RESUMO
Los cambios sociales y demográficos, con el progresivo envejecimiento de la población ha determinado que en la actualidad el colectivo de personas mayores de 65 años represente cerca del 18% de la población española y las proyecciones estiman que alcanzará el 20% para el año 2020. Aunque en la actualidad se encuentra en discusión cuál es el modelo asistencial de mejor calidad y eficiencia en la atención a las personas mayores. la tendencia hasta ahora en España se ha inclinado hacia la atención residencial profesionalizada en instituciones que acogen más de 100 personas mayores. El colectivo de personas mayores es muy heterogéneo. como también lo son sus necesidades nutricionales. Los procesos de envejecimiento y otras circunstancias frecuentes en las personas mayores influyen de manera determinante sobre el hecho alimentario y sobre el estado nutricional en la vejez. Las estimaciones de prevalencia de malnutrición en ancianos son variables, pero es un problema frecuente en los ancianos institucionalizados. Investigaciones en adultos mayores residentes en su domicilio reflejan que el cuidado en los aportes con el desayuno contribuye de manera significativa a mejorar la calidad nutricional dela dieta y la calidad de vida. La amplia variabilidad interpersonal en cuanto a los requerimientos nutricionales en las personas mayores hace necesaria la prescripción de pautas individualizadas, contemplando el fraccionamiento en las diferentes ingestas a lo largo del dia. teniendo en cuenta el estado de salud, patología subyacente, consumo de medicamentos, consumo de alcohol, caracteristicas socioculturales, grado de autonomía, actividad fisica y hábitos de consumo alimentario. Se propone una dieta básica universal para ancianos, en base a una alimentación prudente y saludable y estrategias para promover la autonomía personal, la vida activa y prevenir la dependencia (AU)
Social and demographic changes, with the progressive aging of the population. have led to an increasing proportion of people aged 65 years and over. To date, that age group accounts for 18% of the Spanish population and projections estimate that it will reach 20% by 2020. Although it is currently under discussion which is the best quality and most efficient model of provision care for the elderly, the trend so far in Spain has been towards professional residential care in institutions that accommodate more than 100 elderly people. The group of elderly people is very heterogeneous, so are their nutritional needs. Changes linked to aging processes and other frequent conditions in the elderly influence food intake and nutritional status in the old age. Estimates of prevalence of malnutrition in the elderly are variable, but it is a frequent problem in the institutionalized elderly. Research conducted on free living older adults reflects that the supply of quality breakfast contributes significantly to improving the nutritional quality of diet and quality of life. The wide interpersonal variability in the nutritional requirements in the elderly makes it necessary to prescribe individualized guidelines, considering the distribution of the different food intakes throughout the day, taking into account the health status, underlying pathology. consumption of medications, alcohol consumption. socio-cultural characteristics, degree of autonomy, physical activity and eating habits. A universal basic diet for the elderly is suggested. based on a prudent and healthy diet and strategies to promote personal autonomy, active life and prevent dependence (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Idoso , Comportamento Alimentar , Desjejum/classificação , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Preferências Alimentares , Nutrição do Idoso , Necessidades Nutricionais , Fatores de Risco , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Recomendações NutricionaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Representative data for the Spanish population regarding physical activity (PA) behaviors are scarce and seldom comparable due to methodological inconsistencies. AIM: Our objectives were to describe the PA behavior by means of the standardized self-reported International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and to know the proportion of the Spanish population meeting and not meeting international PA recommendations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: PA was assessed using the IPAQ in a representative sample of 2285 individuals (males, 50.4%) aged 9-75 years and living in municipalities of at least 2,000 inhabitants. Data were analyzed according to: age groups 9-12, 13-17, 18-64, and 65-75 years; sex; geographical distribution; locality size and educational levels. RESULTS: Mean total PA was 868.8±660.9 min/wk, mean vigorous PA 146.4±254.1 min/wk, and mean moderate PA 398.1±408.0 min/wk, showing significant differences between sexes (p<0.05). Children performed higher moderate-vigorous PA than adolescents and seniors (p<0.05), and adults than adolescents and seniors (p<0.05). Compared to recommendations, 36.2% of adults performed <150 min/week of moderate PA, 65.4% <75 min/week of vigorous PA and 27.0% did not perform any PA at all, presenting significant differences between sexes (p<0.05). A total of 55.4% of children and adolescents performed less than 420 min/week of MVPA, being higher in the later (62.6%) than in the former (48.4%). Highest non-compliance was observed in adolescent females (86.5%). CONCLUSION: Sex and age are the main influencing factors on PA in the Spanish population. Males engage in more vigorous and light PA overall, whereas females perform more moderate PA. PA behavior differs between age groups and no clear lineal increase with age could be observed. Twenty-seven percent of adults and 55.4% of children and adolescents do not meet international PA recommendations. Identified target groups should be addressed to increase PA in the Spanish population.
