Does support from foreign domestic workers decrease the negative impact of informal caregiving? Results from Singapore survey on informal caregiving.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the instrumental support from a foreign domestic worker (FDW) as a moderator of the association of 4 types of impairments (physical function, memory, behavior, and mood) among older persons (OPs) with caregiving-related outcomes among their informal caregivers (CGs). METHOD: Data from a national survey of 1,190 Singaporeans aged 75 and older receiving human assistance for functional limitations and their CGs were used. Severity scores for the four OP impairments were calculated. A modified version of the Caregiver Reaction Assessment (CRA) assessed the impact of caregiving in four domains: disturbed schedule and poor health, lack of finances, lack of family support, and CG esteem. Linear regression models, one for each CRA domain, with interaction terms of the four impairment severity scores with FDW support, were developed. RESULTS: FDW instrumental support, reported for 50% of the OPs, moderated the direct association of OP physical impairment with disturbed schedule and poor health (p = .009), OP memory impairment with disturbed schedule and poor health (p < .0001) and lack of finances (p = .02), and OP behavior impairment with lack of family support (p = .001). Although such support buffered the inverse association of OP behavior impairment with CG esteem (p = .01), it also buffered the positive association of OP mood impairment with CG esteem (p = .02). DISCUSSION: FDW support is associated with better caregiving outcomes. Given its aging population, the number of FDWs in Singapore is likely to increase as families try to cope with caregiving for their older members. This has policy implications for (a) immigration patterns into Singapore and (b) training of and support networks for FDWs.

Health issues of female foreign domestic workers: a systematic review of the scientific and gray literature.

BACKGROUND: Although the number of female foreign domestic workers (FDWs) is increasing worldwide, little is known about their health issues. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the literature on health issues of female FDWs to ascertain the problems studied, identify limitations, and suggest future research and policy implications. METHODS: A systematic database (PubMed, EBSCO Host, and Google Scholar) and bibliographic search identified the English-language scientific and gray literature published during 1990-2012 addressing health issues of female FDWs living with the family of the employer, using qualitative and/or quantitative research methods. Studies in which female FDWs constituted less than half of the participants were excluded. RESULTS: The health issues studied and identified were adverse work conditions and associated health problems (such as physical, verbal, and sexual abuse at the workplace, caregiving tasks associated with musculoskeletal strain, and chemical exposure associated with respiratory difficulty), mental health (psychotic, neurotic, and mood disorders), infectious diseases (most of the studies were on intestinal parasitic infections), and health knowledge/attitudes/practices (most of the studies were in context of sexual and reproductive health). Most of the studies were medical record reviews or questionnaire-based surveys utilizing convenience sampling or qualitative interviews/focus group discussions. CONCLUSION: Female FDWs face numerous health problems. Studies on representative, possibly longitudinal, samples of female FDWs focusing on specific health conditions are needed to better understand the epidemiology of such conditions. Concerted efforts through the governments of both labor-sending and host countries are required to improve the health, work conditions, and safety of this vulnerable group of women.