaça (in natura e concentrada), aplicado na semeadura e em cobertura quando associado com a adubação mineral com cloreto de potássio na semeadura. No primeiro ano de cultivo a utilização da vinhaça promove melhores condições para nodulação e crescimento da planta. A vinhaça não afeta a nodulação da soja nos dois momentos de aplicação (semeadura e cobertura). A vinhaça pode ser utilizada como biofertilizante em substituição parcial ou total da adubação mineral com cloreto de potássio em soja, independentemente de sua forma de aplicação (in natura ou concentrada).

Vinasse is a liquid organic waste from the fermentation process to obtain alcoholic substances, mainly ethanol. It is rich in potassium, essential nutrient for soy development. Vinasse is a class II (non-hazardous) residue characterized by the absence of heavy metals and pathogenic contaminants, so it can be used as biofertilizer in various agricultural crops. The objective of the present work was to study the effect of application of “fresh” and “concentrated” vinasse as potassium source in partial and total substitution in soybean crop. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were distributed according to the conditions of the vinasse (fresh and concentrated), applied at sowing and covering when associated with mineral fertilization with potassium chloride at sowing. In the first year of cultivation the use of vinasse promotes better conditions for nodulation and plant growth. Vinasse does not affect soybean nodulation at both application times (sowing and mulching). Vinasse can be used as biofertilizer in partial or total substitution of potassium chloride mineral fertilization in soybean, regardless of its application form (fresh or concentrated).

Protist species richness and soil microbiome complexity increase towards climax vegetation in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Biodiversity underlies ecosystem functioning. While aboveground biodiversity is often well studied, the belowground microbiome, in particular protists, remains largely unknown. Indeed, holistic insights into soil microbiome structures in natural soils, especially in hyperdiverse biomes such as the Brazilian Cerrado, remain unexplored. Here, we study the soil microbiome across four major vegetation zones of the Cerrado, ranging from grass-dominated to tree-dominated vegetation with a focus on protists. We show that protist taxon richness increases towards the tree-dominated climax vegetation. Early successional habitats consisting of primary grass vegetation host most potential plant pathogens and least animal parasites. Using network analyses combining protist with prokaryotic and fungal sequences, we show that microbiome complexity increases towards climax vegetation. Together, this suggests that protists are key microbiome components and that vegetation succession towards climax vegetation is stimulated by higher loads of animal and plant pathogens. At the same time, an increase in microbiome complexity towards climax vegetation might enhance system stability.

Avaliação sobre a redução da atividade microbiana na adubação orgânica e sua influência no crescimento do milho e respiração do solo / Evaluation on the reduction of microbial activity in organic fertilization and its influence on maize growth and soil respiration

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da incorporação de matéria orgânica natural e matéria orgânica irradiada ao solo, sobre o crescimento do milho e respiração do solo. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e laboratório de microbiologia. Para a adubação orgânica foi utilizado esterco bovino curtido retirado da fazenda de produção de leite. Para redução da atividade microbiana no esterco utilizou-se a técnica da irradiação utilizando-se o forno micro-ondas. O delineamento experimental empregado foi de blocos inteiramente casualizados contendo cinco tratamentos, com e sem irradiação e quatro repetições. Com 65 dias após a semeadura, foram feitas as avaliações da altura e massa seca de plantas. Foi também realizada a coleta de amostras de solo para a avaliação da atividade microbiana pelo método da respiração basal do solo. A aplicação do esterco natural favoreceu a maior atividade microbiana no solo quando comparada a mesma matéria orgânica irradiada. O esterco natural promoveu o maior crescimento do milho indicando doses próximas de dez toneladas por hectare com ajuste quadrático significativo (p<0,05) o que não ocorreu no uso do esterco irradiado que proporcionou ajuste linear.(AU)

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of organic matter and organic matter irradiated to the soil, on corn growth and soil respiration. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and microbiology laboratory. For organic fertilization, bovine manure was taken from the dairy farm. To reduce microbial activity in manure, the irradiation technique was used using the microwave oven. The experimental design was a completely randomized block containing five treatments, with and without irradiation and four replications. At 65 days after sowing, height and dry mass evaluations of plants were made. Soil samples were also collected for the evaluation of microbial activity by basal soil respiration method. The application of natural manure favored the greater microbial activity in the soil when compared to the same organic matter irradiated. Natural manure promoted the highest growth of maize indicating doses close to ten tons per hectare with a significant quadratic adjustment (p <0.05), which did not occur in the use of irradiated manure that provided linear adjustment.(AU)

Avaliação sobre a redução da atividade microbiana na adubação orgânica e sua influência no crescimento do milho e respiração do solo / Evaluation on the reduction of microbial activity in organic fertilization and its influence on maize growth and soil respiration

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da incorporação de matéria orgânica natural e matéria orgânica irradiada ao solo, sobre o crescimento do milho e respiração do solo. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e laboratório de microbiologia. Para a adubação orgânica foi utilizado esterco bovino curtido retirado da fazenda de produção de leite. Para redução da atividade microbiana no esterco utilizou-se a técnica da irradiação utilizando-se o forno micro-ondas. O delineamento experimental empregado foi de blocos inteiramente casualizados contendo cinco tratamentos, com e sem irradiação e quatro repetições. Com 65 dias após a semeadura, foram feitas as avaliações da altura e massa seca de plantas. Foi também realizada a coleta de amostras de solo para a avaliação da atividade microbiana pelo método da respiração basal do solo. A aplicação do esterco natural favoreceu a maior atividade microbiana no solo quando comparada a mesma matéria orgânica irradiada. O esterco natural promoveu o maior crescimento do milho indicando doses próximas de dez toneladas por hectare com ajuste quadrático significativo (p<0,05) o que não ocorreu no uso do esterco irradiado que proporcionou ajuste linear.

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of organic matter and organic matter irradiated to the soil, on corn growth and soil respiration. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and microbiology laboratory. For organic fertilization, bovine manure was taken from the dairy farm. To reduce microbial activity in manure, the irradiation technique was used using the microwave oven. The experimental design was a completely randomized block containing five treatments, with and without irradiation and four replications. At 65 days after sowing, height and dry mass evaluations of plants were made. Soil samples were also collected for the evaluation of microbial activity by basal soil respiration method. The application of natural manure favored the greater microbial activity in the soil when compared to the same organic matter irradiated. Natural manure promoted the highest growth of maize indicating doses close to ten tons per hectare with a significant quadratic adjustment (p <0.05), which did not occur in the use of irradiated manure that provided linear adjustment.

Less abundant bacterial groups are more affected than the most abundant groups in composted tannery sludge-treated soil.

The application of composted tannery sludge (CTS) has promoted shifts in soil chemical properties and, therefore, can affect the soil bacterial community. This study assessed the effect of the CTS on the soil bacterial community over time. The CTS was applied at five rates (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 t/ha), and the bacterial community was evaluated for 180 days. The principal curve response (PRC) analysis showed that the most abundant phyla were not influenced by the CTS rates over time, while the analysis of the bacterial community showed that some of the less abundant phyla were influenced by the CTS rates. Similarly, the PRC analysis for the bacterial classes showed the significant effect of the CTS rates. The redundancy analyses for the bacterial phyla and classes showed the relationship between the significant chemical properties and the bacterial community of the soil after the CTS amendment over time. Therefore, there was a shift in the bacterial community over time with the application of the composted tannery sludge. Our study has shown that the less abundant bacterial groups were more influenced by the CTS than the most abundant bacterial groups and that these bacterial groups were driven by soil chemical properties, primarily chromium (Cr) and the soil pH.

Bacillus subtilis improves maize tolerance to salinity

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical responses of maize, under saline stress, inoculated with Bacillus subtilis. Four levels of salinity were assessed: 0mM, 50mM, 100mM, and 200mM of sodium chloride (NaCl). Saline conditions influenced negatively maize growth. However, the inoculation of B. subtilis improved the plant growth at highest level of NaCl. Chlorophyll content decreased while proline increased in inoculated plants submitted to highest salt levels. Also, B. subtilis increased the relative water content in leaves. B. subtilis improves the plant growth under salinity and ameliorates the biochemical damages in maize.

RESUMO: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a resposta bioquímica do milho, sob stresse salino, inoculado com Bacillus subtilis. Quatro níveis de salinidade foram avaliados: 0mM, 50mM, 100mM e 200mM de cloreto de sódio (NaCl). Condições salinas influenciaram negativamente o crescimento do milho. Entretanto, a inoculação com B. subtilis melhorou o crescimento das plantas no maior nível de NaCl. O teor de clorofila decresceu enquanto que a prolina aumentou em plantas submetidas aos níveis salinos e inoculadas com B. subtilis. B. subtilis também aumentou o conteúdo de agua foliar. A inoculação com B. subtilis promove melhor crescimento das plantas sob salinidade e atenua os danos bioquímicos no milho.

Bacillus subtilis improves maize tolerance to salinity / Bacillus subtilis melhora a tolerância do milho a salinidade

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical responses of maize, under saline stress, inoculated with Bacillus subtilis. Four levels of salinity were assessed: 0mM, 50mM, 100mM, and 200mM of sodium chloride (NaCl). Saline conditions influenced negatively maize growth. However, the inoculation of B. subtilis improved the plant growth at highest level of NaCl. Chlorophyll content decreased while proline increased in inoculated plants submitted to highest salt levels. Also, B. subtilis increased the relative water content in leaves. B. subtilis improves the plant growth under salinity and ameliorates the biochemical damages in maize.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a resposta bioquímica do milho, sob stresse salino, inoculado com Bacillus subtilis. Quatro níveis de salinidade foram avaliados: 0mM, 50mM, 100mM e 200mM de cloreto de sódio (NaCl). Condições salinas influenciaram negativamente o crescimento do milho. Entretanto, a inoculação com B. subtilis melhorou o crescimento das plantas no maior nível de NaCl. O teor de clorofila decresceu enquanto que a prolina aumentou em plantas submetidas aos níveis salinos e inoculadas com B. subtilis. B. subtilis também aumentou o conteúdo de agua foliar. A inoculação com B. subtilis promove melhor crescimento das plantas sob salinidade e atenua os danos bioquímicos no milho.(AU)

Bacillus subtilis improves maize tolerance to salinity / Bacillus subtilis melhora a tolerância do milho a salinidade

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical responses of maize, under saline stress, inoculated with Bacillus subtilis. Four levels of salinity were assessed: 0mM, 50mM, 100mM, and 200mM of sodium chloride (NaCl). Saline conditions influenced negatively maize growth. However, the inoculation of B. subtilis improved the plant growth at highest level of NaCl. Chlorophyll content decreased while proline increased in inoculated plants submitted to highest salt levels. Also, B. subtilis increased the relative water content in leaves. B. subtilis improves the plant growth under salinity and ameliorates the biochemical damages in maize.

RESUMO: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a resposta bioquímica do milho, sob stresse salino, inoculado com Bacillus subtilis. Quatro níveis de salinidade foram avaliados: 0mM, 50mM, 100mM e 200mM de cloreto de sódio (NaCl). Condições salinas influenciaram negativamente o crescimento do milho. Entretanto, a inoculação com B. subtilis melhorou o crescimento das plantas no maior nível de NaCl. O teor de clorofila decresceu enquanto que a prolina aumentou em plantas submetidas aos níveis salinos e inoculadas com B. subtilis. B. subtilis também aumentou o conteúdo de agua foliar. A inoculação com B. subtilis promove melhor crescimento das plantas sob salinidade e atenua os danos bioquímicos no milho.

Contraception and family planning at the extreme of reproductive life-climacteric / Anticoncepção e planejamento familiar no extremo da vida reprodutiva-climatério

SUMMARY Menopause is an endocrine phenomenon characterized by gradual estrogen decline. This is a stage in a woman's life in which contraception is extremely important as the risks associated with pregnancy and childbirth increase, both maternal issues associated with higher incidence of comorbidities and issues related to fetal abnormalities, mitochondrial abnormalities, or genetic syndromes. On the other hand, there is a growing number of women who have postponed motherhood and need effective contraception, but without prolonging the return to fertility. Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), low-dose oral hormonal contraceptives and non-oral contraceptives are preferred. The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system is a very good alternative that can maintain endometrial protection after menopause. Definitive methods such as tubal ligation and vasectomy are options for couples that already have their offspring. In this review, we present evidence for contraceptive indication and the effects of hormonal methods on climacteric including options for contraception, control of bleeding during perimenopause and of climacteric symptoms, as well as the transition from such methods to hormone therapy if indicated.

Resumo O climatério é um fenômeno endócrino caracterizado pelo gradativo declínio estrogênico. Esta é uma fase da vida da mulher em que a contracepção tem crescente importância, uma vez que crescem os riscos no ciclo gravídico-puerperal, seja por questões maternas, associadas à maior incidência de comorbidades, seja por questões ligadas a malformações fetais, anormalidades mitocondriais ou síndromes genéticas. Por outro lado, é cada vez maior o número de mulheres que tem postergado a maternidade, necessitando de contracepção eficiente; porém, que não prolongue o retorno à fertilidade. Dá-se preferência para métodos contraceptivos de longa duração (LARC), baixas doses hormonais orais e administradas por vias não orais. O sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel é ótima alternativa, podendo manter proteção endometrial na pós-menopausa. Os métodos definitivos, como laqueadura e vasectomia, são opções para o casal com prole constituída. Nesta revisão apresentamos evidências para indicação e efeitos dos métodos hormonais no climatério, como opções contraceptivas, para controle de sangramento perimenopausa e de sintomas climatéricos, bem como a transição destes para a terapia hormonal quando indicada.

Contraception and family planning at the extreme of reproductive life - climacteric.

Menopause is an endocrine phenomenon characterized by gradual estrogen decline. This is a stage in a woman's life in which contraception is extremely important as the risks associated with pregnancy and childbirth increase, both maternal issues associated with higher incidence of comorbidities and issues related to fetal abnormalities, mitochondrial abnormalities, or genetic syndromes. On the other hand, there is a growing number of women who have postponed motherhood and need effective contraception, but without prolonging the return to fertility. Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), low-dose oral hormonal contraceptives and non-oral contraceptives are preferred. The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system is a very good alternative that can maintain endometrial protection after menopause. Definitive methods such as tubal ligation and vasectomy are options for couples that already have their offspring. In this review, we present evidence for contraceptive indication and the effects of hormonal methods on climacteric including options for contraception, control of bleeding during perimenopause and of climacteric symptoms, as well as the transition from such methods to hormone therapy if indicated.