Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with Bixa orellana extract and blue LED in the reduction of halitosis-A randomized, controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the reduction of halitosis when using antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with Bixa orellana extract and blue light-emitting diode (LED). METHODS: Forty-four UNINOVE students or employees with a diagnosis of sulfide (H2S) ≥ 112 ppb in gas chromatography were selected. The patients were randomly divided in groups: Group 1 (n = 15): aPDT with annatto and LED; Group 2 (n = 14): tongue scraping; Group 3 (n = 15): tongue scraping and aPDT. For aPDT, a wasBixa orellana extract used in a concentration of 20 % w/v (Fórmula e Ação®, São Paulo, Brazil) on the tongue for 2 min, associated with a blue-violet LED (Valo Cordless Ultradent® Products, Inc., South Jordan, UT, USA) (395-480 nm). Six points were irradiated on the back of the tongue, at wavelength 395-480 nm for 20 s, energy of 9.6 J and radiant energy of 6.37 J/cm2 per point. The results were compared before, immediately after treatment and 7 days after. The Friedman test was used for the intragroup analysis and the Kruskal Wallis test for the intergroup analysis. RESULTS: In all groups, there was a difference between baseline and the value immediately after the treatment. In Groups 1 and 3, there was no difference between the baseline and the 7 days control. CONCLUSION: There was an immediate reduction of halitosis, but the reduction was not maintained after 7days.

The effects of photodynamic therapy with blue light and papain-based gel associated with Urucum, on collagen and fibroblasts: a spectroscopic and cytotoxicity analysis.

Papacarie Duo™ is clinically used and has proven effectiveness; however, it is necessary to improve its antimicrobial action. The combined treatment of Papacarie Duo™ with Urucum (Bixa Orellana) could create a potential tool for dental caries treatment; its extract obtained from the seeds' pericarp contains a water-soluble primary pigment (cis-bixin) with smaller amounts of other carotenoids. The dicarboxylic acid salts of cis-norbixin and trans-norbixin occur in heated alkaline solutions. To analyze the absorption spectra and cytotoxicity (with human dermal fibroblasts) in different concentrations of Urucum, associated or not with Papacarie Duo™, we performed this in vitro study. The effects of pure Urucum, Papacarie Duo™, and PapaUrucum™ on the microstructure of collagen were also analyzed. The application of papain-based gel with Urucum did not present cytotoxicity, its exhibit UV absorption spectrum peak around 460 ± 20 nm. Also, it showed that the compound used did not alter the chemical structure of collagen. Consequently, this product could be used as a chemomechanical method to remove dentin caries as well as being a potential product for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) application.

Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy action of phenothiazinium dyes in planktonic Candida albicans is increased in sodium dodecyl sulfate.

BACKGROUND: Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is an important therapeutic platform for antimicrobial activity, especially due to the resistant strains, however, the physical-chemical properties of the photosensitizers may affect the final outcome. Recently, this research group showed that the control of aggregation potentiates the PACT action of Methylene Blue. In this study, the researchers investigated the PACT action of other phenothiazinium dyes (PDs), such as Azure A, Azure B (AB), and 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB), and the effects of different mediums which modulate PD aggregation were studied. METHODS: The C. albicans planktonic culture was treated with PDs at different concentrations (0-100.00 mg/L), both in the dark (5 min) and irradiated (640 ±â€¯12 nm LED during 30 min, 2.60 mW/cm2). After the treatments, the diluted samples were grown on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and maintained at 37 °C for 24 h. Later, one single concentration was defined and the inoculum was treated with the compounds in different media (water, phosphate buffer saline - PBS, physiological solution - 0.90 % NaCl, urea 1.00 mol/L, and sodium dodecyl sulfate 0.25 % - SDS), at 20.00 mg/L for AA and AB, and at 0.50 mg/L for DMMB. The cell uptake and the dimer to the monomer ratios were determined by spectrophotometry. RESULTS: PACT with the PDs showed a reduction in the CFU/mL, with DMMB being the most effective due to the higher cell uptake within the series. When PACT was applied in the different mediums, the inactivation response was influenced by the medium. In water, the physiological solution, PBS, and urea showed no significant differences in relation to the control group. On the other hand, SDS potentiated the PACT action, and the inactivation of the microorganism was achieved with AB and DMMB. CONCLUSIONS: In water, DMMB presented the highest PACT action within the PDs being studied, reaching a microorganism inactivation with a 1.00 mg/L solution, mainly due to its high cell uptake. SDS 0.25 % increased the PACT action of the PDs studied, mainly with DMMB and AB, and this may be used in formulations to develop antimicrobial treatments to be used in clinics.

Photodynamic Therapy Associated with a Blue Dye Papain-Based Gel and Evaluation of Its Degradation of Type I Collagen Fibers.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the degradation of type I collagen fibers after treatment with a papain-based gel associated with a blue dye (PapaMBlue™) for use in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For such, 60 bioabsorbable membrane sponge discs were used. Group 1 was the negative control group. In groups 2, 3, and 4, the papain-based gel PapaMBlue gel was applied all over the samples for 4 min and irradiated using red laser (660 ± 10 nm) with 15, 30, and 40 J/cm2, respectively. In group 5, the papain-based gel was applied all over the samples for 4 min. In group 6, the photosensitizing dye was applied all over the samples for 4 min. The compositional analysis of the samples was performed using ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy). The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Neither classic Papacarie™ nor the modified product with a photosensitizing agent (PapaMBlue) promoted collagen degradation. CONCLUSIONS: The irradiation of methylene blue added to papain gel with red light did not alter the chemical structure of type I collagen.