Investigation of Factors Related to Stillbirth.

The stillbirth rate is among the most important indicators of access to and quality of care during pregnancy. This study investigated the factors related to the stillbirth rate in the Yazd province, Iran. The current research is descriptive and cross-sectional and the results of Shahdieh city cohort study which was conducted on 4756 women were used. Data related to the history of stillbirth, demographic characteristics, fertility history and, various female diseases were extracted from the results of the cohort study. The result shows that 7.2% of studied women had a history of stillbirth. Among the multiple variables, predictor variables including education level, marriage age, age of the first conception, number of children, consanguineous marriage, Employment status, and diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and history of depression had a significant relationship with a history of stillbirth (P ≤ .05). The stillbirth rate in Shahedieh is high compared to the global stillbirth Rate, but it is comparable with the stillbirth Rate in Yazd province. Although Yazd province, as one of the industrial hubs of Iran, has relatively acceptable indicators of income, employment, and medical and health facilities and welfare compared to other provinces, this study showed that factors such as diabetes, hypertension, low level of women's education, consanguineous marriage, and women's employment status and social welfare can affect Stillbirth Rate.

Prevention of Postpartum Weight Retention during One Year after Childbirth by Prenatal Nutrition Education: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: It seems that 14-25% of the women retain at least 5 kg weight from 6 to 12 months after delivery and gestational weight gain is the most important reason of weight retention. Thus, we assessed the effect of prenatal nutrition education program on the retained weights at 8, 26, and 52 weeks after delivery in primiparous women. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial was implemented among 192 primiparous pregnant women in five hospitals, fifteen community health centers, and fifteen private offices. Self-developed questionnaire was used to collect the participants' characteristics. A 72-hr dietary recall was applied to evaluate the food intakes before and after intervention. The pregnancy physical activity questionnaire determined the physical activity score. The participants' weights at 8, 26, and 52 weeks after delivery were measured by a digital beam. RESULTS: The means of postpartum weight decreased in both groups, but nutrition education was significantly effective on reducing postpartum weight in intervention group (ß = -3.112, SE =. 7384, P < 0.001). Also, the women in intervention group had less retained weight compared to control during the follow-up (ß = -3.35, SE = 0.75, p < 0.001). The proportion of pregnant women in intervention group who reached to their pre-gravid weight was more than control during the follow-up (OR = 2.86, 95% CI: 1.62, 5.07). CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition education considering an individualized calorie-appropriate diet for each pregnant woman and based on the national guideline is effective on postpartum weight retention and reaching to pre-gravid weight.

The effect of willpower workshop on anxiety, depression, and the excitement components in the students of Shiraz university of medical sciences.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: The current study aimed at evaluating the effect of willpower workshop on anxiety, depression, and the Granovsky excitement components among the students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2016--2017. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Students (140) were selected by the simple random sampling method and allocated into two equal groups of intervention (willing) and control, each of 52 individuals. Data collection instruments were the Garnefski cognitive emotion regulation scale and the Beck depression and anxiety inventories. The data were collected twice, before intervention and after the intervention (9 months after the study completion and holding the workshops). The control subjects received no intervention but were interviewed every 3 months. RESULTS: The results of the current study indicated no significant differences in demographic variables and pretest scores between the groups, which indicate the homogeneity of the groups. In other words, there were no significant differences between the groups regarding demographic characteristics before the intervention (P > 0.05). In addition, to compare the intervention and control groups, the Mann--Whitney U test was used and the results showed a significant difference in posttest results between the study groups (P < 0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between the pretest and posttest results of each group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Results of the current study indicated that training the stress, coping and willpower strengthening skills, based on the Granovsky excitement components, could promote psychophysical health and reduce anxiety and stress among the studied students.

Evaluating Reliability of Theory of Planned Behaviour Questionnaire for Withdrawal of Divorce Petition.

BACKGROUND: Given the increased rate of divorce, it is important to analyse the characteristics of divorce applicants. The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) can provide a suitable framework to predict, explain, and/or change the behaviours. In Iran, no instrument can be found, based on health education models, to investigate divorce petition filing as a behaviour. AIM: This study was conducted to design a questionnaire on withdrawal of divorce petition based on the TPB and estimate its validity and reliability. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted in 27 participants involved in the divorce process using directed content analysis. The face and content validity of 58 items, drawn from the qualitative study, were evaluated by 10 experts. The reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The SPSS version 16 was used to analyse data. RESULTS: Estimates of the face and content validity (quantitative and qualitative), revealed that of the 58 items, 48 were valid based on four of the constructs of the TPB. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also derived greater than 0.6. CONCLUSION: The designed questionnaire, whose validity and reliability was confirmed in this study, can be used in similar studies. However, the social and cultural differences and their related effects should be considered.

The Concept of Withdrawal of Divorce Petition Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Qualitative Study.

AIM: The present study sought to explore the experiences of participants in divorce process according to the theory of planned behaviour. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted using content analysis method. In this research, 27 participants involved in the divorce process were selected. The data were coded, and the qualitative content analysis was performed. RESULTS: Based on four constructs of the theory of planned behaviour, the subcategories of instrumental attitude were "Divorce as the last solution" and "Divorce as damage for individuals and society". From the perceived behavioural control theme, two subcategories of behavioural control and self-efficacy were drawn; the first subtheme included "Others' meddling in the married life", "Social problems reducing behavioural control power" and "Personality characteristics affecting the behavioural control power"; and the second one included: "Education as a means for developing self-efficacy" and "barriers to self-efficacy". The injunctive norms theme included three subcategories of "Others help to reconcile", "Others meddling and lack of reconciliation", and "Families support to reconcile". The descriptive norms theme was "High divorce rate and misuse of satellite channels and social networks as factors making reconciliation difficult". CONCLUSION: It seems that education and counselling, within a predefined framework, such as applied theories, can be useful.

Risk factors of low birth weight and effect of them on growth pattern of children up to sixth months of life: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Children are more risk-prone group of the population and low birth weight (LBW) is the leadingcause of newborns' mortality and morbidity. LBW is defined as child's birth weight lower than 2500 g. Many maternal and fetal factors are determined as risk factors of LBW. This study tries to detect related factors to LBW and effect of them on children's growth pattern up to sixth month of life in Health centers of Urmia city, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Urmia city using registered data from mothers' documents. All related data such age and weight of infants, mothers' age, gestational age (GA) at the time of delivery, time gap between two pregnancies, past history of abortion, prenatal care history, systemic and underlying diseases, hemoglobin of mothers during pregnancy, and pattern of infant's growth up to sixth month of age were registered in a questionnaire. All registered data were transferred to SPSS 15 software and analyzed. RESULTS: Mean ± SD of birth weight was 3071 ± 625.66 g. There was a significant relationship between birth weight and mother's age (P < 0.001) and weight (P < 0.001). Children of mothers younger than 18 years had much birth weights. There was a significant relationship between birth weight and GA during delivery (P < 0.001). Children of preterm labor had lower birth weights. In twins, LBW was more prevalent (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results show that LBW is related to multiple causes and that most of them are preventable with educational programs and also strict and regular prenatal care. Decreasing incidence of LBW children can be achieved by cooperation between different parts of health and clinical systems.

General health of foreign-origin groups and native population.

BACKGROUND: Since the mental health of marginal settlers (non-native population) may affect other citizens' health, the present study attempts to investigate the mental health status of marginal settlers of Yazd. MATERIALS & METHODS: this study was a descriptive, cross-sectional research, in which 400 of non-native and native population have participated. To study mental health status of people, a questionnaire was used. The first section of this questionnaire was the 28-item questionnaire of GHQ and the second section dealt with demographic characteristics such as age, sex, employment status, household income, and educational level of the father of the family. The collected data was analyzed using statistical operations of Pearson correlation coefficient, T Student, univariate Anova, and non-parametric Chi Square. RESULTS: The results revealed that the average scores of general health were 20.09±9.84 and 17.04±9.54 for native and non-native population, respectively. Among subscales of general health, the highest and lowest average scores belonged to social dysfunctions, which showed a dangerous mental health status, and depression, respectively. There was significant difference between average score of general health and educational level of the father of the family (p<.001). The temporary employment and leased household differs significantly from the average score of general health among native population. It was indicated that sex was one of the most powerful predictors of mental health and people had more mental health when they grew older. Anxiety was the strongest predictor of general health for both groups. CONCLUSION: It seems that background factors such as educational level and employment status effect general health of people more than living in marginal settlement.