RESUMO
Women from rural areas of the central plateau of Mexico drink during pregnancy and lactation a mild alcoholic beverage called pulque as a galactogogue. Ethanol present in milk could have a harmful effect on growth and development of breast-fed children. The purpose of this study was to quantify the ethanol consumed as pulque by eleven lactating rural women as well as its clearance rate in blood and milk. Mothers were separated in two groups depending upon the ethanol ingested in a single dose of pulque 0.21 +/- 0.08 g/kg of body weight (group A) and 0.44 +/- 0.11 g/kg (group B). Maximal concentration of ethanol was reached in milk at 60 minutes and almost equaled that in plasma. Both groups showed a similar clearance pattern regardless of the volume of pulque ingested. Clearance rates between groups were different: ethanol concentration in milk at 60 min were 8.4 +/- 3.0 mg/dL for group A and 26.2 +/- 7.0 mg/dL for group B. Two hours later ethanol levels were 3.6 +/- 3.4 mg/dL and 23.3 +/- 9.4 mg/dL respectively. Clearance rates were slower in mothers showing the highest concentration of ethanol in milk. The present data demonstrate that there is no differential elimination of ethanol in maternal blood and milk following ingestion of a moderate amount of pulque during lactation. The amount of ethanol received by infants through milk is relatively low and therefore it is unlikely to have harmful effects on them. Pulque consumption adds about 350 kcal/day to the customary dietary intake of these lactating women.
PIP: This work assessed the quantity of ethanol consumed in pulque, a mildly alcoholic beverage from the maguey cactus, and its clearance rate in the blood and milk of 11 rural women in the state of Mexico. 27% of women in the rural and semirural areas of central Mexico drink pulque with their meals. Pulque is believed to stimulate milk production in lactating women. The 11 women lived in the community of San Mateo Capulhuac. All exclusively breast fed their infants, who ranged in age from 3-12 months. On the study day the women breakfasted on tortillas, beans, soup and tea, accompanied by their usual quantity of pulque. During the study, samples of milk and blood were taken from the women at 60, 90, and 120 minutes after 1st ingestion of pulque. The volume of pulque consumed was measured and a sample was saved to determine the ethanol content. Mature pulque showed little variation in ethanol concentration or in total carbohydrates, independently of temperature or duration of storage. The average concentration of ethanol in pulque produced in San Mateo Capulhuac was 3.08 + or - 1.09 g/dL, with a minimum of 1.35 and a maximum of 4.70. The 11 mothers were divided into 2 groups depending on whether the maximum concentration of ethanol quantified in their blood and milk was less than 20 mg/dL (group A) or greater than 20 (group B). The mothers in group A had younger infants, lower body weights, and smaller volumes of pulque ingested on average than the mothers in group B. The average dose of ethanol ingested with pulque was .21 + or - .08 g/kg body weight for group A and .44 + or - .22 g/kg of body weight for group B. concentrations of ethanol in the blood were similar to those in milk for both groups at 60, 90, and 120 minutes. The maximum ethanol concentration occurred 60 minutes after ingestion. Maximum concentrations of ethanol in milk were 8.4 + or - 3.0 mg/dL for group A and 26.2 + or - 7.0 mg/dL for group B, slightly lower than the maximal plasma concentrations in each group. Ethanol levels in blood and milk of group A declined rapidly, with 63% of the ethanol disappearing from the blood and 52% from the milk at 120 minutes. At 120 minutes the ethanol concentration had declined by only 5.5% in the blood and 11% in the milk of group B. Pulque contributes about 350 kcal per day to these women, who have daily caloric intakes averaging 2100 kcal. The relatively small amount of ethanol taken in by infants through milk is unlikely to have harmful effects.
