Manejo quirúrgico de pseudoquiste pancreático gigante: caso clínico / Surgical management of giant pancreatic pseudocyst: case report

Resumen Introducción: Los pseudoquistes pancreáticos (PQP) corresponden al 80% de las lesiones quísticas del páncreas. Se debe descartar un tumor quístico, que representan el 10% al 15% de los quistes del páncreas y 1% de los tumores malignos por lo que es fundamental el estudio y diagnóstico diferencial. El término pseudoquiste pancreático gigante se usa tradicionalmente cuando el tamaño es mayor de 10 cm. Hay pocos casos de PQP gigantes en la literatura nacional. Objetivo: Reportar caso clínico con PQP gigante, analizar el diagnóstico diferencial y las opciones terapéuticas. Materiales y Método: Paciente con distensión abdominal progresiva, pérdida de peso y anorexia, posepisodio de pancreatitis aguda. Tomografía computarizada abdominal y resonancia magnética confirman lesión quística gigante intraabdominal. El paciente fue tratado con una cistoyeyunostomía pancreática abierta en Y de Roux. El análisis del contenido aspirado durante la cirugía sugiere PQP. Para la discusión se revisa la literatura más relevante. Resultados: Excelente resultado clínico postoperatorio, el estudio histopatológico de la pared del quiste confirmó el diagnóstico de pseudoquiste pancreático. Al año de seguimiento, el paciente permanece asintomático. Discusión: El estudio preoperatorio es crucial para determinar el diagnóstico diferencial y descartar lesiones neoplásicas o parasitarias quísticas. Los PSQ gigantes reportados son poco frecuentes y su manejo quirúrgico dependerá fundamentalmente de su tamaño, de las relaciones anatómicas y de la experiencia del equipo tratante.

Introduction: Pancreatic pseudocysts (PQP) correspond to 80% of cystic lesions of the pancreas. A cystic tumor must be ruled out, which represents 10% to 15% of pancreatic cysts and 1% of malignant tumors, so the study and differential diagnosis is essential. The term giant pancreatic pseudocyst is traditionally used when the size is greater than 10 cm. There are few cases of giant PQP in the national literature. Objective: To report a clinical case with giant PQP, to analyze the differential diagnosis and therapeutic options. Materials and Method: Patient with progressive abdominal distension, weight loss and anorexia post episode of acute pancreatitis. Abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging confirm a giant intra-abdominal cystic lesion. The patient was treated with an open Roux-en-Y pancreatic cysto-jejunostomy. Analysis of the content aspirated during surgery suggests PQP. The most relevant literature is reviewed for discussion. Results: Excellent postoperative clinical results, the histopathological study of the cyst wall, confirmed the diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocyst. At one year of follow-up, the patient remains asymptomatic. Discussion: The preoperative study is crucial to determine the differential diagnosis and rule out neoplastic or cystic parasitic lesions. Reported giant PSQs are rare and their surgical management will depend fundamentally on their size, anatomical relationships, and the experience of the treating team.

¿Es posible utilizar las muestras de colecistectomías con cáncer en investigación?: Calidad del ADN de muestras obtenidas del sistema público y privado de salud / Quality of DNA from archival pathological samples of gallbladder cancer

Background: The quality of the archival samples stored at pathology services could be a limiting factor for molecular biology studies. Aim: To determine the quality of DNA extracted from gallbladder cancer samples at different institutions. Material and Methods: One hundred ninety four samples coming from fve medical centers in Chile, were analyzed. DNA extraction was quantifed determining genomic DNA concentration. The integrity of DNA was determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification of different length fragments of a constitutive gene (β-globin products of 110, 268 and 501 base pairs). Results: The mean DNA concentration obtained in 194 gallbladder cancer samples was 48 ± 43.1 ng/µl. In 22% of samples, no amplification was achieved despite obtaining a mean DNA concentration of 58.3 ng/ul. In 81, 67 and 22% of samples, a DNA amplification of at least 110, 268 or 501 base pairs was obtained, respectively. No differences in DNA concentration according to the source of the samples were demonstrated. However, there were marked differences in DNA integrity among participating centers. Samples from public hospitals were of lower quality than those from private clinics. Conclusions: Despite some limitations, in 80% of cases, the integrity of DNA in archival samples from pathology services in our country would allow the use of molecular biology techniques.

Carcinoma renal de los conductos colectores de Bellini con recidiva retroperitoneal por otro tipo histológico de tumor renal / Renal cell carcinoma of the collecting ducts of Bellini with retroperitoneal recurrence by another histological subtype of renal tumor

OBJETIVO: El Carcinoma Renal de los Conductos Colectores (CRCC) o Carcinoma de Bellini esun subtipo histológico raro y agresivo. Presentamos un caso de CRCC con recidiva retroperitoneal por otro subtipo histológico de tumor renal y revisión de la literatura. MÉTODOS: Paciente masculino de 59 años, sin antecedentes médicos de importancia, quien consultó por presentar hematuria macroscópica. Se realizó Tomografía Computada de abdomen (TAC) la cual mostró una masa tumoral que ocupa la pelvis renal izquierda. Se practicó nefroureterectomía radical izquierda laparoscópica con desinserción endoscópica de uréter intramural ipsilateral. RESULTADOS: El diagnóstico anatomopatológico fue CRCC con márgenes quirúrgicos negativos. Se realizó una TAC control 10 meses después, la cual reveló una masa tumoral retroperitoneal izquierda, compatible con una recidiva local. Se realizó una laparotomía subcostal izquierda con resección completa de la masa. El diagnóstico histológico fue un carcinoma renal de células grandes con componentes de células granulares y células claras. CONCLUSIONES: El CRCC es una forma poco frecuente de todos los carcinomas renales y presenta un comportamiento agresivo que se asocia a mal pronóstico. La resección quirúrgica sigue siendo el tratamiento de elección. Presentamos el primer caso descrito de CRCC con recidiva retroperitoneal por otro subtipo histológico de tumor renal (AU)

OBJECTIVE: Collecting Duct Carcinoma or Bellini Carcinoma (CDC) is a rare aggressive histological subtype. We present a case of CDC with retroperitoneal recurrence by another histological subtype of renal tumor and review of the literature. METHODS: A 59-year-old man with no relevant clinical history presented gross hematuria. At the time of diagnosis, a computed tomography (CT) showed a tumor mass occupying the left renal pelvis. Left Laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy was performed with endoscopic intramural ipsilateral ureter disinsertion. RESULTS: The pathological diagnosis was CDC with negative surgical margins. A CT scan control was performed 10 months later, showed a left retroperitoneal tumor compatible with a local recurrence. We performed a left subcostal laparotomy with complete resection of the mass. Histological diagnosis was large cell carcinoma with components of granular cells and clear cell. CONCLUSIONS: The CDC is a rare subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and has an aggressive behavior that is associated with poor prognosis. Surgical resection remains the treatment of choice. We present the first reported case of CDC with retroperitoneal recurrence by another histological subtype of renal tumor (AU)

Basaloid carcinoma of the prostate: an extremely rare tumor.

OBJECTIVE: The basaloid carcinoma of the prostate (BC) is a rare malignant neoplasm arising from the basal cells of prostatic ducts and acini. We report a case and review the literature. METHODS: A 76-year-old man presented with symptoms of lower obstructive uropathy, the IPSS score was 29 and prostate specific antigen (PSA)of 0,924 ng /ml. Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) was performed in September 2008, histopathological diagnosis was BC. In February 2009 laparoscopic radical prostatectomy was performed. RESULTS: Histopathological examination revealed a BC with adenoid cystic growth pattern, perineural infiltration and focal involvement of the left seminal vesicle. Immunohistochemically, the cells were negative for PSA, stained and were strongly positive for specific monoclonal antibodies anti-cytokeratin 34ßE12, p63 and BCL-2. The patient has 23 months of follow-up, with complete continence and no evidence of tumor recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The BC is an extremely rare subtype of malignant tumors of the prostate, where immunohistochemistry plays a fundamental role in diagnosis.

Carcinoma basaloide de la próstata: un tumor extremadamente raro / Basaloid carcinoma of the prostate: an extremely rare tumor

OBJETIVO: El carcinoma basaloide de la próstata (CB) es una neoplasia maligna poco frecuente derivada de las células basales de los conductos prostáticos y acinos. Presentamos un caso clínico y hacemos una revisión de la literatura. MÉTODOS: Paciente de sexo masculino, de 76 años de edad quien consulta por síntomas de uropatía obstructiva baja con score IPSS de 29 y antígeno prostático (APE) de 0.924 ng/ml. Se practica resección transuretral de próstata (RTUP) en Septiembre de 2008 cuya histopatología concluyó CB. En febrero de 2009 se realiza prostatectomía radical laparoscópica. RESULTADOS: El estudio anatomopatológico revela un CB, con patrón de crecimiento adenoideo quístico, infiltración perineural y extensión extraprostática con compromiso focal de vesícula seminal izquierda y márgenes quirúrgicos negativos. En el estudio inmunohistoquímico las células son negativas para Antígeno prostático específico (APE), siendo fuertemente positivas a anticuerpos monoclonales específicos anti-citoqueratina 34βE12, p63 y BCL-2. El paciente lleva 23 meses de seguimiento, con continencia completa y sin evidencias de recurrencia tumoral. CONCLUSIONES: El CB es un subtipo extremadamente raro de los tumores malignos de la próstata, donde la inmunohistoquímica juega un papel fundamental en su diagnóstico (AU)

OBJECTIVE: The basaloid carcinoma of the prostate (BC) is a rare malignant neoplasm arising from the basal cells of prostatic ducts and acini. We report a case and review the literature. METHODS: A 76-year-old man presented with symptoms of lower obstructive uropathy, the IPSS score was 29 and prostate specific antigen (PSA) of 0,924 ng / ml. Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) was performed in September 2008, histopathological diagnosis was BC. In February 2009 laparoscopic radical prostatectomy was performed. RESULTS: Histopathological examination revealed a BC with adenoid cystic growth pattern, perineural infiltration and focal involvement of the left seminal vesicle. Immunohistochemically, the cells were negative for PSA, stained and were strongly positive for specific monoclonal antibodies anti-cytokeratin 34βE12, p63 and BCL-2. The patient has 23 months of follow-up, with complete continence and no evidence of tumor recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The BC is an extremely rare subtype of malignant tumors of the prostate, where immunohistochemistry plays a fundamental role in diagnosis (AU)

[Quality of DNA from archival pathological samples of gallbladder cancer]. / ¿Es posible utilizar las muestras de colecistectomías con cáncer en investigación?: Calidad del ADN de muestras obtenidas del sistema público y privado de salud.

BACKGROUND: The quality of the archival samples stored at pathology services could be a limiting factor for molecular biology studies. AIM: To determine the quality of DNA extracted from gallbladder cancer samples at different institutions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred ninety four samples coming from five medical centers in Chile, were analyzed. DNA extraction was quantified determining genomic DNA concentration. The integrity of DNA was determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification of different length fragments of a constitutive gene (ß-globin products of 110, 268 and 501 base pairs). RESULTS: The mean DNA concentration obtained in 194 gallbladder cancer samples was 48 ± 43.1 ng/µl. In 22% of samples, no amplification was achieved despite obtaining a mean DNA concentration of 58.3 ng/ul. In 81, 67 and 22% of samples, a DNA amplification of at least 110, 268 or 501 base pairs was obtained, respectively. No differences in DNA concentration according to the source of the samples were demonstrated. However, there were marked differences in DNA integrity among participating centers. Samples from public hospitals were of lower quality than those from private clinics. CONCLUSIONS: Despite some limitations, in 80% of cases, the integrity of DNA in archival samples from pathology services in our country would allow the use of molecular biology techniques.

[Human intestinal spirochetosis: clinical series and literature review]. / Espiroquetosis intestinal humana: serie clínica y revisión de la literatura.

INTRODUCTION: Human intestinal spirochetosis (HIE) is defined as colonization by spirochetes of the large intestine. Is associated with chronic diarrhea. The incidence and prevalence ranges from 0.4% to 12%. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of HIE in the Salvador's Hospital, between 2003 and 2008 in patients with a history of chronic diarrhea and without abnormalities in colonoscopy, in 2 separate groups: patients with and without a history of HIV infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective morphology evaluation of the large bowel endoscopic biopsies to the selected groups. RESULTS: We reviewed 115 biopsies, 98 were from HIV-negative and 17 HIV from positive patients. Two cases of intestinal spirochetosis were detected, both HIV negative, with a prevalence of 1.7%. COMMENT: The prevalence of HIE is similar to that reported in Western countries. Population studies are needed to determine the real epidemiological impact in our environment.

Espiroquetosis intestinal humana: serie clínica y revisión de la literatura / Human intestinal spirochetosis: clinical series and literature review

Introduction: Human intestinal spirochetosis (HIE) is defined as colonization by spirochetes of the large intestine. Is associated with chronic diarrhea. The incidence and prevalence ranges from 0.4% to 12%. Objective: To determine the prevalence of HIE in the Salvador's Hospital, between 2003 and 2008 in patients with a history of chronic diarrhea and without abnormalities in colonoscopy, in 2 separate groups: patients with and without a history of HIV infection. Material and Methods: Retrospective morphology evaluation of the large bowel endoscopic biopsies to the selected groups. Results: We reviewed 115 biopsies, 98 were from HIV-negative and 17 HIV from positive patients. Two cases of intestinal spirochetosis were detected, both HIV negative, with a prevalence of 1.7%. Comment: The prevalence of HIE is similar to that reported in Western countries. Population studies are needed to determine the real epidemiological impact in our environment.

Introducción: La espiroquetosis intestinal humana (EIH) se define como la colonización del intestino grueso por espiroquetas. Se asocia a diarrea crónica. Su incidencia y prevalencia van desde 0,4 a 12% Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de EIH en el Hospital Del Salvador, de Santiago, Chile, entre los años 2003 y 2008, en pacientes con antecedentes clínicos de diarrea crónica y colonoscopia sin hallazgos patológicos, separados en dos grupos: pacientes con y sin antecedentes de infección por VIH. Material y Método: Evaluación morfológica retrospectiva de las biopsias endoscópicas de intestino grueso de los grupos seleccionados. Resultados: Se revisaron 115 biopsias, 98 correspondieron a pacientes sin infección por VIH y 17 a pacientes seropositivos para VIH. Se detectaron dos casos de espiroquetosis intestinal, ambos en pacientes sin infección por VIH, con una prevalencia de 1,7 %. Comentario: La prevalencia de EIH es similar a la publicada en países occidentales. Se requieren estudios poblacionales para determinar el real impacto epidemiológico en nuestro medio.

Linfangioma circunscrito adquirido: a propósito de un caso / Acquired lymphangioma circumscriptum: a case report

Los linfagiomas adquiridos son dilataciones de los vasos linfáticos que pueden resultar como complicación de cirugía o radioterapia. Comparten características clínicas e histológicas con aquellos de las lesiones congénitas. El diagnóstico y tratamiento de estas lesiones vesiculobulosas son importantes, ya que se pueden asociar con dolor y celulitis. Presentamos el caso de una paciente que presentó estas lesiones tras tratamiento de un cáncer de mama.

Acquired lymphangiomas are dilatations of lymphatic vessels that can result as a complication of surgical or radiation therapy. They share clinical and histological features with those of congenital lesions. Diagnosis and treatment of this vesiculobullous lesion are important because it may be associated with pain and cellulitis. We describe a patient who presented these lesions after treatment of mammary cancer.

Cáncer renal multicéntrico: presentación de serie clínica anatomopatológica y revisión de la literatura / Multicentric renal cancer: clinical series presentation and literature review

Introducción: El carcinoma renal muticéntrico es decir aquellos carcinomas que cuentan con un tumor principal y uno o más secundarios, ocurre en el 10 por ciento de los casos. Su ocurrencia se asocian entre otro, a factores tales como el tamaño tumoral y el tipo histológico. El riesgo de multicentricidad permite evaluar la mejor opción de tratamiento quirúrgico oncológico. Objetivos: Evaluar la frecuencia de multicentricidad en el carcinoma renal y factores morfológicos asociados. Material y método: Análisis de 165 nefrectomías radicales por tumor renal desde 1990 hasta el año 2005 por un protocolo preestablecido. Resultados: La multicentricidad se presentó en 18 casos (10,9 por ciento). El número promedio de tumores secundarios fue de 4,9 por caso, la concordancia con el grado nuclear de Furhman y el tipo histológico con el tumor principal fue de 100 por ciento y 66 por ciento respectivamente. 8 de los 18 casos (44 por ciento) correspondían a un estadio T1a de la OMS, de estos 5 eran carcinomas papilares. Del total de la muestra 6 de 6 (100 por ciento ) carcinomas papilares fueron multicéntricos y 12 de 148 (8,1por ciento) carcinomas de células claras fueron multicéntricos. Trece de 18 tumores principales median menos de 7 cm y el 93 por ciento de los tumores secundarios median menos de 2,5 cm. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de multicentricidad en el carcinoma renal fue cercana al 10 por ciento, casi la mitad de los casos se presentaron en el estadio T1a, de los cuales la mayoría correspondieron a Carcinomas papilares. El conocimiento del tipo histológico es importante a la hora de seleccionar el tipo de cirugía a practicar, en este caso por sobre el tamaño tumoral.

Introduction: Multicentric renal carcinoma (ie those that have a primary tumor and one or more secondary), occurs in 10 percent of cases. Its occurrence is associated to tumor size and histologic type. The multicentricity risk allows to assess the best surgical treatment. Objectives: To evaluate the frequency of multicentricity in renal cell carcinoma and his morphological factors.Material and methods: An analysis of 165 radical nephrectomies for renal tumors from 1990 until 2005 was conducted. Results: Multicentricity was found in 17 cases (10.9 percent). The average number of secondary tumors was 4.9; the correlation with histologic type and Furhman nuclear grade with the main tumor was 100 percent and 66 percent respectively. Eight cases (44 percent ) were stage T1a (5 were papillary carcinomas). 6 / 15 (40 percent) of papillary carcinomas were multicentric and 12/179 (6.7 percent) of clear cell carcinoma were multicentric tumors.13/18 of the primary tumor measured less than 7 cm and 93 percentof secondary tumors measured less than 2.5 cm. Conclusions: The frequency of multicentricity in renal cell carcinoma was 10 percent, most of the cases were in stage T1a, most of which were papillary carcinomas. Knowledge of the histologic type is more important than the tumor size for the selection of the best surgical approach.

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal masses: does size matter?

OBJECTIVES: To examine the impact of adrenal tumor size on perioperative morbidity and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy. METHODS: A total of 227 laparoscopic adrenalectomies were divided in three groups according to size as estimated by pathologic specimen maximum diameter: less than 6 cm (group 1, n = 140), between 6 and 7.9 cm (group 2, n = 47), and equal to or larger than 8 cm (group 3, n = 40). We prospectively recorded and analyzed clinical and pathologic data. RESULTS: Average operative time was 60 minutes (range, 50 to 90 minutes) for group 1, 75 minutes (range, 65 to 105 minutes) for group 2, and 80 minutes (range, 65 to 120 minutes) for group 3. Estimated blood loss, median (interquartile range) was 50 mL (range, 20 to 100 mL), 100 mL (range, 48 to 225 mL), and 100 mL (range, 50 to 475 mL) for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. We observed a total of 10, 4, and 4 complications in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Average hospital stay was 2 days (range, 2 to 3 days), 2 days (range, 2 to 3 days), and 3 days (range, 2 to 4 days), respectively, for groups 1, 2, and 3. Operative time, average blood loss, and mean hospital stay were significantly higher (P

Adenocarcinoma de células claras multiquístico del riñón: presentación de serie clínica anatomopatológica y revisión de la literatura / Multicystic clear cell carcinoma of kidney: clinical series presentation and literature review

El carcinoma multiquístico de células claras del riñón es una variedad infrecuente del carcinoma de células claras, representa un 6 por ciento de los tumores quísticos del riñón y se caracteriza por tener un excelente pronóstico de sobrevida luego de la resección quirúrgica completa. Objetivos: Analizar la frecuencia y aspectos morfológicos del adenocarcinoma multiquístico de células claras del riñón. Material y método: Análisis de 217 nefrectomías por tumor renal desde 1990 hasta el año 2005 porun protocolo preestablecido. Resultados: El carcinoma multiquístico de células claras del riñón correspondió al 5,5 por ciento del total de tumores y al 6,7 por ciento del total de carcinomas de células claras, la mayoría de los tumores se encontraban en el estadio T1a de la TNM con un grado nuclear de Furhman de 1 ó 2. La sobrevida libre de enfermedad a 16 años de seguimiento es del 100 por ciento.Conclusiones: El carcinoma multiquístico de células claras del riñón, es una entidad poco frecuente, de excelente comportamiento biológico y pronóstico, que debe ser considerado dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales de los tumores quísticos del riñón.

The multicystic carcinoma of clear cells of the kidney is an infrequent variety of the carcinoma of clear cells, represents 6 percent of the cystic tumors of the kidney and is characterized for having an excellent survival after the surgical complete resection. Objective: To analyze the frequency and morphologic aspects of the multicystic adenocarcinoma of clear cells of the kidney. Material and method: Analysis of 217 nefrectomias for renal tumor from 1990 until the year 2005 for a pre-established protocol. Results: The multicystic carcinoma of clear cells of the kidney corresponded to 5.5 percent of the whole of tumors and to 6.7 percent of the whole of carcinomas of clear cells, the majority of the tumours were meetingin the stadium T1a of the TNM with a Furhman’s nuclear grade of 1 or 2. The free survival of disease to 16 years of follow-up is 100 percent. Conclusions: The multicystic carcinoma of clear cells of the kidney, is a slightly frequent entity, of excellent biological behavior and forecast, which it must be considered inside the differential diagnoses of the cystic tumors of the kidney.

Bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become the gold standard in the surgical management of adrenal pathology. Bilateral adrenalectomy is indicated in patients with Cushing's disease secondary to macroadenoma or hypophysial hyperplasia in whom medical treatment and transsphenoid surgery have failed. Also, it is the first choice for bilateral benign tumors and metastatic neoplasia. We present our experience with bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy, analyzing its indications, feasibility, results, and complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between November 1999 and December 2005, 221 laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed by the same surgeon (OAC) at our institution. Of the 221 adrenalectomies, 44 were bilateral. A total of 20 patients underwent bilateral synchronic laparoscopic adrenalectomy (91%); the remaining 2 had two-stage procedures. There were 6 cases of bilateral pheochromocytoma, 6 patients with Cushing's disease, 3 cases of metastasis, 3 congenital adrenal hyperplasias, 2 hyperaldosteronisms, and a single case each of adrenal adenoma and myelolipoma. The average patient age was 41.6 years (range 17-72 years), and the male-to-female ratio was 1:2.6. RESULTS: Total laparoscopic adrenalectomy and partial adrenalectomy were performed on 37 and 7 occasions (84% and 16%), respectively. The mean tumor size was 4.15 cm (range 1-11 cm). The mean operative time for each adrenalectomy was 79.2 minutes (range 25-210 minutes). The estimated intraoperative blood loss was on average 65.4 mL (range 0-500 mL). Only one patient required a blood transfusion. There was only one intraoperative complication (2.2%), a renal-vein injury that was controlled with intracorporeal suturing. There were no open conversions. The mean hospital stay was 3.19 days (range 2-5 days). CONCLUSIONS: Bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy is technically feasible and can be performed with minimal bleeding in a reasonable surgical time.

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal myelolipoma.

OBJECTIVE: [corrected] To evaluate the results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal myelolipoma in a single center. METHODS: Between November 1999 and February 2006, 226 laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed at our institution. 19 specimens corresponded with adrenal myelolipomas (8%). Mean patient age was 53.8 years (range 35 to 75) with male-to-female ratio 2:1. Clinical data was prospectively collected. Patient characteristics, lesion size evaluated by CT scan or MRI, surgical technique, operative time, operative blood loss, complications, conversion to open surgery and hospital stay were reviewed. RESULTS: Nineteen adrenal myelolipomas were laparoscopically treated in eighteen patients. 16 lesions were located on the right adrenal gland (84%). Mean surgical time was 84.7 minutes (range 45 to 150). Average bleeding was 25.8 ml (range 0 to 300). Only one patient required a blood transfusion. There were no intraoperative complications or conversions to open surgery. Average hospital stay was 2.1 days (range 1 to 4); no complications were registered during the immediate postoperative period. Pathology reports confirmed all specimens as myelolipomas. Mean maximum tumor diameter was 8.6 cm (range 4.5 to 14). CONCLUSIONS: Adrenal myelolipoma is an infrequent, benign entity which can occasionally become symptomatic due to spontaneous hemorrhage. Typical radiographic presentation permits conservative management in asymptomatic small masses. In cases where surgical treatment is advocated, laparoscopic surgery is a safe and feasible technique with reasonable operating time as well as limited blood loss, hospital stay and convalescence.

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal myelolipoma / Adrenalectomía laparoscópica por mielolipoma suprarrenal

Objetive: To evaluate the results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal myelolipoma in a single center. Methods: Between November 1999 and February 2006, 226 laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed at our institution. 19 specimens corresponded with adrenal myelolipomas (8%). Mean patient age was 53.8 years (range 35 to 75) with male-to-female ratio 2:1. Clinical data was prospectively collected. Patient characteristics, lesion size evaluated by CT scan or MRI, surgical technique, operative time, operative blood loss, complications, conversion to open surgery and hospital stay were reviewed. Results: Nineteen adrenal myelolipomas were laparoscopically treated in eighteen patients. 16 lesions were located on the right adrenal gland (84%). Mean surgical time was 84.7 minutes (range 45 to 150). Average bleeding was 25.8 ml (range 0 to 300). Only one patient required a blood transfusion. There were no intraoperative complications or conversions to open surgery. Average hospital stay was 2.1 days (range 1 to 4); no complications were registered during the immediate postoperative period. Pathology reports confirmed all specimens as myelolipomas. Mean maximum tumor diameter was 8.6 cm (range 4.5 to 14). Conclusions: Adrenal myelolipoma is an infrequent, benign entity which can occasionally become symptomatic due to spontaneous hemorrhage. Typical radiographic presentation permits conservative management in asymptomatic small masses. In cases where surgical treatment is advocated, laparoscopic surgery is a safe and feasible technique with reasonable operating time as well as limited blood loss, hospital stay and convalescence (AU)

Evaluar los resultados de la adrenalectomía laparoscópica por mielolipoma suprarrenal en un único centro. Métodos: Entre noviembre de 1999 y febrero del 2006 se realizaron 226 adrenalectomías laparoscópicas en nuestra institución. Diecinueve casos fueron mielolipomas (8%). La edad media de los pacientes fue de 53,8 años (rango de 35 a 75) con una relación varónes: mujeres de 2:1. Los datos clínicos se recogieron de forma prospectiva. Se revisan las características del paciente, tamaño de la lesión evaluado por TAC o resonancia magnética nuclear, técnica quirúrgica, tiempo operatorio, sangrado estimado, complicaciones, conversión a cirugía abierta y estancias hospitalarias. Resultados: Diecinueve mielolipomas suprarrenales fueron tratados en 18 pacientes. Dieciocho tumores estaban localizados en la glándula suprarrenal derecha (84%). El tiempo operatorio medio fue de 84,7 minutos (rango de 45 a 150). El sangrado estimado medio fue de 25,8 ml. (0-300). Solamente un paciente necesitó transfusión sanguínea. No hubo complicaciones intraoperatorias o conversiones a cirugía abierta. La estancia hospitalaria media fue de 2,1 días (1-4); no se registraron complicaciones en el postoperatorio inmediato. El estudio anatomopatológico confirmó todos los casos como mielolipomas. El tamaño máximo medio fue de 8,6 cm de diámetro (4,5-14). Conclusiones: El mielolipoma suprarrenal es un tumor benigno, poco frecuente, que puede ocasionalmente hacerse sintomático por hemorragia espontánea. La presentación radiológica típica permite un manejo conservador en tumores pequeños asintomáticos. En los casos en los que se recomienda tratamiento quirúrgico la cirugía laparoscópica es una técnica segura y factible, con un tiempo operatorio razonable, un sangrado limitado y unos tiempos cortos de estancia hospitalaria y de convalecencia (AU)

Adrenalectomía laparoscópica en pacientes con síndrome de Cushing / Laparoscopic adrenalectomy in patients with Cushing syndrome

Se describe la experiencia en adrenalectomía laparoscópica en el síndrome de Cushing. Material y Métodos: De una serie total de 214 adrenalectomías laparoscópicas realizadas en nuestra institución entre junio de 1996 y diciembre de 2005, 18 corresponden a síndrome de Cushing. Su edad promedio fue de 36 años, 11 mujeres y 2 hombres, 8 casos unilaterales y 5 casos bilaterales. A todos los pacientes se les realizó la técnica transperitoneal. Resultados: Se realizaron 18 adrenalectomías laparoscópicas en 13 pacientes, con un tiempo quirúrgico promedio de 76,6 min. Fue necesaria la conversión en 1 caso por sangrado intraoperatorio. La estadía hospitalaria en promedio fue de 2,8 días. El tamaño de la glándula en promedio fue de 3,4 cm. En todos los pacientes hubo mejoría clínica y de laboratorio del hipercortisolismo. Conclusión: La adrenalectomía laparoscópica es segura y efectiva para el tratamiento de síndrome de Cushing.

Objectives: To describe and compare our experience in laparoscopic adrenalectomy in Cushing’s syndrome. Material and Methods: Between june 1996 and december 2005 we performed 214 laparoscopic adrenalectomies. From this series, 18 procedures were done in 13 patients with Cushing’s syndrome. The average age at diagnosis was 36. We operated on 11 women and 2 men, eight with unilateral disease and 5 with bilateral disease. Results: Eighteen laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed; with a mean operative time of 76.6 min. Conversion to open adrenalectomy was necessary in one case to control intraoperative bleeding. Mean hospital stay was 2.8 days. Mean specimen size was 3.4 cm. No major complications were registered. In all cases the resolution of hypercortisolism was then confirmed with clinical and biochemical parameters. Conclusion: In our experience laparoscopic adrenalectomy is safe and effective in the treatment of Cushing’s Syndrome.

Adrenalectomía laparoscópica en feocromocitoma / Laparoscopic adrenalectomy in pheochromocytoma

Se describe la experiencia en adrenalectomía laparoscópica en pacientes con Feocromocitoma. Material y Métodos: Desde junio 1996 hasta diciembre de 2005 se han realizado 34 adrenalectomías laparoscópicas en pacientes con Feocromocitoma demostrado clínica y tomográficamente, todas por vía transperitoneal, 11 derechas, 13 izquierdas y 5 bilaterales. Resultados: No hubo conversión a cirugía abierta en ningún paciente. El sangrado promedio fue de 122,6 ml. Se requirió transfusión sanguínea en 1 paciente. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 97,3 min. Se realizó extirpación adrenal completa en 29 pacientes y tumorectomía en 5 pacientes. El tiempo de hospitalización promedio fue de 3,3 días. Un paciente falleció producto de una crisis hipertensiva en el intraoperatorio. Hubo un desgarro esplénico manejado sin necesidad de convertir. Conclusión: La adrenalectomía laparoscópica para el tratamiento del Feocromocitoma está sujeta a los mismos riesgos de la cirugía abierta y requiere de un entrenamiento adecuado. Es una técnica reproducible que tiene todas las ventajas de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva.

Objective: We describe our experience in laparoscopic adrenalectomy in patients with Pheochromocytoma. Material and Methods: Between june 1996 and december 2005 we performed 34 laparoscopic adrenalectomies in patients with biochemical and CT scan-confirmed Pheochromocytoma. All patients were operated with a transperitoneal technique, eleven of which were right-sided, 13 left-sided and 5 bilateral. Results: All the cases were completed laparoscopically. Average bleeding was 122.6 ml. One patient needed blood transfusion. Mean operative time was 97.3 min. Twenty-nine total adrenalectomies and five partial adrenalectomies were performed. Mean hospital stay was 3.3 days. In one case an intraoperative lesion of the spleen was successfully managed by laparoscopy. One patient died after an intraoperative hypertensive crisis. Conclusion: The laparoscopic approach to adrenalectomy in patients with Pheochromocytoma carries similar risks to its open counterpart and thus requires a surgeon trained in laparoscopic skills. This is a reproductible technique that has all the benefits of minimally invasive surgery.

Adrenalectomía laparoscópica para hiperaldosterismo primario / Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for primary hyperaldosterism

Se describe nuestra experiencia en adrenalectomía laparoscópica del hiperaldosteronismo primario. Material y Métodos: De una serie total de 214 adrenalectomías laparoscópicas realizadas en nuestra institución entre junio de 1996 y diciembre de 2005, 34 corresponden a adrenalectomías laparoscópicas por hiperaldosteronismo primario. Todas se han realizado por vía transperitoneal en decúbito lateral, 13 derechas, 17 izquierdas y dos bilaterales. Resultados: No hubo conversión a cirugía abierta en ningún paciente. El sangrado promedio fue de 22,5 ml. No fue necesaria transfusión. Se realizaron 18 adrenalectomías totales y 16 tumorectomías. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio es de 72,5 min. El tiempo de hospitalización promedio es de 2,1 días. El tamaño de la lesión promedio fue de 2,8 cm. En la comparación con lo reportado en la literatura se encuentran resultados similares a los obtenidos por nuestra serie. Conclusiones: Nos parece que se confirma que la adrenalectomía laparoscópica es el método.

Objective: To describe our experience in laparoscopic adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism. Materials and Methods: Among a general series of 214 laparoscopic adrenalectomies, we performed 34 procedures in 32 patients for the management of primary aldosteronism, between june 1996 and december 2005. All of the patients presented with hypertension and adrenal adenoma or hyperplasia demonstrated by CT scan. All of them underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy: 13 on the right side, 17 on the left side and two bilateral. Results: There were no conversions to open surgery. Mean blood loss was 22.5 mL. There was no need for transfusion in any patient. We performed 16 enucleations and 18 total adrenalectomies. Mean operative time was 72.5 min. Mean hospital stay was 2.1 days. Mean specimen size was 2.8 cm. Our results are comparable to other international series. Conclusion: In agree with the total results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism, we confirm that this procedure is the method of choice for the treatment of this pathology.

[Inverted papilloma of the bladder]. / Papiloma invertido vesical.

OBJECTIVES: To report a series of patients with bladder inverted papilloma, pointing out the clinical features, presentations, treatment options and outcomes. We also perform a bibliography review oriented to the diagnostic criteria, treatment options and prognosis of the inverted papilloma. METHODS: We reviewed the medical charts of all patients with the diagnosis of bladder inverted papilloma treated by our group between July 1996 and June 2003. RESULTS: 16 cases of inverted papilloma of the bladder were diagnosed in ten males and six females, with a mean age of 53.1 yr. (range 31-72). The most frequent reason for consultation was voiding urgency (43.7%), followed by hematuria (37.5%). In 14/16 patients the lesion was localized in the bladder trigone. Transurethral resection of the lesion was performed in all patients. Two cases (12.5%) presented associated transitional cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: The inverted papilloma is a rare pathologic entity Despite the absence of agreement about its aggressiveness or innocuousness we consider its potential malignancy should be taken into consideration after the evidence of recurrences and its association with transitional cell carcinoma.