The Protective Effects of IGF-I against ß-Amyloid-related Downregulation of Hippocampal Somatostatinergic System Involve Activation of Akt and Protein Kinase A.

Somatostatin (SRIF), a neuropeptide highly distributed in the hippocampus and involved in learning and memory, is markedly reduced in the brain of Alzheimer's disease patients. The effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) against ß amyloid (Aß)-induced neuronal death and associated cognitive disorders have been extensively reported in experimental models of this disease. Here, we examined the effect of IGF-I on the hippocampal somatostatinergic system in Aß-treated rats and the molecular mechanisms associated with changes in this peptidergic system. Intracerebroventricular Aß25-35 administration during 14 days (300 pmol/day) to male rats increased Aß25-35 levels and cell death and markedly reduced SRIF and SRIF receptor 2 levels in the hippocampus. These deleterious effects were associated with reduced Akt and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Subcutaneous IGF-I co-administration (50 µg/kg/day) reduced hippocampal Aß25-35 levels, cell death and JNK activation. In addition, IGF-I prevented the reduction in the components of the somatostatinergic system affected by Aß infusion. Its co-administration also augmented protein kinase A (PKA) activity, as well as Akt and CREB phosphorylation. These results suggest that IGF-I co-administration may have protective effects on the hippocampal somatostatinergic system against Aß insult through up-regulation of PKA activity and Akt and CREB phosphorylation.

alpha1-Adrenoceptors stimulate a Galphas protein and reduce the transient outward K+ current via a cAMP/PKA-mediated pathway in the rat heart.

alpha(1)-Adrenoceptor stimulation prolongs the duration of the cardiac action potentials and leads to positive inotropic effects by inhibiting the transient outward K(+) current (I(to)). In the present study, we have examined the role of several protein kinases and the G protein involved in I(to) inhibition in response to alpha(1)-adrenoceptor stimulation in isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes. Our findings exclude the classic alpha(1)-adrenergic pathway: activation of the G protein G(alphaq), phospholipase C (PLC), and protein kinase C (PKC), because neither PLC, nor PKC, nor G(alphaq) blockade prevents the alpha(1)-induced I(to) reduction. To the contrary, the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor does not inhibit I(to) in the presence of protein kinase A (PKA), adenylyl cyclase, or G(alphas) inhibitors. In addition, PKA and adenylyl cyclase activation inhibit I(to) to the same extent as phenylephrine. Finally, we have shown a functional coupling between the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor and G(alphas) in a physiological system. Moreover, this coupling seems to be compartmentalized, because the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor increases cAMP levels only in intact cells, but not in isolated membranes, and the effect on I(to) disappears when the cytoskeleton is disrupted. We conclude that alpha(1)-adrenoceptor stimulation reduces the amplitude of the I(to) by activating a G(alphas) protein and the cAMP/PKA signaling cascade, which in turn leads to I(to) channel phosphorylation.