A Single-Port, Multiple-Access, Custom-Made Device Used in Laparoscopically Assisted Cryptorchidectomy in Standing Horses-A Preliminary Study.

This study evaluates a new multiport device with single access to the abdominal cavity produced with routine hospital supplies that could be applied to laparoscopically assisted cryptorchidectomy in standing horses. Initially, the new device was evaluated on five cadavers of bovine fetuses (n = 5), placed assisted in a minilaparotomy performed in the flank region. Subsequently, the device was evaluated in four cryptorchid horses treated during the hospital routine. During the evaluation of the new device, the possibilities of exploring the abdominal cavity, inspection, and intra-abdominal manipulation with two Babcock forceps were verified. The possibilities were described, and surgical time data were recorded and analyzed using descriptive statistics. In the cadavers, a wide exploration of the abdominal cavity was possible, with a laparoscopic inspection through the right paralumbar fossa and manipulation of intra-abdominal structures with Babcock forceps inserted by the new device. In cryptorchid horses, laparoscopically assisted cryptorchidectomy with a new device was feasible in two patients, and in the others, it allowed the diagnosis of adhesions and ectopic locations in the inguinal region of testicles retained in the cavity. Therefore, the new device was efficient in exploring the inguinal region of cryptorchid horses in the standing position. The present study is preliminary and can support future studies that aim to improve the developed prototype.

Laparoscopy-assisted percutaneous correction of abdominal wall defects in the umbilical region in a cadaveric model of bovine fetus.

Abdominal wall defects in calves are commonly diagnosed and treated via laparotomy. This technique has witnessed several advancements in the management of these disorders. This study aimed to create a study model and evaluate the feasibility of video-assisted percutaneous correction of abdominal wall defects in bovine fetuses (corpses) compared with the conventional technique. Sixteen bovine fetuses from pregnant cows slaughtered in slaughterhouses were included in this study. The fetuses were categorized into the control group (CG, n = 8), which was subjected to umbilical abdominorrhaphy via laparotomy, and the video-surgical group (VG, n = 8), which received video-assisted percutaneous sutures with two lateral accesses on the right flank. An abdominal wall defect was created in the VG group to generate a study model, which was corrected using the laparoscopic technique. The procedures were performed in two steps. The first step consisted of creating an abdominal wall defect in the umbilical region by laparoscopic approach in an iatrogenic manner (Step 1: E1). The second stage consisted of conventional abdominorrhaphy of the umbilical region wall defect in the CG group and video-assisted percutaneous suturing of the edges of the iatrogenic abdominal wall defect in the VG group, until reversal of the laparoscopic accesses (Step 2: E2). Step 1 showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. However, a significant statistical difference (p < 0.0001) was observed between the two groups in step 2. The surgical time of step 2 was longer in the CG group (33.10 ± 0.43 minutes) than that in the VG group (10.13 ± 0.68 minutes, p < 0.0001), and the total surgical time was also longer in the CG group (38.48 ± 0.35 minutes) than that in the VG group (15.86 ± 0.67 minutes). The proposed laparoscopic technique allowed the creation of a study model for video-assisted percutaneous suturing with two portals and reduced the surgical time compared with the conventional technique. However, this method needs to be studied further in live animals.

Laparoscopy assisted abomasal cannulation in cadavers of bovine fetuses.

BACKGROUND: Due to the complexity of ruminant digestion, cannulation of organs of the digestive tract has been carried out in order to advance the understanding of digestive physiology, nutrient degradability, gastrointestinal diseases and biotechnological research. The abomasal cannulation is interesting for nutritional studies, especially in suckling calves, to obtain fluid and abomasal content, evaluation of abomasal flow and function, and infusion of nutrients and drugs when it is intended to reach high concentrations in the organ. Conventionally, access and cannulation of digestive organs of ruminants has been performed by laparotomy, a method often criticized and classified as cruel by some sectors related to ethics and animal welfare. The aim of this present study is to describe and standardize a minimally invasive by laparoscopy assisted abomasal cannulation in bovine fetuses (cadavers), which had been previously slaughtered by accident and would be discarded in local slaughterhouses. RESULTS: The abomasal cannulation technique was feasible, simple and did not present major difficulties. The surgical time for cannulation of the abomasum, from the insertion of the trocars to the completion of the technique with fixation of the organ to the abdominal wall, ranged from 9 to 27 min, with an average of 15.5 ± 6.62 min. CONCLUSIONS: The Laproscopic assisted abomasal cannulation in bovine fetuses was feasible and safe with minimal tissue injury to the abdominal wall and with short surgical time. More studies in the clinical routine related to minimally invasive abomasal content collection, abomasopexy and abomasotomy are required in order to demonstrate its impact and importance in bovine clinic.

Intra-abdominal resection of the umbilical vein and urachus of bovine fetuses using laparoscopy and celiotomy: surgical time and feasibility (cadaveric study).

Surgical intervention for umbilical diseases in calves, when indicated, is a complementary and indispensable therapeutic resource for the treatment of umbilical conditions and is commonly performed using celiotomy. However, laparoscopy has demonstrated feasibility in many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of the techniques and the surgical time of laparoscopy and celiotomy used in intra-abdominal resection of the umbilical vein and urachus of bovine fetuses (cadavers). Resection of the umbilical vein and urachus using laparoscopy and celiotomy was performed in 26 anatomical specimens (bovine fetuses obtained from an official slaughterhouse). Resection of umbilical structures was feasible with both techniques, but shorter surgical time and minimal tissue damage were achieved using laparoscopy. Laparoscopy requires specialized training and appropriate instruments and is an important tool for diagnostic and therapeutic exploration of the umbilical structures, liver, bladder, and associated/adjacent structures.

Detecção e tratamento de otite por Rhabditis blumi em bovinos da região Norte do Brasil / Detection and treatment of otitis by Rhabditis blumi in cattle of northern Brazil

O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever a ocorrência de otite parasitária causada por Rhabditis blumi em bovinos leiteiros de raça Gir de uma fazenda da região Norte do Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras de 42 bovinos por swab e lavado dos condutos auditivos externos (CAE). Ao exame clínico, 9,5% (4/42) dos bovinos apresentavam sintomatologia nervosa, como leve a moderada rotação da cabeça, apatia, flacidez dos lábios e ptose palpebral unilateral, alopecia das regiões da cabeça e cupim, causados pelo desconforto e prurido da região auricular, alteração na mastigação e acúmulo de alimento na cavidade oral. Adicionalmente, 71,4% (30/42) dos abovinos mostraram a presença do parasita no cerúmen dos condutos auditivos. À análise microscópica do material do saco conjuntival foi observado presença do parasita em 90% (9/10) dos bovinos avaliados. Os 30 bovinos positivos para Rhabditis spp. foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos de 10 animais: (G1) Bovinos controle, (G2) Bovinos tratados com ivermectina 1% pour on e (G3) Bovinos submetidos a lavado dos condutos auditivos externos (CAE). Cada tratamento foi repetido três vezes com intervalo de sete dias. No G1 os 10 bovinos mantiveram-se infectados durante todo o estudo. No G2 20% dos bovinos foram negativos após os dois primeiros tratamentos, porém, mostraram-se positivos na terceira avaliação. No G3 todos os bovinos mantiveram-se positivos, sendo observada apenas diminuição da carga parasitária. A identificação por análise molecular por meio de fragmentos amplificados da expansão D2/D3 do 28S rDNA confirmou a presença apenas da espécie Rhabditis blumi nos animais. Baseado nas observações clínicas, morfológicas e moleculares pode-se relatar o primeiro caso de R. blumi em bovinos da raça Gir no Estado do Pará, através da compra de animais oriundos de áreas onde a otite parasitária tem sido diagnosticada, principalmente de Minas Gerais, para formar animais mestiços (Gir x Holandês). Desta forma ressalta-se a importância do exame clínico prévio dos animais a serem transferidos para outras propriedades ou regiões. Este relato também parece ser o primeiro sobre a presença de R. blumi no saco conjuntival de bovinos. O tratamento com ivermectina no G2 não surtiu melhora clínica dos bovinos.(AU)

This study aimed to describe the occurrence of parasitic otitis caused by Rhabditis blumi in dairy cattle of the Gir race from a farm in northern Brazil. Forty-two samples were collected from cattle by swab washed from the external auditory canal (EAC). On clinical examination, in 71.4% (30/42) of the cattle the parasite was found in the cerumen of the ear canal, along with alopecia of head and hump caused by discomfort and itching of the auricular region. At microscopic analysis of material from the conjunctival sac the parasite was found in 90% (9/10) of the evaluated cattle. In addition, 9.5% (4/42) of the cattle showed nervous symptoms, such as mild to moderate rotation of the head, apathy, flaccid lips and unilateral ptosis, change in chewing and food accumulation in the oral cavity. Thirty cattle positive for Rhabditis spp. were randomly divided into three groups of 10 animals each: (G1) Cattle Control, (G2) Cattle treated with ivermectin 1% pour-on, and (G3) Cattle undergoing wash of the external auditory canal (EAC). Each treatment was repeated three times with intervals of seven days. In G1, 10 cattle remained infected throughout the study. In G2, 20% of the cattle were negative after the first two treatments, however were positive at the third evaluation. In G3, all cattle remained positive, but with decrease in parasite load. Identification by molecular analysis of amplified fragments through the expansion D2/D3 28S rDNA confirmed the presence of only Rhabditis blumi. Based on clinical, morphologic and molecular examination, it appears to be the first report of the occurrence of R. blumi infection in Gir cattle in the State of Pará, due to the purchase of cattle from areas where parasitic otitis has been diagnosed, as from Minas Gerais, to produce crossbred animals (Gir x Holstein). This emphasizes the importance of prior clinical examination by the veterinary service in order to transfer only healthy animals to other properties or regions. This appears also to be the first report on R. blumi infection of the conjunctival sac in cattle. Treatment with ivermectin in G2 did not produce clinical improvement.(AU)