The prevalence of depression in Iranian children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of depression in Iranian children. METHOD: This meta-analysis was registered in PROSPERO with code (CRD42020216632) and performed based on the MOOSE protocol and PRISMA guidelines. Title and abstract of articles were searched without time limit until April 2020 in international databases PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Embase, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, EBSCO, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Iranian databases. RESULTS: In 34 studies with a sample size of 23,779 Iranian children, the prevalence of depression was estimated 42.3 % (95 %CI: 34.9-50.0). Prevalence of depression in girls in 20 studies with a sample size of 11,170 was estimated 42.1 % (95 %CI: 32.7-52.1) and the prevalence of depression in males in 20 studies with a sample size of 4678 was estimated 29.6 % (95 %CI: 21.2-39.7). The odds ratio of female to male depression was 1.33 (95 %CI: 1.07-1.65, P < 0.011). Prevalence of mild, moderate, major and deep depression was 20.3 % (95 %CI: 16.4-24.9), 15.0 % (95 %CI: 11.3-19.7), 14.5 % (95 %CI: 10.8-19.1), and 4.3 % (95 %CI: 1.8-9.8), respectively. In subgroup analysis for prevalence of depression in Iranian children, the variables of geographical area (P = 0.258), quality of studies (P = 0.186), type of questionnaire (P = 0.907), sample size (P = 0.500) and year of studies (P = 0.538) were not significant, but subgroup analysis of province (P < 0.001) and school grade (P < 0.001) were significant. CONCLUSION: The results of the present meta-analysis showed that depression is common in Iranian children and is much higher than global estimates. These findings emphasize the importance of identifying and providing treatment to children who are most in need.

Fabrication of novel magnetic CuS/Fe3O4/GO nanocomposite for organic pollutant degradation under visible light irradiation.

The magnetic nanocomposites composed of copper sulphide, iron oxide, and graphene oxide (CuS/Fe3O4/GO) were synthesized through a facile sol-gel combined with hydrothermal techniques for photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) as a model organic pollutant. The as-prepared samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and results confirmed successful synthesis of magnetic nanocomposite. Presence of Fe3O4 and GO in nanocomposite induced a synergistic effect in CuS performance as CS88F6G6 (i.e. 88% CuS, 6% Fe3O4, and 6% GO). The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of MB reached up to 90.3% after exposure to visible light irradiation for 80 min. The composite nanosheets are photostable, reusable, and magnetically recoverable, revealing potential application in removal of organic pollutants.

Adsorption-photocatalytic processes for removal of pentachlorophenol contaminant using FeNi3/SiO2/ZnO magnetic nanocomposite under simulated solar light irradiation.

The adsorption followed by photocatalytic degradation process was examined for the pentachlorophenol (PCP) removal from aqueous solution. These processes were accomplished by using FeNi3/SiO2/ZnO magnetic nanocomposite as an adsorbent-photocatalytic agent and under the irradiation of solar light. The magnetic nanocomposite used was first synthesized and then was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. The PCP removal efficiency was tested for various factors, including pH, PCP concentration, and nanocomposite dose at different contact times. The characterization results of TEM, FE-SEM, and VSM analysis showed that the synthesized nanoparticles are amorphous and tend to agglomerate due to their high super-paramagnetic property. In addition, the EDX technique showed that the Zn and O elements had the highest weight percent in the synthesized nanocomposite, respectively. On the other hand, XRD analysis revealed that the crystalline size of the nanoparticles was about 42 nm. The kinetic of PCP degradation followed the pseudo-first-order model with R2 = 0.978. According to the results of the isotherm study, the adsorption of PCP onto the nanoparticles followed the Freundlich model. The results of adsorption-photocatalytic degradation experiments showed that 100% removal of PCP was obtained at optimum conditions of pH = 3, nanocomposite dose = 0.5 g/L, contact time = 180 min, and initial PCP concentration of 10 mg/L. Through the results obtained from this study, the adsorption process followed by solar light photocatalytic degradation process using FeNi3/SiO2/ZnO magnetic nanocomposite is found to be an efficacious treatment method for the removal of PCP contaminant from water and wastewater.