Simple anthropometric indices associated with ischemic heart disease.

In a case-control study of 217 hospitalized incident cases of ischemic heart disease and 261 controls we compared various anthropometric indices for the strength of their associations to the outcome event. The ratio of supine sagittal abdominal diameter to midthigh girth ("abdominal diameter index"; ADI) was the simple index that best discriminated cases from controls for both men (standardized difference, 0.65; p < 0.0001) and women (standardized difference, 0.95; p < 0.0001). The waist-to-thigh ratio of girths (WTR) (standardized difference, 0.57 and 0.90; p < 0.0001) was nearly as strong as the ADI and stronger than the traditional waist-to-hip ratio (standardized difference, 0.34 and 0.68; p < 0.005). After adjustments for age and race, the men's odds ratio for ischemic heart disease (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1) was 5.5 (95% CI, 2.9-10) using ADI and 5.1 (2.6-10) using the WTR. The women's odds ratio was 6.3 (1.9-20) using ADI and 8.7 (2.3-33) using the WTR. Further adjustments for body mass index and cardiovascular risk factors did not substantially change these risk estimates. Similar odds ratios were estimated by analyses restricted to 169 neighborhood-matched case-control pairs. In contrast, increased midthigh girth and subcutaneous fat mass (sum of three skinfolds) were associated with a protective effect against ischemic heart disease. Anthropometry using the ADI or WTR could offer a low-cost, noninvasive method for the clinical or epidemiologic evaluation of ischemic heart disease risk.

Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: In the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial, designed to test the hypothesis that suppression of ventricular ectopy after a myocardial infarction reduces the incidence of sudden death, patients in whom ventricular ectopy could be suppressed with encainide, flecainide, or moricizine were randomly assigned to receive either active drug or placebo. The use of encainide and flecainide was discontinued because of excess mortality. We examined the mortality and morbidity after randomization to encainide or flecainide or their respective placebo. RESULTS: Of 1498 patients, 857 were assigned to receive encainide or its placebo (432 to active drug and 425 to placebo) and 641 were assigned to receive flecainide or its placebo (323 to active drug and 318 to placebo). After a mean follow-up of 10 months, 89 patients had died: 59 of arrhythmia (43 receiving drug vs. 16 receiving placebo; P = 0.0004), 22 of nonarrhythmic cardiac causes (17 receiving drug vs. 5 receiving placebo; P = 0.01), and 8 of noncardiac causes (3 receiving drug vs. 5 receiving placebo). Almost all cardiac deaths not due to arrhythmia were attributed to acute myocardial infarction with shock (11 patients receiving drug and 3 receiving placebo) or to chronic congestive heart failure (4 receiving drug and 2 receiving placebo). There were no differences between the patients receiving active drug and those receiving placebo in the incidence of nonlethal disqualifying ventricular tachycardia, proarrhythmia, syncope, need for a permanent pacemaker, congestive heart failure, recurrent myocardial infarction, angina, or need for coronary-artery bypass grafting or angioplasty. CONCLUSIONS: There was an excess of deaths due to arrhythmia and deaths due to shock after acute recurrent myocardial infarction in patients treated with encainide or flecainide. Nonlethal events, however, were equally distributed between the active-drug and placebo groups. The mechanisms underlying the excess mortality during treatment with encainide or flecainide remain unknown.

Mortality in the beta blocker heart attack trial: circumstances surrounding death.

In the Beta Blocker Heart Attack Trial, a double blind, randomized, controlled study, patients taking propranolol (180 or 240 mg/day) initiated 5-21 days post myocardial infarction had 26% fewer deaths than those taking placebo over a 25 month (mean) followup. Detailed analysis of the circumstances surrounding the BHAT deaths failed to reveal any striking difference between propranolol and placebo in the type of clinical event preceding death, the incidence and type of acute and prodromal signs and symptoms, the location of death, the activity preceding death or the percentage of deaths that were sudden or instantaneous, suggesting that propranolol may exert an "across the board" effect and improve survival by a combination of mechanisms. An unexpected finding was that the protective effect of propranolol appeared to occur during the hours of 10 p.m. to 7 a.m.

Design of a multicenter, double-blind study to assess the effects of prophylactic diltiazem on early reinfarction after non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction: diltiazem reinfarction study.

This protocol describes the design of an international study to examine the potential prophylactic effect of 14 days of diltiazem therapy to prevent early reinfarction in patients initially presenting with non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Reinfarction was defined by the detection of a secondary elevation of plasma MB-creatine kinase. The results of clinical trials, instrumental in this protocol design, that established the increased propensity for early reinfarction after initial non-Q-wave infarction are described and the implications of the present study are discussed.

Immediate and long-term outlook for valve replacement in acute bacterial endocarditis.

The clinical course of 22 patients with acute endocarditis treated surgically less than six weeks after the onset of antibiotic therapy was reviewed. The aortic valve was infected in 13 patients, the mitral in six, the tricuspid in two, and one patient had both aortic and mitral valve involvement. The indications for surgical intervention before the completion of adequate antibacterial therapy included uncontrollable congestive heart failure, persistent sepsis, systemic embolization, and multiple septic pulmonary embolizations. The annulus was involved by the infectious process in five of the 13 patients with aortic valve endocarditis, in one of the two patients with tricuspid valve infection, and in none of the patients with mitral valve endocarditis. There were two surgical deaths, for a mortality of 9.1%. During the follow-up period, four patients died three months, seven months, four years, and seven years after surgery. The remaining patients have been followed up for a period of five months to 10 years. One patient has a hemodynamically insignificant paravalvular leak, and another developed paravalvular regurgitation and a false aneurysm of the left sinus of Valsalva two weeks after the initial operation. She subsequently underwent successful valve replacement and repair of the aneurysm. This study confirms that valvular replacement should be done for acute endocarditis as soon as indicated, and that the incidence of reinfection and/or the development of valvular or paravalvular problems is small even in the patients with incomplete antimicrobial therapy, whether or not the annulus is involved by the infectious process.

Response to exercise in patients taking psychotropic drugs. Arrhythmias and the QT interval (QT wave peak).

Psychotropic drugs may prolong the QT interval, potentially predisposing to ventricular arrhythmias and/or sudden death. Exercise prescribed as therapy for depression may also prolong the QT interval and augment arrhythmia risk. To determine QT-interval (QT wave peak, or QTPK) response to exercise in patients receiving psychotropic drugs, treadmill exercise testing was performed on 20 mentally competent psychiatric inpatients clinically free of heart disease. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory ECGs were performed within one day of exercise testing to detect arrhythmias during routine daily activities. Exercise test results for psychiatric patients were compared with those of normal subjects receiving no medication. Separate regression lines relating heart rate of QTPK interval, calculated for each group, showed no significant difference. No serious arrhythmias occurred during routine daily activities or exercise. Patients without heart disease taking psychotropic drugs have appropriate QTPK-interval shortening with exercise.

Intimo-intimal intussusception and other unusual manifestations of aortic dissection.

Four cases with unusual aortic dissection found unexpectantly at the time of operation, and their aortographic and anatomic findings and surgical treatment are described. One of the patients had a type I aortic dissection with intimo-intimal intussusception and another had a type I dissection with one portion of the intimal wall unidentifiable up to the origin of the innominate artery. One patient had a type III dissecting aneurysm with retrograde dissection into the aortic arch and ascending aorta, and the fourth patient had a dissecting aneurysm involving the ascending aorta and the innominate, right common carotid, and right vertebral arteries with a re-entry at the aortic arch.

Gonococcal endocarditis in the antibiotic era.

Since the introduction of penicillin in 1942, there have been only 11 culture-proven cases of gonococcal endocarditis in the English literature. Most patients are under 30 years of age and have no history of heart disease. The aortic valve is often involved and aortic regurgitation is common. The bacteriologic diagnosis can be difficult and may require more than six blood cultures and a long incubation period. Circulating immune complexes appear to be the cause of many of the extracardiac manifestations. The three new cases reported herein and review of the literature emphasize the distinctive features of gonococcal endocarditis.

Echocardiographically determined mitral valve prolapse in male patients.

Mitral valve prolapse syndrome is a common clinical entity that may occur as an isolated condition or in association with other cardiovascular diseases. In this retrospective study, 41% (23/56) of the male patients with echocardiographically diagnosed mitral valve prolapse had an additional form of cardiovascular disease.

Psychosis. A probable result of propranolol therapy.

beta-Adrenoceptor blocking agents are important agents in the management of many cardiovascular problems. Multiple neuropsychiatric adverse reactions have been noted with their use. This article reviews these reactions and describes the case of a suspected propranolol-induced psychosis.