Marine litter and wood debris as habitat and vector for the range expansion of invasive corals (Tubastraea spp.).

Tubastraea coccinea Lesson, 1830 and T. tagusensis Wells 1982 are azooxanthellate corals non-native to Brazil and introduced through fouling on oil platforms, the primary vector. They first invaded the tropical rocky reefs at Ilha Grande Bay (southwest Atlantic Ocean), during the early 1990s. Currently, at some Brazilian locations these species occupy 80% of the benthos of the shallow subtidal. They cause economic and environmental impacts by fouling shipping and modifying native communities. This study provides observations of an additional mechanism of secondary dispersal by T. coccinea and T. tagusensis that were seen attached to floating wood debris and marine litter, which are highly abundant in the region. Such rafting corals have been found adjacent to invaded reefs and stranded on beaches. These observations indicate that transport by rafting over long distances may be another mechanism of range expansion and secondary introduction of these invasive species within the region.

Spatio-temporal evaluation of macro, meso and microplastics in surface waters, bottom and beach sediments of two embayments in Niterói, RJ, Brazil.

This study evaluated in the dry and rainy periods, the anthropogenic influence and the hydrodynamics in the distribution of plastic items in surface waters and bottom and beach sediments of the Jurujuba (Guanabara Bay, low and medium hydrodynamic) and Itaipu (oceanic region, high hydrodynamics) embayments; places of cultivation and extraction of mussels. Microplastics were 83% of the wastes collected, with a higher average concentration (138.41 items.kg-1) in beach sediments. High density polyethylene (HDPE) (38%), polypropylene (21%), and styrene (10%) were the most frequent polymers. There was no difference between the water and bottom sediment samples in the different embayments, in the studied periods, different from that observed in the beach sediment samples, with higher concentrations in the rainy season in Jurujuba. The results suggest that beach sediments are the best compartment to understand the dynamics of the distribution of plastic waste over time.

Influence of different sources of contamination on the microbiological quality of lettuce in the Teresópolis region, RJ, Brazil / Influência de diferentes fontes de contaminação na qualidade microbiológica de alface na região de Teresópolis, RJ

ABSTRACT Irrigation water and cultivated soil have been identified as possible sources of contamination in several crops. In certain vegetables that are eaten raw, such as lettuce, this contamination can lead to public health problems. Aiming to evaluate the influence of these sources on the quality of lettuce grown in the Córrego Sujo Basin, Teresópolis, RJ, an important agricultural pole whose production services the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, water from different sources (spring, weir and river) was collected in this region, as well as samples of soil and lettuce irrigated with these waters, to carry out conventional microbiological analyzes (counts of total heterotrophic bacteria and thermotolerant coliforms) and molecular analyzes (PCR-DGGE). The count of fecal coliforms in lettuce suggests that there is an influence of irrigation water and the cultivated soil on the contamination of these vegetables. The grouping of bacterial communities in the different samples obtained by the PCR-DGGE technique shows that irrigation water has a greater influence on the contamination of these vegetables in relation to the soil where they are grown. These results corroborate the need to monitor water bodies used for irrigation and demonstrate that the PCR-DGGE technique is of great value for the study of microbial communities and, when associated with specific primers, can help in the detection of pathogens in food.

RESUMO A água de irrigação e o solo de cultivo têm sido apontados como possíveis fontes de contaminação em diversas culturas. Em determinadas hortaliças consumidas cruas, como a alface, essa contaminação pode causar problemas de saúde pública. Objetivando avaliar a influência dessas fontes na qualidade das alfaces cultivadas na Bacia do Córrego Sujo, Teresópolis, RJ; importante polo agrícola com produção voltada à região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, coletou-se nesta região águas proveniente de diferentes fontes (nascente, açude e rio); solos e alfaces irrigados com essas águas, para realização de análises microbiológicas convencionais (contagens de bactérias heterotróficas totais e coliformes termotolerantes) e moleculares (PCR-DGGE). A contagem de coliformes fecais na alface sugere que existe influência da água de irrigação e do solo na contaminação desses vegetais. O agrupamento das comunidades bacterianas nas diferentes amostras obtido pela técnica de PCR-DGGE mostra que a água de irrigação tem influência maior na contaminação dessas hortaliças em relação ao solo onde são cultivadas. Esses resultados corroboram a necessidade de monitoramento de corpos d'água utilizados para irrigação e demonstram ser a técnica do PCR-DGGE de grande valia para o estudo das comunidades microbianas e, quando associada a iniciadores específicos podem ajudar na detecção de patógenos em alimentos.

Dispersal of potentially pathogenic bacteria by plastic debris in Guanabara Bay, RJ, Brazil.

Analyses of thermotolerant coliform and heterotrophic bacteria as well as Escherichia coli and Vibrio species were carried out on plastic samples and in the surrounding waters of Guanabara Bay to evaluate plastic debris as vehicles of bacterial dispersal. Chemical characterizations of plastics were performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Plastic debris with high coliform contents were found, while their respective water samples had only low titers. No correlations were observed, however, between the amounts of bacteria and the chemical compositions of the plastic debris. Forty-four bacterial strains were PCR-confirmed as E. coli pathotypes, and 59 strains of Vibrio spp. (with 12 being identified as Vibrio cholerae [6], Vibrio vulnificus [5], and Vibrio mimicus [1]). These findings suggest these plastics can function as a substrate for bacterial biofilms (including pathogens). These debris, in turn, can be dispersed in aquatic environments not otherwise showing recent fecal bacterial contamination.

Marine debris on beaches of Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brazil: An important coastal tourist destination.

Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brazil, is known as the diving capital due to its clear waters and great biodiversity, a consequence of the upwelling phenomenon. This feature attracts tourists tripling their population during holidays, causing increase in the amount of debris on beaches and waters endangering marine biodiversity. To evaluate the amount of solid waste found on beaches in two different holiday period, eight people in each beach collected macrodebris (≥2 cm) in a transect covering an 20 m wide area, during 20 min, in winter/2015 and summer/2017. The materials were weighed, quantified and characterized. In the summer, when the number of tourists is greater, a larger total amount of waste in units were found. Plastic and cigarette butts were the most abundant. The results show that the city does not have adequate planning to receive a large amount of tourists, being vulnerable to socioeconomic and environmental damages.

Evaluation of the biotechnological potential of bacterioplankton from Niterói coast, RJ.

Production of antibiotics and enzymes by microorganisms is well recognized for its economic benefits. Searching potentially exploitable microorganisms, strains of heterotrophic bacteria were isolated from marine and estuarine waters in Niterói-RJ, Brazil, and tested for the production of enzymes and antimicrobial substances. From the 76 isolated colonies, 09.21% showed antimicrobial potential, 63.16% showed enzymatic activity for at least one of the substrates tested and 91% showed multidrug resistance. Strains that presented the better results were identified by sequencing. The species identified are widely distributed in many different types of environments, having been isolated previously from marine environment. Our results suggest that marine and estuarine waters can be a source for bioprospecting bacteria with potential biotechnological uses.

The influence of the intensity of use, rainfall and location in the amount of marine debris in four beaches in Niteroi, Brazil: Sossego, Camboinhas, Charitas and Flechas.

The presence of marine debris in coastal and oceanic regions is a worldwide and growing problem and own to different factors. In order to check the influence of some of these factors in the amount of debris in these areas, we quantified and identified marine debris found on sand of four beaches in the city of Niterói, RJ during dry and rainy seasons; two in oceanic region and two in Guanabara Bay, and observed the intensity of use of them by people. Our results showed that intensity of use and intensity of rain had influence in the presence and amount of solid waste collected. Environmental education campaigns and improvements in basic sanitation are extremely necessary to prevent the pollution of aquatic environments and get improvements on waste management in the cities of Niterói, RJ.

Avaliação da qualidade da água utilizada para irrigação na bacia do Córrego Sujo, Teresópolis, RJ / Quality evaluation of the water used for irrigation in the Córrego Sujo basin, Teresópolis, RJ

Resumo Este estudo objetivou avaliar a qualidade física, química e microbiológica das águas utilizadas para irrigação de hortaliças na Bacia do Córrego Sujo, Teresópolis, RJ, importante polo agrícola cuja produção abastece a região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Análises de coliformes termotolerantes, bactérias heterotróficas totais e parâmetros físico-químicos foram realizados em oito diferentes pontos dos canais fluviais dessa bacia. Segundo a Resolução CONAMA 357/2005, os resultados dos parâmetros físico-químicos estudados, exceção para oxigênio dissolvido em duas estações (6 e 7), apresentaram valores próprios para a irrigação de hortaliças consumidas cruas e que se desenvolvem rente ao solo, como as cultivadas no local. Porém, segundo a mesma resolução, apenas uma estação (4) apresentou água com qualidade microbiológica própria para esse mesmo fim. Nossos resultados apontam para a necessidade de um maior controle da qualidade das águas utilizadas para irrigação nessa região; uma vez que hortaliças irrigadas com águas contaminadas podem transmitir diversas doenças.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the physical, chemical and microbiological quality of the water used for vegetables irrigation in the Córrego Sujo basin, Teresopolis-RJ; an important agricultural pole that supplies the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Analysis of fecal coliforms, total heterotrophic bacteria and physicochemical parameters were held in eight different points of the river channels in this basin. According to the CONAMA Resolution 357/2005, physicochemical parameters results, except for dissolved oxygen, in two stations (6 and 7) showed proper values for irrigation of raw consumed vegetables and low vegetation like those cultivated in the region. However, according to the same resolution, only one station (4) presented water with proper microbiological quality for the same purpose. Our results indicate the need for greater quality control of the water used for irrigation in this region as vegetables irrigation with contaminated water can transmit several diseases.

Spatial-temporal analysis of marine debris on beaches of Niterói, RJ, Brazil: Itaipu and Itacoatiara.

In many areas of the world, studies of marine debris are conducted with an emphasis on analyzing their composition, quantification and distribution on sandy beaches. However, in Brazil, studies are still restricted to some areas of the coast, and the quantities and the spatial and temporal patterns are unknown. To enhance the marine debris information in these areas, we selected the Itaipu and Itacoatiara beaches in Niterói, RJ, to collect, quantify and qualify the solid residues present in their sands. We collected 12 samples and recorded 118.39 kg of residues in Itaipu and 62.94 kg in Itacoatiara. At both beaches, the largest portion of debris was located on the upper part of the beach. Several debris items were related to food and drink consumption on the beaches, which indicated the contribution of beach users to pollution. Most of the debris was plastic. The greatest amount of debris was found at Itaipu in January and February and at Itacoatiara in January and March, months related to both the holiday season and abundant rainfall. The results demonstrated the necessity to implement an Environmental Education project for these areas to reduce its degradation.

Leveduras, incluindo patógenos oportunistas, associadas ao mexilhão Mytella guyanensis, no manguezal de Coroa Grande, Baía de Sepetiba, RJ / Yeasts, including opportunistic pathogenic, associates of the Mytella guyanensis, in manguezal Coroa Grande, Baía de Sepetiba, RJ

O número de infecções causadas por leveduras patógenos oportunistas vem aumentando consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Uma vez que os mexilhões, por serem filtradores, podem servir como veículo para transmissão destes microrganismos, o presente trabalho buscou detectar no mexilhão Mytella guyanensis, localizado no sedimento do manguezal de Coroa Grande, Baía de Sepetiba, RJ, a presença destas leveduras. Vinte e seis organismos foram amostrados, todos apresentando contagens acima de 10.000 UFC/100g. Das 76 cepas isoladas, 22 (aproximadamente 30 por cento), pertencem a quatro diferentes espécies de patógenos oportunistas (Candida guilliermondii, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis) e podem representar um risco significante à saúde de indivíduos imunodeprimidos.