Comparison of different methods of obtaining the rapid shallow breathing index.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the Rapid Shallow Breathing Index (RSBI) obtained by the ventilometer and from mechanical ventilation parameters. METHODS: Randomized crossover trial, including 33 intubated patients, on mechanical ventilation for at least 24 hours, undergoing spontaneous breathing test. Patients were submitted to the measurement of RSBI by four methods: disconnected from the ventilator through the ventilometer; in Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV) mode at a pressure of 7.ßcm H2O; in Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) mode at a pressure of 5.ßcmH2O with flow trigger; in CPAP mode at a pressure of 5.ßcmH2O with pressure trigger. RESULTS: No significant difference was detected between the RSBI obtained by the ventilometer and in the CPAP mode with flow and pressure triggers, however, in the PSV mode, the values were lower than in the other measurements (p.ß<.ß0.001). By selecting patients from the sample with higher RSBI (... 80 cycles.min-1.L-1), the value of the index obtained by the ventilometer was higher than that obtained in the three options of ventilation methods. CONCLUSION: The RSBI obtained in the CPAP mode at a pressure of 5.ßcmH2O, in both triggers types, did not differ from that measured by the ventilometer; it is, therefore, an alternative when obtaining it from mechanical ventilation parameters is necessary. However, in the presence of borderline values, the RSBI measured by ventilometer is recommended, as in this method the values are significantly higher than in the three ventilation modalities investigated.

PrÚ-natal psicol?gico na prevenšNo de depressNo perinatal e ansiedade / Psychological prenatal in the prevention of perinatal depression and anxiety / PsicologÝa prenatal en la prevenci?n de la depresi?n y la ansiedad perinatales

Este estudo objetivou investigar os efeitos da implementašNo de um programa de prÚ-natal psicol?gico (PROM+E) na prevenšNo de sintomatologia depressiva e ansiosa, com base na terapia cognitivo-comportamental, em 60 gestantes atendidas em servišos obstÚtricos p?blicos ou privados, com idades entre 18 e 44 anos (M = 28,77; DP = 7,18 ), alocadas em dois grupos: intervenšNo (n = 27) e controle (n = 33). O primeiro participou de nove encontros semanais, em grupo, alÚm de uma visita domiciliar no inÝcio do puerpÚrio. Na comparašNo intergrupo, as participantes do PROM+E apresentaram redušNo significativa dos sintomas ansiosos e depressivos quando comparadas ao grupo controle, aos 30 dias do puerpÚrio. Na comparašNo intragrupo, no PROM+E esses sintomas diminuÝram com o tempo, com significÔncia aos 30 e 90 dias p?s-parto.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the implementation of a psychological prenatal program (PROM+E) on the prevention of depressive and anxious symptoms in 60 pregnant women who attended public or private obstetric services, aged between 18 and 44 years old (M = 28,77; DP = 7,18), allocated in two groups: intervention (n = 27) and control (n = 33). The first group participated in nine weekly group meetings, as well as a home visit at the beginning of the postpartum period. In the intergroup comparison, the PROM+E participants had a significant reduction in anxious and depressive symptoms compared to the control group at 30 days of puerperium. In the intragroup comparison, in the PROM+E these symptoms decreased with time, with significance at 30 and 90 days postpartum.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los efectos de la implementaci?n de un programa prenatal psicol?gico en terapia cognitivo-comportamental (PROM+E) en la prevenci?n de sÝntomas depresivos y ansiosos en 60 mujeres embarazadas atendidas en servicios obstÚtricos p?blicos o privados, con edades entre los 18 y 44 a?os (M = 28,77; DP = 7,18 ), asignadas en dos grupos: intervenci?n (n = 27) y control (n = 33). El primer grupo particip? en nueve reuniones de grupo semanales, asÝ como en una visita a domicilio al principio del periodo posparto. En la comparaci?n intergrupal, las participantes del PROM+E tuvieron una reducci?n significativa de los sÝntomas ansiosos y depresivos en comparaci?n con el grupo de control a los 30 dÝas del puerperio. En la comparaci?n intragrupo, en el PROM+E estos sÝntomas disminuyeron con el tiempo, con significaci?n a los 30 y 90 dÝas del puerperio.

Neuraxial block anesthetic technique in a patient with SCN8A encephalopathy: case report.

Mutations in SCN8A gene lead to changes in sodium channels in the brain, which are correlated with severe epileptic syndrome. Due to the rarity, there are few studies that support anesthesia in that population. The present study aims to report alternatives to inhalation anesthesia at epileptic encephalopathy. CASE REPORT: Male, 4 years old, with SCN8A encephalopathy with surgical indication of orchidopexy. Neuroaxis block was performed and dexmedetomidine was used as a pre-anesthetic and sedation. The anestheticsurgical act was uneventful. CONCLUSION: The association of neuraxial block and dexmedetomidine proved to be a viable alternative for surgery in patients with SCN8A encephalopathy.

Association between severe anaemia and inflammation, risk of IRIS and death in persons with HIV: A multinational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: After initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART), approximately 25% of people with HIV (PWH) may develop Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS), which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Several reports have demonstrated that low haemoglobin (Hb) levels are a risk factor for IRIS. To what extent the severity of anaemia contributes to the risk of IRIS and/or death is still insufficiently explored. METHODS: We investigated both the presence and severity of anaemia in PWH in a multinational cohort of ART-na..ve patients. A large panel of plasma biomarkers was measured pre-ART and patients were followed up for 6 months. IRIS or deaths during this period were considered as outcomes. We performed multidimensional analyses, logistic regression, and survival curves to delineate associations. FINDINGS: Patients with severe anaemia (SA) presented a distinct systemic inflammatory profile, characterized by higher TNF, IL-6, and IL-27 levels. SA was independently associated with IRIS, with a higher risk of both early IRIS onset and death. Among IRIS patients, those with SA had a higher risk of mycobacterial IRIS. INTERPRETATION: PWH with SA display a more pronounced inflammatory profile, with an elevated risk of developing IRIS earlier and a statistically significant higher risk of death. FUNDING: Intramural Research Program of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health (NIAID/NIH). Coordena...·o de Aperfei..oamento de Pessoal de N.ível Superior (Finance code: 001) and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient.ífico e Tecnol..gico (CNPq), Brazil.

COPD: How can evidence from randomised controlled trials apply to patients treated in everyday clinical practice?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the degree to which evidence from large clinical trials can be applied to patients treated in a local hospital cohort of COPD outpatients. METHODS: The authors selected seventeen RCTs identified in a systematic way from GOLD 2019 consensus document, and applied their inclusion and exclusion criteria to a real-world cohort of a previous cross-sectional study of 303 COPD outpatients included consecutively. RESULTS: When the inclusion criteria of the 17 RCTs were applied to a real-world cohort of COPD outpatients, only a small portion of them were eligible to participate in the referred trials, from 4.29% to 60.07%. However, when both the inclusion and the exclusion criteria were applied, only as little as 3.63% to as much as 40.59% of patients were eligible to participate. Hence, only a small fraction of patients from this cohort could benefit from the findings of these RCTs. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to complement the efficacy evidence provided by large RCTs according to the extent to which their results, designed to target significant patient populations, can be applied to typical patients treated in routine clinical practice.

Predicting lung nodules malignancy.

BACKGROUND: It is critical to developing an accurate method for differentiating between malignant and benign solitary pulmonary nodules. This study aimed was to establish a predicting model of lung nodules malignancy in a real-world setting. METHODS: The authors retrospectively analysed the clinical and computed tomography (CT) data of 121 patients with lung nodules, submitted to percutaneous CT-guided transthoracic biopsy, between 2014 and 2015. Multiple logistic regression was used to screen independent predictors for malignancy and to establish a clinical prediction model to evaluate the probability of malignancy. RESULTS: From a total of 121 patients, 75 (62%) were men and with a mean age of 64.7 years old. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified six independent predictors of malignancy: age, gender, smoking status, current extra-pulmonary cancer, air bronchogram and nodule size (p<0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.8573. CONCLUSIONS: The prediction model established in this study can be used to assess the probability of malignancy in the Portuguese population, thereby providing help for the diagnosis of lung nodules and the selection of follow-up interventions.

Reinforcing the valuable role of gastric ultrasound for volume and content assessment: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary aspiration is one of the most important complications in anesthesiology. Assessment of gastric content by ultrasound is a good method to quantify gastric volume and to determine the risk of intraoperative pulmonary aspiration. The aim of this study is to determine the accuracy of the gastric ultrasonography in the qualitative analysis of gastric content, mainly in the analysis of small amounts of liquid content. METHODS: Gastric ultrasound was performed to 36 patients before upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGI), making two longitudinal scans at the epigastric level, one in supine position and the other in right lateral decubitus position, measuring two diameters and the area of the gastric antrum and assessing the content characteristics determining whether it was an empty stomach or contained fluid or solid content. Subsequently, the ultrasound findings were compared with UGI findings. RESULTS: Gastric areas were analyzed by the trace and the lengths of the craniocaudal and anteroposterior axes concluding that there are no significant differences between the two methods. No statistically significant difference was found between UGI and US assessment technics. No statistically significant difference was found between the estimated volume by UGI and US. CONCLUSIONS: Though our study has some limitations, qualitative analysis of gastric content using ultrasound followed by endoscopy enabled the conclusion that there are no differences in the qualitative assessment regarding these two techniques, supporting the important role of point-of-care gastric ultrasound (POCGUS) in the assessment of pulmonary aspiration risk by the anesthesiologist in the perioperative period.

Quantification of spinosyn A and spinosyn D in animal-derived products using multiwalled carbon nanotubes coupled with LC-MS/MS for analysis.

An analytical method was developed for the quantification of spinosad (sum of spinosyns A and D) in five animal-derived products (chicken breast, pork, beef, egg, and milk) using LC-MS/MS. The sample was extracted using acetonitrile/1% acetic acid and a combination of magnesium sulfate and sodium acetate salts. The sample was purified using multiwalled carbon nanotubes as sorbent via a dispersive-solid-phase extraction procedure. Matrix-matched calibration (seven-point) provided good linearity with coefficient of determination (R2 ) ≥0.99 for each product. The limits of detection and quantification (LOQs) ranged between 0.0003-0.03 and 0.001-0.1 mg/kg, respectively. Method validation was carried out after spiking the target standard to blank matrices at the concentration levels of LOQ, 2 × LOQ, and 10 × LOQ with three replicates for each. The average recoveries were between 74 and 104%, with relative standard deviations ≤9.68, which were within the acceptable range designated by the international organizations. The developed method was successfully applied for monitoring market samples collected throughout the Korean Peninsula, and none of the samples tested positive for the target analytes. It has therefore been shown that dehydration and acidification were effective to extract spinosad from animal-derived products.

Simultaneous Determination of the Flavonoids and Limonoids in Citrus junos Seed Shells Using a UPLC–DAD-ESI/MS

Citrus junos seeds (CS) have been traditionally used for the treatment of cancer and neuralgia. They are also used to manufacture edible oil and cosmetic perfume. A large amount of CS shells without oil (CSS) are discarded after the oil in CS is used as foods or herbal remedy. To efficiently utilize CSS as a by-products, it needs to be studied through chemical analysis. Therefore, we developed an ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)–diode array detection (DAD) method for simultaneous determination and quantitative analysis of five components (two flavonoids and threes limonoids) in CSS. A Waters Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column C18 (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.8 μm) was used for this separation. It was maintained at 40 oC. The mobile phase used for the analysis was distilled water and acetonitrile with gradient elution. To identify the quantity of the five components, a mass spectrometer (MS) with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source was used. The regression equation showed great linearity, with correlation coefficient ≥ 0.9912. Limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) of the five compounds were 0.09 – 0.13 and 0.26 – 0.38 μg/mL, respectively. Recoveries of extraction ranged from 97.45% to 101.91%. Relative standard deviation (RSD) values of intra- and inter-day precision were 0.06 – 1.15% and 0.19 – 0.25%, respectively. This UPLC–DAD method can be validated to simultaneously analyze quantities of marker flavonoids and limonoids in CSS.

Incidência de lesão por pressão em um hospital universitário / Pressure injury incidence in a university hospital

Objetivo: identificar a incidência de lesão por pressão nas unidades de internação de um hospitaluniversitário da região nordeste do brasil. Metodologia: estudo quantitativo, prospectivo e descritivo,realizado com 114 pacientes dos três postos de internação de um hospital universitário da região nordeste dobrasil. a coleta de dados aconteceu durante 60 dias consecutivos no período de 03 de agosto a 01 de outubrode 2015. Resultados: a incidência de lesão por pressão foi de 6,1%, com predominância do sexo feminino,média de idade foi de 50,4 anos, sendo a região sacral a área mais acometida, foram identificadas lesão porpressão em estágio 1 e 2, e o tempo de internação para os que desenvolveram foi de 11 dias. Em relação àsmedidas de prevenção utilizadas na instituição observou-se que muitas vezes a mudança de decúbito eradelegada aos acompanhantes, e que suporte nutricional adequado e manutenção da pele higienizada foram àsmedidas de prevenção que mais se destacaram. Conclusão: os dados evidenciam baixa incidência quandocomparada com outros estudos, entretanto mostram que a maioria das lesões poderiam ter sido evitadas,evidenciando a necessidade e relevância da adoção de medidas baseadas em evidências de prevenção econdução deste agravo.

Objective: to identify the incidence of pressure injuries in inpatient units of a university hospital innortheastern Brazil. Methodology: quantitative, descriptive and prospective study with 114 patients fromthree impatient units of a university hospital in northeastern Brazil. Data collection took place during 60consecutive days in the period from 03 august to 01 october of 2015. Results: the incidence of pressureinjuries was 6.1%, predominantly female, average age was 50.44 years, the sacral region the most affectedarea, pressure injuries were identified in stage i and ii, and the length of stay for patients who developedpressure injuries was 11 days. Regarding preventive measures used in the institution, it was observed thatoften changing positions was delegated to the escort, and the appropriate nutritional support andmaintenance of sanitized skin were the preventive measures that were more noticeable. Conclusion: the datashow a low incidence when compared to other studies. However, the data also show that most pressureinjuries could have been avoided, highlighting the need and relevance of adopting measures aimed atpreventing and conducting this grievance.

Genomic Analysis of miR-21-3p and Expression Pattern with Target Gene in Olive Flounder

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as regulators of gene expression by binding to the 3’ untranslated region (UTR) of target genes. They perform important biological functions in the various species. Among many miRNAs, miR-21-3p is known to serve vital functions in development and apoptosis in olive flounder. Using genomic and bioinformatic tools, evolutionary conservation of miR-21-3p was examined in various species, and expression pattern was analyzed in olive flounder. Conserved sequences (5’-CAGUCG-3’) in numerous species were detected through the stem-loop structure of miR-21-3p. Thus, we analyzed target genes of miR-21-3p. Among them, 3’ UTR region of PPIL2 gene indicated the highest binding affinity with miR-21-3p based on the minimum free energy value. The PPIL2 gene showed high expression levels in testis tissue of the olive flounder, whereas miR-21-3p showed rather ubiquitous expression patterns except in testis tissue, indicating that miR-21-3p seems to control the PPIL2 gene expression in a complementary repression manner in various tissues of olive flounder. Taken together, this current study contributes to infer the target gene candidates for the miR-21-3p using bioinformatics tools. Furthermore, our data offers important information on the relationship between miR-21-3p and target gene for further functional study.

Macronutrient composition of human milk from Korean mothers of full term infants born at 37-42 gestational weeks

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Breast milk is the best available food for optimum growth and development of infants and the breastfeeding rate is increasing in Korea. The purpose of this study is to measure the concentrations of macronutrients and to evaluate their changes according to lactation period in breast milk from lactating Korean women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Milk samples were obtained from 2,632 healthy lactating women (mean age; 32.0 +/- 3.3 years), where the lactating period was up to a period of 8 months, who also volunteered to participate in the Human Milk Macronutrient Analysis Research. Lactose, protein, fat and water content in the breast milk samples were analyzed with infrared spectrometry using MilkoScan FT-2. RESULTS: The mean macronutrient composition per 100 mL of mature breast milk was 7.1 g for lactose, 1.4 g for protein and 3.0 g for fat, and energy content was 61.1 kcal. The protein concentration was significantly lower in milk samples at 1-2 weeks (2.0 g/dL) to 2-3 months (1.4 g/dL) than those at 0-1 week (2.2 g/dL), but it was similar among samples from 3-4 months to 7-8 months (1.3 g/dL). Mean lipid levels varied among different lactational period groups (2.7-3.2 g/dL), but presented no significant difference. Lactose concentration in the milk samples did not differ with lactation period. Maternal body mass index was positively related to protein and lipid breast milk contents, but was negatively related to lactose content. General linear models examining the associations between maternal variables and milk macronutrient content revealed that lactation period had a major impact on protein and lipid, but not on lactose content in breast milk. CONCLUSIONS: These results warrant future studies to explore factors that may be associated with changes in macronutrient content in human milk.

When does stress end? Evidence of a prolonged stress reaction in shiftworking truck drivers.

This study aimed to analyze individual cortisol levels in relation to work conditions, sleep, and health parameters among truck drivers working day shifts (n = 21) compared to those working irregular shifts (n = 21). A total of 42 male truck drivers (39.8 (+/-) 6.2 yrs) completed questionnaires about sociodemographics, job content, work environment, health, and lifestyle. Rest-activity profiles were measured using actigraphy, and cardiovascular blood parameters were collected. Salivary cortisol samples were obtained: (i) at waking time, (ii) 30?min after waking, and (iii) at bedtime, during both one workday and one day off from work. Irregular-shift workers, compared to day-shift workers, showed significantly higher waist-hip ratio, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, tiredness after work, years working as a driver, truck vibration, and less job demand (p < .05). High cortisol levels in irregular-shift workers were correlated with certain stressors, such as short sleep duration and low job satisfaction, and to metabolic parameters, such as total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), VLDL, and triglycerides. Day-shift workers had higher cortisol levels collected 30?min after waking (p = .03) and a higher cortisol awakening response (CAR; p = .02) during workdays compared to off days. Irregular-shift workers had higher cortisol levels on their off days compared to day-shift workers (p = .03). In conclusion, for the day-shift workers, a higher cortisol response was observed on workdays compared to off days. Although no direct comparisons could be made between groups for work days, on off days the irregular-shift workers had higher cortisol levels compared to day-shift workers, suggesting a prolonged stress response in the irregular-shift group. In addition, cortisol levels were correlated with stressors and metabolic parameters. Future studies are warranted to investigate further stress responses in the context of irregular work hours.

Caveolin-1 is involved in reactive oxygen species-induced SHP-2 activation in astrocytes

Recent evidence supports a neuroprotective role of Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) against ischemic brain injury. However, the molecular mechanisms of SHP-2 activation and those governing how SHP-2 exerts its function under oxidative stress conditions are not well understood. Recently we have reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress promotes the phosphorylation of endogenous SHP-2 through lipid rafts, and that this phosphorylation strongly occurs in astrocytes, but not in microglia. To investigate the molecules involved in events leading to phosphorylation of SHP-2, raft proteins were analyzed using astrocytes and microglia. Interestingly, caveolin-1 and -2 were detected only in astrocytes but not in microglia, whereas flotillin-1 was expressed in both cell types. To examine whether the H2O2-dependent phosphorylation of SHP-2 is mediated by caveolin-1, we used specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) to downregulate caveolin-1 expression. In the presence of caveolin-1 siRNA, the level of SHP-2 phosphorylation induced by H2O2 was significantly decreased, compared with in the presence of control siRNA. Overexpression of caveolin-1 effectively increased H2O2-induced SHP-2 phosphorylation in microglia. Lastly, H2O2 induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in astrocytes through caveolin-1. Our results suggest that caveolin-1 is involved in astrocyte-specific intracellular responses linked to the SHP-2-mediated signaling cascade following ROS-induced oxidative stress.

Qualidade da assistência em alojamento conjunto: opinião de puérperas / Quality of care in rooming-in facility: opinions from parturient women / Calidad de la asistencia en el alojamiento conjunto: opinión de las puérperas

Objetivos: conhecer a opinião de puérperas no que se refere à qualidade da assistência por profissionais da saúde em alojamento conjunto e relacionar possíveis fatores que influenciam na qualidade de tal assistência. Método: estudo descritivo com abordagem quantitativa, entrevistando-se 150 puérperas com o mínimo de 12 h em alojamento conjunto. Estudo aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UFRN (007/07 ). Resultados: Identificou-se que essas mulheres são bem acolhidas no alojamento conjunto após o parto; recebem algumas informações quanto às rotinas da instituição e são orientadas no que se refere ao aleitamento materno exclusivo até o sexto mês de vida do recém-nato. A permanência do acompanhante no setor teve boa referência. Como sugestões para melhorar a qualidade dessa assistência pontuaram: diminuir o tempo de espera na indicação da cesariana; permissão do acompanhante nas primeiras horas do pós-parto e que os profissionais de saúde deveriam utilizar crachás para serem identificados. Conclusão: Conclui-se que, os dados encontrados nesta pesquisa, venham contribuir para uma boa qualidade da assistência às puérperas em alojamento conjunto.(AU)

Objectives: to know the opinions of parturient women regarding the quality of care provided by health professionals in rooming-in and linking all possible factors influencing the quality of care. Method: this is about a descriptive study, from quantitative approach, performed by 150 parturient women with at least 12 hours in rooming-in facility. This study was approved by Research Ethics Committee of University Federal from Rio Grande do Norte (protocol number 007/07). Results: it was identified that these women are welcomed in the rooming-in after the birth, get some information about the routines of the institution and are oriented in relation to exclusive breastfeeding until the sixth month of life of the newborn. The permanence of the companion in the sector had good reference by the interviewed. The parturient women scored as suggestions for improving the quality of care: reduce the waiting time when the cesarean section is indicated; permission to have a companior in the first hours of post-partum and that health professionals should use badges to be identified. Conclusion: we conclude that the data found in this study will contribute to a good quality of care for parturient women and newborns in rooming-in.(AU)

Objetivos: conocer la opinión de las puérperas en lo que se refiere a la calidad de la asistencia por profesionales de salud en alojamiento conjunto y relacionar posibles factores que influencian en la calidad de tal asistencia. Método: estúdio descriptivo con abordaje cuantitativo, entrevistándose 150 puérperas con el mínimo de 12 horas en alojamiento conjunto. El estudio fue aprobado por lo Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Universida Federal del Rio Grande do Norte (007/07). Resultados: Se identificó que esas mujeres son bien acogidas en el alojamiento conjunto después de el alumbramiento; reciben algunas informaciones relacionadas a las rutinas de la institución y son orientadas en lo que se refiere al amamantamiento materno exclusivo hasta el sexto mes de vida de lo recién-nato. La permanencia del chaperón en el sector tuvo buena referencia por las entrevistadas. Las puérperas puntuaron como sugestiones para mejorar la calidad de esa asistencia: disminuir el tiempo de espera cuando indicado el alumbramiento quirúrgico; permiso del chaperón en las primeras horas de lo pos-parto y que los profesionales de salud deberían utilizar tarjeta de identificación. Conclusión: Se concluye que, los datos encontrados en esta pesquisa, vengan a contribuir para una buena calidad en la asistencia a las puérperas y recién-natos en alojamiento conjunto.(AU)

Distúrbios de conduta em crianças do ensino fundamental e sua relação com a estrutura familiar / Behavioral disorders in elementary school children and their relationship with family structure

O aumento da incidência do distúrbios de conduta em crianças e adolescentes é um fator de preocupação para os profissionais de saúde. Durante as atividades de estágio de alunos de enfermagem em uma escola pública foi detectado que 15 alunos do ensino fundamental apresentavam diagnóstico médico de distúrbios de conduta e/ou tomava medicação controlada. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar estes alunos, identificar a existência de fatores de risco para problemas de saúde mental e sua relação com a estrutura e a característica familiar. Os participantes foram 11 pais de alunos que concordaram em participar do estudo. Os dados foram coletados por entrevista semi-estruturada realizada no domicílio da criança. Os resultados mostraram que o transtorno mental está presente em crianças / adolescentes de ambos os sexos e em diferentes faixas etárias. A maioria das famílias era do tipo nuclear e a renda familiar média era de 3 a 5 salários-mínimos. O diagnóstico médico mais freqüente era de transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH); a maioria das crianças (76%) possuía antecedentes familiares de transtorno mental e apresentavam dificuldade escolar (72%); e boa parte das crianças era exposta a situações de humilhação. Conclui-se que as características das famílias estudadas podem ser consideradas um fator de risco para o distúrbio de conduta, especialmente em relação aos antecedentes familiares e a práticas educativas inapropriadas. Há necessidade de novos estudos sobre o tema que possam subsidiar a elaboração de políticas públicas de saúde mental(AU)

The increase in behavioral disorders in children and adolescents is a factor of concern for health professionals. During the internship of nursing students in a public school, it was observed that 15 elementary students presented a medical diagnosis of mental disorder and/or were taking controlled medication. The present study aimed to characterize those students, and to identify the existence of risk factors for mental health problems, as well as their relationship with family structure and characteristics. The informers were 11 parents of students who agreed to participate in the study. Data were collected in June 2006, through a semi-structured interview that was conducted in the child's home. Results showed that the mental disorder is present in children/adolescents of both sexes and in different age groups. Most of the families were of a nuclear type and the average family income was of 3 to 5 minimum wages. The most frequent medical diagnosis was ADHD, 76 percent of the children presented family antecedents of mental disorder, 72 percent had difficulties at school, and a great number of them was exposed to humiliating situations. It was concluded that the characteristics of the studied families can be considered a risk factor for behavioral disorders, especially in relation to family antecedents and to inadequate educational practices. Further studies are needed on the theme in order to subsidize the elaboration of public policies of mental health.(AU)

[Prophylactic routine anastomotic drainage in elective colorectal surgery: systematic review and metanalysis]. / Drenagem profilática de rotina de anastomoses em cirurgia colorretal eletiva: revisão sistemática da literatura e metanálise.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the results of the comparison of the use or not of routine prophylactic drainage of anastomoses after elective colorectal surgery. The following hypothesis will be tested: the use of routine prophylactic drainage of anastomoses after elective colorectal surgery is unjustified.

Efeito de antocianina e própolis em diabetes induzida em coelhos / Effects of anthocyanin and propolis in diabetic rabbits

A síndrome clínica da diabetes ‚ caracterizada pela redução da capacidade de metabolização de carboidratos e gorduras, resultando em aumento dos níveis séricos de glicose (hiperglicemia) e lipídios (hiperlipidemia), acarretando em degeneração vascular prematura. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi testar os efeitos da antocianina e do própolis ministrados nas doses de 20mg e 150mg, respectivamente, em coelhos diabéticos para a verificação dos efeitos sobre os níveis de glicose e triacilglicerol. Os grupos experimentais de coelhos estudados foram: Grupo 1- grupo controle que somente recebeu ração; Grupo 2- grupo diabético que recebeu ração mais aloxano; Grupo 3- grupo diabético que recebeu ração, aloxano e 1 c psula de antocianina (20mg) diariamente; Grupo 4- grupo diabético que recebeu ração, aloxano e 1 c psula de própolis (150mg) diariamente. Os Grupos 3 e 4 foram submetidos a vinte e oito dias de tratamento, com dosagem semanal dos níveis sanguíneos de glicose e de triacilglicerol. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pode-se observar que, durante todo o período experimental, a antocianina foi mais eficaz, em induzir a queda dos níveis de glicose, com reduções de 10,78 por cento aos 7 dias, 10,54 por cento aos 14 dias, 17,33 por cento aos 21 dias e 28,09 por cento aos 28 dias. J  o própolis apresentou redução de 22,69 por cento aos 28 dias. Observou-se redução dos percentuais de variação de triacilgliceróis em 22,74 por cento pela antocianina e 22,60 por cento pelo tratamento com própolis aos 28 dias. Ao se compararem os Grupos 3 e 4 com o Grupo 2 (aloxano) durante todo o período experimental, os níveis de triacilgliceróis aumentaram no período de O a 21 dias

Isoenzyme variation in the leaf-cutting ants Acromyrmex heyeri and Acromyrmex striatus (Hymenoptera, formicidae)

This is the first study of isoenzyme variability in the leaf-cutting ants (Myrmicinae, Attini) Acromyrmex heyeri (Forel, 1899) and A. striatus (Roger, 1863) which are common throughout the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. We studied the alloenzyme variability of malate dehydrogenase (MDH), alfa-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alfa-GPDH) and amylase (AMY) in 97 colonies of A. heyeri and 103 colonies of A. striatus. Five loci were found for these enzyme systems, one locus (Amy-1) being monomorphic in both species and four loci (Mdh-1, alfa-Gpdh-1, Amy-2, and Amy-4) being polymorphic. For each species there were exclusive alleles for the Mdh-1 and Amy-2 loci and differences were also found in the allele frequencies for the other polymorphic loci. Ontogenetically different gene activity was detected for the MDH and alfa-GPDH systems, with between-caste differences, probably related to flight activity, also being found for alfa-GPDH

[Expression of ABH and Lewis antigens in chronic gastritis and pre-neoplasic alterations in gastric mucosa]. / Expressão dos antígenos ABH e Lewis na gastrite crônica e alterações pré- neoplásica da mucosa gástrica.

BACKGROUND: The major cause for chronic gastritis in human is the infection by the Helicobacter pylori. The blood group antigens present at the gastric mucous are described as possible receptor for this bacteria in the epithelium. The alterations in the expression of blood group patterns are associated with the development of gastric cancer. OBJECTIVES: Verify the H. pylori prevalence and examine the immunohistochemical distribution of the ABH and Lewis antigens expression to correlate with histopathological alterations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 63 chronic gastritis patients were investigated gastric biopsies, blood and saliva samples by dot-blot-ELISA, indirect immunoperoxidase and hematoxylin-eosin and Gram. RESULTS: No significant association between the presence of the bacteria and the ABH, Lewis and Secretor phenotype was found. For the majority of the patients the antigen expression of the ABH and Lewis blood group was restricted mainly to the foveola epithelium of the gastric mucosa, similar to the saliva. The inappropriate expression of these antigens occurred always in the presence of H. pylori and/or preneoplastic alterations of the gastric mucosa. In areas with intestinal metaplasias we also observed reduced reactivity for the H and Le b antigens and mainly the induced expression of Le . CONCLUSION: Alterations in the pattern of the glycosylation of this antigens are interesting, because they reflect different stages in the cellular differentiation and become potential markers in the diagnostic evaluation and prognosis of gastric pathologies.