Factores asociados al control metabólico en pacientes chilenos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Factors associated with metabolic control in Chilean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Fundamentos: Actualmente, el 8,3% de la población mundial adulta presenta Diabetes Mellitus (DM), estimándose que en 2030 esta enfermedad afectará al 9,9% de la población. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar qué factores ambientales están asociados a unos óptimos valores de hemoglobina glicosilada A1c (HbA1c) en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Métodos: Se evaluaron a 722 diabéticos tipo 2 de ambos sexos, entre 27 y 90 años. Los participantes fueron entrevistados en Centros de Salud Familiar de las ciudades de Santiago y Talcahuano. A cada una de las personas se le realizó una evaluación antropométrica, una encuesta de sueño de Pittsburg y se recabó información sobre su consumo de tabaco y actividad física. Resultados: El 37,7% de los sujetos presentaba Hb1Ac <7%; el consumo de tabaco OR=8,38 [IC95% 5,29-13,27] y roncar OR=1,60 [IC95%1,11-2,30] son factores de riesgo para presentar una HbA1c alta, en cambio realizar ejercicios OR=0,532 [IC95% 0,35-0,79] y tener un IMC normal OR=0,58 [0,33-0,86] son factores protectores. Conclusiones: El consumo de tabaco y roncar son factores de riesgo para tener alta HbA1c en cambio el realizar ejercicios de forma regular y tener un IMC normal son factores protectores (AU)

Background: Nowadays, the 8.3% of the adult population worldwide presents Diabetes Mellitus (DM), being estimated that in 2030 this disease will affect 9.9% of the population. The objective of this study is to determine what environmental factors are associated with optimal values of glycosylated hemoglobin 1A, (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). Methods: 722 type 2 diabetic men and women were evaluated. Participants were interviewed at Family Health Centers of Santiago and Talcahuano. Each person was applied an anthropometric assessment, a Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Survey, and information was collected on their tobacco consumption and physical activity. Results: 37.7% of subjects had HbA1c <7%, tobacco consumption OR=8.38 [95% CI 5.29- 13.27] and snoring OR=1.60 [95% CI 1.11-2.30] are risk factors for making a HbA1c, however exercises OR=0.532 [95% CI 0.35-0.79] and have a normal BMI OR=0.58 [0,33-0,86] are protective factors. Conclusions: Tobacco consumption and snoring are risk factors for having high levels of HbA1c, in contrast practice of regular exercise and a normal BMI are protective factors (AU)

Factores asociados a la somnolencia diurna en adultos mayores chilenos / Dietary factors associated with daytime somnolence in healthy elderly of Chile

Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de somnolencia leve y excesiva y qué factores están asociados a la presencia de somnolencia diurna en adultos mayores. Métodos. Participaron 1.780 adultos mayores de 60 años, autónomos, de ambos sexos, de los cuales completaron toda la información 1.704 (70,9 ± 7,9 años; 62% mujeres). A cada uno de ellos se les realizó la encuesta de somnolencia de Epworth (ESE), el cuestionario de calidad de sueño de Pittsburg, además de solicitar información sobre consumo de tabaco, horario de cena, y una evaluación antropométrica. Una puntuación en ESE > 10 se consideró somnolencia y puntuaciones >15 somnolencia excesiva o severa. Resultados. Entre los menores de 80 años un 5,3% presentaron un ESE >15 y un 26,2% un ESE >10. En mayores de 80 años la prevalencia de somnolencia fue del 6,3% para ESE >15 y del 32,5% para ESE >10. En el modelo ajustado los factores asociados a incremento del riesgo de somnolencia (ESE > 10) fueron la edad mayor de 80 años (OR = 1,58; IC 95% = 1,14-2,19), y cenar después de las 21 horas (OR = 1,3; IC 95% = 1,01-1,68). Por el contrario, solo la edad mayor de 80 años se asociaba de manera independiente a somnolencia severa (OR = 1,81; IC 95% = 1,01-3,29). Conclusiones. Cenar después de las 21 horas y una edad por encima de los 80 años se asocian con mayor probabilidad de somnolencia diurna. En cambio solo la edad mayor de 80 años se asocia a somnolencia diurna severa (AU)

Aim. To determine the prevalence of mild and excessive somnolence and the associated factors with the presence of daytime sleepiness in the elderly. Methods. A total of 1780 independent individuals 60 years and olderof both sexes (70.9 ± 7.9 years old; females 62%), were included, of which 1704 of them completed all the information. All of them were assessed using an Epworth sleepiness scale (ESE), an Pittsburgh sleep quality index, plus information of cigarettes smoking, dinner time, and an anthropometric evaluation. An ESE score > 10 was considered drowsiness and scores > 15 excessive or severe drowsiness. Results. Among the population under 80 years, 5.3% showed ESE score > 15 and 26.2% an ESE score > 10. For over 80 years, the prevalence of sleepiness was 6.3% for an ESE score > 15 and 32.5% for an ESE score > 10. In the adjusted model, the factors associated with increased risk of sleepiness (ESE > 10) were age older than 80 years (OR = 1.58; 95% CI = 1.14 to 2.19) and dinner after 21 hours (OR = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.68). By contrast, only age older than 80 years was independently associated with severe sleepiness (OR = 1.81; 95% CI = 1.01 to 3.29). Conclusions. Meals after 21 hours and age above 80 years are associated with increased likelihood of daytime sleepiness. Instead, only older than 80 years is associated with severe daytime sleepiness (AU)

[Dietary factors associated with daytime somnolence in healthy elderly of Chile]. / Factores asociados a la somnolencia diurna en adultos mayores chilenos.

AIM: To determine the prevalence of mild and excessive somnolence and the associated factors with the presence of daytime sleepiness in the elderly. METHODS: A total of 1780 independent individuals 60 years and older of both sexes (70.9±7.9 years old; females 62%), were included, of which 1704 of them completed all the information. All of them were assessed using an Epworth sleepiness scale (ESE), an Pittsburgh sleep quality index, plus information of cigarettes smoking, dinner time, and an anthropometric evaluation. An ESE score>10 was considered drowsiness and scores>15 excessive or severe drowsiness. RESULTS: Among the population under 80 years, 5.3% showed ESE score>15 and 26.2% an ESE score>10. For over 80 years, the prevalence of sleepiness was 6.3% for an ESE score>15 and 32.5% for an ESE score>10. In the adjusted model, the factors associated with increased risk of sleepiness (ESE>10) were age older than 80 years (OR=1.58; 95% CI=1.14 to 2.19) and dinner after 21 hours (OR=1.3; 95% CI=1.01 to 1.68). By contrast, only age older than 80 years was independently associated with severe sleepiness (OR=1.81; 95% CI=1.01 to 3.29). CONCLUSIONS: Meals after 21 hours and age above 80 years are associated with increased likelihood of daytime sleepiness. Instead, only older than 80 years is associated with severe daytime sleepiness.

Diferencias entre índice de masa corporal real y el percibido en mujeres universitarias de Chile, Panamá y Guatemala / Differences between actual body mass index and perceibed body mass indexin female university students of Chile, Panama and Guatemala

Introducción: La autopercepción de la imagen corporal se ha asociado con el riesgo de obesidad. Objetivo: Determinar la concordancia entre el estado nutricional y la percepción de la imagen corporal de estudiantes universitarias de Chile, Panamá y Guatemala. Materiales y Métodos: Participaron 499 universitarias, 247 chilenas, 187 panameñas y 64 guatemaltecas. Cada alumna se le realizó el cuestionario EAT-26, posteriormente se les mostró 7 modelos anatómicos correspondientes a valores de índice de masa corporal(IMC) de 18, 22, 25, 27, 30, 35 y 40 kg/m2. Cada estudiante debía elegir el modelo con el que mejor se identificaba. Posteriormente, se realizó la evaluación antropométrica, finalmente se calculó el IMC real comparándolo posteriormente con el IMC percibido. Resultados: Los tres países difieren en el grado de similitud entre el IMC real y el percibido, en Chile y Guatemala la apreciación del IMC percibido difiere del MC real (p<0.05); sin embargo, en Panamá la percepción del IMC está más cercana al IMC real. Conclusiones: La mejor concordancia se encontró en las estudiantes de Panamá, en cambio en las estudiantes de Chile y Guatemala presentan una baja concordancia y esta posible insatisfacción en su imagen corporal puede incrementar el riesgo para la mantención de un estado nutricional adecuado

Introduction: The self-perception of nutritionalstatus is associated to obesity risk. Objective: To determine agreement between measured nutritional status and body image perception among female university students in Chile, Panama and Guatemala. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 499 university students: 247 from Chile, 187 from Panama, and 64 from Guatemala. All participants completed the EAT-26 questionnaire and were shown anatomical models corresponding to body mass index (BMI) values of 18, 22, 25, 27, 30, 35 and 40 kg/m2. Students were asked to choose the model that bestreflected their own body type, after which anthropo-metry was measured. Measured BMI was calculated and compared to perceived BMI. Results: Perceived and measured BMI differed significantly among students in Chile and Guatemala; nostatistical difference was found for Panamanian students. Agreement between perceived and actual BMI was highest among Guatemalan students. Conclusions: The best agreement the Panama students, however Chilean and Guatemala students showed differences, indicating possible body image dissatisfaction or lack of accurate self-perception, which could result in risk for obtaining appropriatenutritional status